Occupational health and safety

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US District Judge Lawrence Kahn rejected the two Syracuse taverns bar owner's preliminary injunction to stop New York from enforcing its new smoking law †Clean Indoor Air Act. This has created a great turmoil among the restaurant and bar owners, as they believe that a total ban on smoking will definitely affect their business in terms of profit making. But the state argues that occupational health and safety is of a greater concern than economic prosperity of the bars.

Governmental intervention in the US and Canada regarding smoking in public and private work places was initially geared to take precaution against accidental fire hazards.1 But today with the breakthrough in technology medical science has been able to provide the public with adequate awareness of the harm caused by active as well as passive smoking. Cigarette smoking can cause damage to some of the most important organs of the body namely lungs, heart and brain. There is a high correlation between cigarette smoking and cancer of the lungs. It is very nerve-racking to find out about the substances that are found in tobacco namely tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, calcium, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, benzene, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulphide.

The deleterious effects of these substances are proven. Cadmium and benezpyrene causes cancer, and carbon monoxide robs the blood of oxygen. It was even intimidating to discover that the concentration of the hazardous substances is higher in sidestream smoke â€" smoke from the burning non-filtered end of cigarette than the mainstream smoke inhaled by the smokers.

Research reveal second had smoking kills about ,000 non-smokers each year from lung cancer. It causes up to 00,000 lung infections in babies and young children. Second hand smoking causes SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndromes). It causes 0 times as many lung cancer deaths as all the different kinds of pollutions combined and in a crowded restaurant or bar smoking can produce six times the pollution of a busy highway.

Given the facts concerning health hazards associated with cigarette smoking, my argument for the ban on smoking in bars and restaurants will focus from the perspective of moral and ethical issues concerning an individual's rights.

Bars and restaurants are important part of the western social life. And every individual regardless of his/her race, religion and habit has a statutory right to enjoy this freedom.

As business entities it is the bar and restaurant owners responsibility to provide its employees as well as customers a risk free environment. Defenders of businesses argue that the employer's primary responsibility is to maximize profit. And some times as in this case to minimize the hazardous condition in a closed environment by making a smoke free bar and restaurant the company has to settle for less profit. This is a conflicting responsibility for an employer, as he is required to maximize profit and at the same time provide a safe environment.4

The question that may rise is that, How can the employer be held responsible for a situation in which the employee voluntary accepts the job. Well in many cases individuals doesn't have option. For example a bar tender is aware of the danger he is exposed to as of sidestream smoke but bartending is the only job he knows and does best. He will not make as much money in any other job and as a free individual he also has the right to sell his skill to maximize his own profit. But it is absolutely inhumane to make profit at the expense of other human lives. It may be regarded as a criminal act as no individual has the right to inflict harm on another individual deliberately. Alan Gewirth states in his article †every person has the basic right not have cancer inflicted on him by the action of another person. The bar owners are very well made aware of the latest research on cigarette smoking and its high correlation with lung cancer and other pulmonary infections associated with smoking. In spite of ample knowledge on the deleterious consequence cigarette smoking causes these bar and restaurant owners inhumanly expose their employers and customers to a harmful environment. They are contributing to the causation of cancer and other lethal diseases knowingly. And I agree with Alan Gewirth that then these individuals are both causally and morally held guilty of their action.

Cigarette smoking is one of the major addiction problems in our society. And I consider it as a moral duty of every individual in the role of a parent, guardian, employer, employee that is to say, any individual who is in a position to contribute in bringing about a solution to this problem should voluntarily do so. As citizens of civilized society we are taught every day to make rational choices, and smoking whether active or passive is not a rational choice. Therefore any step to minimize this action is a rational or moral action. As philosopher Immanuel Kant puts it, being rational is the same as being moral.

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Sense and sensibility

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The character of Edward Ferrars in Sense and Sensibility

In Sense and Sensibility, Edward Ferrars who falls in love with Elinor is one of the major characters. Because Elinor's family thought that Edward's personality was similar to the hostile Fanny, it was expected that they would not welcome him. Upon his arrival at Elinor's house, however, we are surprised to learn that Edward's is quite different from Fanny. Based on his behavior and what he says in the movie, we will analyze four major aspects of his character; shyness, modesty, thoughtfulness, and a sense of humor.

