Formative and Summative Evaluation

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Formative and Summative Evaluation

In conversations about the evaluation of teaching, one often hears several terms bandied about, describing different types of assessment. It is useful to clarify these terms and the purposes of these different techniques

FORMATIVE EVALUATION is aimed at personal teaching improvement; it is designed to provide an instructor with information he/she can use in current and future classes. Our "Student Evaluation of Teaching" (SET) (and the accompanying consultation with TRC staff) is a kind of formative evaluation. One takes advantage of another kind of formative evaluation when inviting a TRC staff member to the classroom to observe what happens there and discuss it. Formative evaluation is best done before the semester ends, so that one has a chance to make changes that will directly impact the learning going on in the classroom. Such evaluation is confidential and not used for purposes of tenure or promotion decisions. It is conducted as a conversation with peers who are interested in helping you reach your teaching goals.

An instructor can do his/her own formative assessment by having students respond to a mid-term questionnaire about what is facilitating their learning and what they would like to see changed. Also look under Classroom Assessment Techniques for ways to get immediate feedback in order to make mid-course corrections.

Cheap University Papers on Formative and Summative Evaluation

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION is an after-the-fact assessment of a course. End of semester evaluations like BEST's MultiOp, or departmental surveys which are used primarily for performance review, are summative. Summative forms should always include these two items "This is one of the best courses" and "This is one of the best instructors" or some variation of these two items.

Authentic Assessment

Definition

Simply testing an isolated skill or a retained fact does not effectively measure a students capabilities. To accurately evaluate what a person has learned, an assessment method must examine his or her collective abilities.This is what is meant by authentic assessment. Authentic assessment presents students with real-world challenges that require them to apply their relevant skills and knowledge.

Basic Elements

Authentic assessment accomplishes each of the following goals

Requires students to develop responses rather than select from predetermined options

Elicits higher order thinking in addition to basic skills

Directly evaluates holistic projects

Synthesizes with classroom instruction

Uses samples of student work (portfolios) collected over an extended time period

Stems from clear criteria made known to students

Allows for the possibility of multiple human judgments

Relates more closely to classroom learning

Teaches students to evaluate their own work

Fairness does not exist when assessment is uniform, standardized, impersonal, and absolute. Rather, it exists when assessment is appropriate--in other words, when its personalized, natural, and flexible; when it can be modified to pinpoint specific abilities and function at the relevant level of difficulty; and when it promotes a rapport between examiner and student.

Authentic assessment is designed to be criterion-referenced rather than norm-referenced. Such evaluation identifies strengths and weaknesses, but does not compare or rank students.

Authentic assessment is often based on performance Students are asked to demonstrate their knowledge, skills, or competencies in whatever way they find appropriate.

There are several challenges to using authentic assessment methods. They include managing its time-intensive nature, ensuring curricular validity, and minimizing evaluator bias.

Emotional Intelligence

In a 14 report on the current state of emotional literacy in the U.S., author Daniel Goleman stated

...in navigating our lives, it is our fears and envies, our rages and depressions, our worries and anxieties that steer us day to day. Even the most academically brilliant among us are vulnerable to being undone by unruly emotions. The price we pay for emotional literacy is in failed marriages and troubled families, in stunted social and work lives, in deteriorating physical health and mental anguish and, as a society, in tragedies such as killings...

Goleman attests that the best remedy for battling our emotional shortcomings is preventive medicine. In other words, we need to place as much importance on teaching our children the essential skills of Emotional Intelligence as we do on more traditional measures like IQ and GPA.

Exactly what is Emotional Intelligence? The term encompasses the following five characteristics and abilities

1.Self-awareness--knowing your emotions, recognizing feelings as they occur, and discriminating between them

.Mood management--handling feelings so theyre relevant to the current situation and you react appropriately

.Self-motivation--gathering up your feelings and directing yourself towards a goal, despite self-doubt, inertia, and impulsiveness

4.Empathy--recognizing feelings in others and tuning into their verbal and nonverbal cues

5.Managing relationships--handling interpersonal interaction, conflict resolution, and negotiations

Why Do We Need Emotional Intelligence?

Research in brain-based learning suggests that emotional health is fundamental to effective learning. According to a report from the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, the most critical element for a students success in school is an understanding of how to learn. (Emotional Intelligence, p. 1.) The key ingredients for this understanding are

Confidence

Curiosity

Intentionality

Self-control

Relatedness

Capacity to communicate

Ability to cooperate

These traits are all aspects of Emotional Intelligence. Basically, a student who learns to learn is much more apt to succeed. Emotional Intelligence has proven a better predictor of future success than traditional methods like the GPA, IQ, and standardized test scores.

Hence, the great interest in Emotional Intelligence on the part of corporations, universities, and schools nationwide. The idea of Emotional Intelligence has inspired research and curriculum development throughout these facilities. Researchers have concluded that people who manage their own feelings well and deal effectively with others are more likely to live content lives. Plus, happy people are more apt to retain information and do so more effectively than dissatisfied people.

Building ones Emotional Intelligence has a lifelong impact. Many parents and educators, alarmed by increasing levels of conflict in young schoolchildren--from low self-esteem to early drug and alcohol use to depression, are rushing to teach students the skills necessary for Emotional Intelligence. And in corporations, the inclusion of Emotional Intelligence in training programs has helped employees cooperate better and motivate more, thereby increasing productivity and profits.

Emotional Intelligence is a master aptitude, a capacity that profoundly affects all other abilities, either facilitating or interfering with them.--Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, p. 80.

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Hatshepsut

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hatshepsut. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hatshepsut paper right on time.

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Queen - or, as she would prefer to be remembered, King Hatshepsut was an astonishing woman. Brilliantly defying tradition, she became the female embodiment of a male role, dressing in men's clothes and even wearing a false beard. Hatshepsut was not one to sit back and wait for her nephew to age enough to take her place. As a favorite daughter of a popular pharaoh, and as a charismatic and beautiful lady in her own right, she was able to command enough of a following to actually take control as pharaoh. Hatshepsut, as a female, had many obstacles to overcome. There was always a threat of revolt, especially as her bitter nephew came of age. Using propaganda and keen political skills, she deftly jumped each hurdle she faced. To quell the fears of her people, she became a king in all images and relief's during her reign.

On the death of her father Thutmosis I, the young Hatshepsut, possibly only twelve years old, emerged from the obscurity of the women's palace to marry her half-brother Thutmosis II, and become queen consort of Egypt. During the reign of the supposedly sickly Thutmosis II it was Hatshepsut, the power behind the throne, who ruled Egypt '…the experience which she gained in the time of her father was of the greatest use to her, and her natural ability made her profit by it