Edward shows his shyness and modesty when he first arrives at Elinor's house. When he enters the room, he does not open the door fully and looks around for a while before entering. Then he walks into the room and says hello to everybody politely. While Fanny is holding up her head, Edward's eyes do not look directly at Elinor's family and he even stands with a humble kind of bow. His actions indicate that not only he is very shy but also that he is polite to everybody regardless of their status.

We could find another characteristic, thoughtfulness, from what he decides about Margaret's room and what he says about her mistake. Even though Fanny, taking Margaret's room to give Edward a better view, shows her anger at Margaret's disappearance, Edward shows understanding of the children's shyness by explaining his own shyness toward strangers. Also, he refuses to use Margaret's room after he recognized what was going on. His understanding about Margaret's behavior and deciding not to take Margaret's room, indicates his thoughtfulness.

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Not only is he thoughtful but he has a sense of humor. His sense of humor can be seen in the scene with Margaret. When Margaret is showing her anger by hiding under the table reading her atlas, Edward coaxes her out from under the table by stimulating her interest in maps and travel. Soon, they become good friends as they play fencing together. In addition to using his sense of humor with Margaret, he sooths the children's anger with his wit. From this fact, we could learn another aspect of him, which is a sense of humor.

Edward Ferrars is a pretty complex person; he is naturally shy, humble, and, thoughtful. In addition to that, his sense of humor complements his other characteristics. These aspects of his character not only allow him to understand other's feelings well but also change other's attitude. Therefore, in Sense and Sensibility, Edward is described as a nice man who can develop a good relationship with Elinor's family.

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The Six Barriers to Intercultural Communication

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There are six particular barriers to communication between people. These are anxiety, assuming similarities instead of difference, ethnocentrism, language problems, prejudice and stereotyping, and misinterpretation of nonverbals. According to LaRay M. Barna (17), the developer of the list of six barriers, actual difficulties are mostly related to people with different cultures.

The first barrier going to be discussed is high anxiety. The meaning of it is when a person feels inconvenient when he or she does not know how to behave in some situations. The result is that the communication transaction fails.

Along with my personal experience troubles occurred when I came to the Swiss Hotel Management School for the first time. Everything was new and very unusual for me. For the first week I could never understand what people expected from me. The style of living was absolutely dissimilar, that is why sometimes I did not how to behave.

The next barrier to intercultural communication is assuming similarity instead of dissimilarity. When people are acting in a home manner in the different culture it might cause a lot of problems. In order to prepare yourself for various circumstances it is very important to assume laws, habits, and attitudes of another society.

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For example, in Russia there is no such a thing as a ground floor. It starts directly from the first one. Some time ago in the age of seven I went to England, not having enough information about its customs and traditions at all. Thus I was totally lost in that system.

Ethnocentrism is a third issue on the barrier list. It is based on the idea that your own race, nation, or group is better than any other. Usually ethnocentrism is common for people who come across the "culture shock". During the period of time when an individual is learning the new culture he might find this novel worst than his home culture.

Taking as an example the Swiss Hotel Management School students. Some of them, especially students from Middle East, find Switzerland as a really "cold" country. The reason for this is that in Arabic countries people used to express them self in a very emotional manner. The result is that Middle East students are behaving very arrogant with the citizens of Switzerland.

The fourth barrier is the language problems. According to Jandt (000) the definition of language is the set of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences.

There are five actual factors that generally produce the difficulties in the translation. They are lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.

Indonesian students are having a lot of inconveniences with studying foreign languages for the reason that in Indonesian language there is no gender rules. That is very complicated for them to understand why for example the French word "une table" is feminine.

Talking about nonverbal misinterpretations as another barrier to communication, it can be stated that in a conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal symbols without sharing the same nonverbal codes.

There are more than a few types of nonverbal interaction proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, olfactics, clothing appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of them are very different in every culture.

As an example, in a society where people don't kiss when they greet each other, a kissing person might be judged as a vulgar and without manners.

The last barrier is going to be discussed is about two destructive terms stereotypes and prejudices. Both of them are to make a judgment about individuals according to group membership.

Stereotypes are the perceptions about that certain people have particular qualities or abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class. They can be positive and negative. Usually they are based on half-truths.

Positive examples of stereotyping are Japanese people are good in mathematical sciences; French are the gods in the kitchen. Negative Russians Mafia Vodka Prostitution Cold winter; the Arabs are terrorists.

Prejudice can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc. For instance, talking about Indian people in Arabic countries, it can be affirmed that Indians do get less salary than other nationalities. The reason for this is that Middle Eastern people are sure that the Indian race does not deserve something more, because it is Indian.

My personal opinion is that it is unachievable to behave in an appropriate way for every single society. However, wariness, particular knowledge and modesty in discovering a new culture can help in overcoming all the six barriers to intercultural communication.

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Sample of Letter for Job Application

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RE Programme Manager for XXXXX Training Programme

To whom it may concern

With regards to the above position as advertised in the XXXXX XXXXXX Newspapers, dated XX/XX/00, enclosed please find my curriculum vitae for your perusal.

My background is as a Project Manager and Business Development Manager with line management responsibility with COMPANY X. I have worked for a number of years in COMPANY X¡¦s International Training Centre, LOCATION A,and in their offices in LOCATION B and LOCATION C.

During a variety of roles within the Training Centre I have developed and delivered both technical and business courses ranging from the operation and maintenance of a telecoms network through to advising mobile operators how to prepare for competition with the advent of deregulation in the telecoms market (deregulation of telecoms market resulting in the incumbent operator having to re-position their business in order to be competitive with new operator entrants).

I thoroughly believe in the value of training. This is evidenced by the progression of my career to date, the variety of roles I have held and the nature and volume of experience I have gained. I believe in lifelong learning and have recently completed all subjects and course modules in a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) with UNIVERSITY ABC. I am in the process of completing my thesis.

In my role as line manager I have taken an active part in employee development initiatives, including design & delivery of training programs, employee resourcing processes where required, including reviewing CVs, interviewing, conducting exit interviews, always adhering to necessary quality procedures and conducting inductions for new members of staff. I have been proactive in forging strong relationships with other areas of the business and business customers, partners and competitors.

As a result of my career to date, I have developed the following skills

„XStrong communication and analytical skills, with exceptional attention to accuracy and detail

„XCan handle detailed preparations for hosting visiting clients and guests

„XEnthusiastic, intelligent and a good leader

„XAdaptive and flexible

„XExcellent coaching skills

„XGood strategic thinker

„XResults orientated

„XExcellent business and commercial acumen

I am dynamic in my approach to assignments while being committed to producing quality output and delivering excellent service.

I am available for interview at your convenience.

Kind Regards,

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Awoman is not a potted plantAlice Walker

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A Woman Is Not A Potted Plant

"A Woman Is Not A Potted Plant" by Alice Walker exemplifies the anger that she has about being a kept woman or homemaker. The very fact that the first two lines are in capital letters signifies that she is shouting out her statement to get the attention of her readers. Having knowledge of some of her history it is easy to see why this headstrong woman chose these words to express her inner feelings. She married a lawyer and became pregnant while attending college. Alice Walker's husband wanted her to be a homemaker, which could be the influence for this poem. Her roots bound to the confine of her house, assimilates the image of a potted plant and creates a vivid picture of a confined small clay circle being rooted in one place. Women are not like that according to Walker, to be taken care of is something that Ms. Walker does not concede to. The constraint of the size of the pot does to the plant what the house does to the woman. The interpretation that can be perceived is to say that just like a plant she needs to spread out to her growth potential or she will eventually be cease to exist from her own confinement.

Then with a pause the introduction to the next stanza is the statement "a woman is not a potted plant" is repeated to reemphasize that point. In this stanza she says that a woman's "leaves" are not "trimmed to the contours of her sex" (lines 8-10). She can be trying to convey the message that saying her physical shape does not have to be any certain way for her to be a beautiful woman. She uses the metaphor of a plant to explain the nature of a real woman. Although it may also be perceived that potted plants do have an aura about them of natural beauty and magnificence they still cannot exist by themselves and independence is the direction of this poem. She is saying that women cannot be bound to any certain thing or by anything. They are not in need of someone to

Take care of them despite what someone may have told them or what some men think. Write my Essay on Awoman is not a potted plantAlice Walker for me

The third stanza is introduced again with the same statement of "a woman is not a potted plant". Three is the magic number for remembering and the emphasis on hearing that statement the third time I envisioned a potted holiday flower. In all it's beauty it is intended to bring someone happiness, usually for a short time. When it's all used up it, the plant gets tossed and replaced like most women do. This poem is still making me feel the anger from the writer. Most women are beautiful just because they are women. Walker goes on to use the metaphor of a fence instead of directly retelling the details, which permits a safe measure of distance, yet the ability to retell precise feelings

Using the word espaliered seemed to represent the training of a woman to her race, country, motherhood, and husband (lines 15-1). The inclusion of "her man" in that list is powerful, because women are very often labeled by whom they are married to like Ms. Walker who identified with being married to a lawyer of a different race. Trying possibly to attain a higher level of respect from the one she grew up with. Women themselves sometimes use their husband or boyfriend to define who they are as a person. She chooses words that leads you to believe that women, should not be labeled or controlled by their husbands as they so often are or allow themselves to be.

The next stanza "her trained blossom"(line 0) can be interperated as her life's experience of what to do and when to do it. Even though it is apparent that Ms. Walker is conveying why a woman should not be an house slave or a mans toy. Setting herself free she has learned a sense of why she is acting out and looking for attention , it problably was her upbringing .

The statement that a woman is "wilderness unbound" puts women places women almost above men in the whole scheme of the world (line 0-1). This is a characteristic possessed only by women, because no one would ever venture to say that men are wilderness unbound. Women tend to be associated with the Mother Nature image and Walker is saying that this is a good thing. "Holding the future between each breath"(line 1-) again she herself as the center of things to come,woman that is. So up on that throne should she be placed for the sake of procreation. She is not here to be molded into someone's likes or needs. Men according to Walker, do not have that magnificence that women possess and no one knows quite where it comes from, but most people, including Alice Walker, know it is there. This poem describes the beauty that a confident and unbound woman possesses.

Most importantly a woman in the final two lines is not here just to be cultivated for her physical beauty to enhanse her man, like the honeysuckle embelishes the landscape. Nor is she here to be drained of her nectar of life in the sake of procreation.

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Success

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The 4 Characteristics of Successful People

Think of a successful person you admire.

Have you ever wondered what it is that makes them so successful? They probably have 4 distinct traits...

1. They have bags of OOMPH!

People who succeed have lots of energy. They rise early in the morning and go through their day absolutely focused on what they are doing, and find the same high level of energy for their family, their friendships and enjoying their other interests.

They seem to have a zest for life, and a quality of energy that allows them to fully embrace life's joys and challenges.

What is clear is that they somehow manage stress. They may create stress for themselves, always constantly moving forward, overcoming setbacks, solving problems and encountering more and more. Nevertheless, they seem to be able to cope well.

How do you manage your stress?

. They have a positive attitude

We all have a little voice in our head, chattering away all day.

This 'self-talk', our dominant thoughts, tends to create our reality. We are attracted subconsciously to events and activities which reinforce these thoughts. Have you seriously considered buying a particular model of car … and then for a couple of weeks it seems that almost every car on the road is the model you're thinking about buying? Psychologists call this process 'Gestalt'.

Which is why successful people use phrases like 'I can' and 'I will'. They think about what they want, they are optimistic, dynamic and solution-oriented.

However, the vast majority of people spend lots of time thinking about what they don't want they complain and find excuses for why something won't or didn't work. They have a tendency to get stuck in ruts 'If only I had a better job/a different partner/a better car/more money'.

Is your glass half-full or half-empty?

. They can break out of self-limiting beliefs

Success seems to mean reaching a plateau and then reaching a new one. Nobody gets instant success, and people who 'make it' know that they need to strive, to keep pushing to new heights.

We all have limiting beliefs about what we can achieve or influence. It seems to me that as we age, we collect 'the luggage of life'. All our experiences, the expectations of others, all the praise and comments made in passing this is all packed into our personal luggage of life.

I'm sure you know several people who are weighed down by their luggage, who seem to limit themselves in so many ways. To succeed we have to push on to experience new opportunities, to look beyond our current realities.

To succeed we have to break out of our comfort zones and move beyond our limiting self-beliefs. Aerodynamically, a bumble bee should not be able to fly bumble bees don't know this, and so carry on flying. I suspect the Wright Brothers had quite a bit of bumble bee attitude too.

The secret to breaking out of limiting self-beliefs is simple we must set goals. Goals are the cornerstone of success. Without goals we stand still and decay.

Is your luggage of life limiting you? What are your goals?

4. They might just be using their brains differently

In 181 two American scientists, Roger Sperry and Robert Ornstein, won the Nobel Prize for research that had taken them 5 years. Their work led to the understanding that the two hemispheres (left and right) of the brain had different characteristics and functions and handled mental activity quite differently.

Our 'left-brain' looks after logic, lists, words, numbers, sequences and analysis. Whereas our 'right-brain' works with rhythm, colour, imagination, music, daydreaming and intuition.

And here's the important bit Ormstein found that people who had been specifically trained to use one hemisphere were almost unable to use the other. He also found that once the weak hemisphere was put to work in co-operation with the dominant side there was a substantial improvement in overall performance and ability.

Investigations into the life of Leonardo de Vinci, one of the most exceptional minds ever, suggest the necessity of using both brains to achieve outstanding performance. He excelled in mathematical and logical thinking whilst also being a genius with colour, rhythm and expression. He created blueprints for the helicopter and submarine hundreds of years before their time, and his perfect anatomical drawings of birds in flight illustrate the power of his awesome imagination.

Indeed, Einstein once said 'Imagination is more important than knowledge'. Without imagining bright futures and solutions to our challenges there is no future, only a grinding continuation of the present reality. We need both the dreamers and the schemers.

Perhaps the most exciting thing about all of this is that, whilst we might assume that most of us are left-brain dominant (especially business people), no matter how one-sided our brains may be, we need only exercise the weaker part to become proficient with both and transform our performance. We need not be either artistic or scientific we can be both.

How much of your right brain are you using?

And here's the best news … almost anyone can learn and apply these 4 characteristics to build a truly successful life.

Including you.

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Flight Instruction

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Module A

1)After looking at different definitions I think this one is the best. Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals. Organization is a collection of people working together in a division of labor to achieve a common purpose (Schermerhorn 00).

)There are three different levels of management. The highest level of management is the top level. The purpose of the top level of management is to determine the broad objectives and procedures necessary to meet the goals established by the board of directors. The top level consists of presidents, executive vice-presidents, and senior vice-presidents. The second level of management is the middle management. This level is responsible for developing operational plans and procedures to implement the broader ones conceived by the top management. This level consists of vice-presidents, directors, and superintendents. The lowest level is operating management. It includes managers, section chiefs, and general supervisors. Operational managers are mostly concerned with putting into action operational plans devised by middle managers (Wells, 1).

)There are five different functions of management. They include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Planning is the process of setting objectives and determining what should be done to accomplish them. Organizing is the process of arranging people and resources to work toward a common purpose. Staffing involves stationing people to work in the position provided for by the organizational structure. Directing is the assignment of different jobs and instructing workers on what should be done. Controlling is the process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results (Schermerhorn 00).

Cheap University Papers on Flight Instruction

4)The principles of organization planning that are significant to the air carriers are Unity of Objectives which says that each unit of the company no matter how small must contribute to the accomplishment of goals. Span of Control states that a supervisor can only effectively supervise so many workers before an additional supervisor is needed. Departmentalization is dividing people and functions into groups this will allow them to specialize. Delegation of Authority is allowing people that are capable at the lower end to make certain decisions. Clearly defined duties states that each job should be clearly defined so that it does not overlap with any other jobs. Flexibility is what allows the companies to survive during the changing times. The company must be able to adapt internally and externally. Communication states that there should be a two way flow of communication between the top management and rest of the organization. This flow must be uninterrupted (Wells, 1).

5)Line and Staff organizations are two ways that an organization labels their authority structure. In the line organization the orders come straight from the top down to the people that need to accomplish certain tasks. While in a Staff organization the orders don't flow in a straight line from the top. Although in a staff organization the workers do report to a specific person they may also perform work for people above or below them.

Wells, A. (1). Air Transportation A Management Perspective. New York. Wadsworth.

Schermrhorn, T. (00). Management Management theories. New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Shaw, S. (1). Airline Marketing and Management. Vermont. Ashgate Publishing Company.

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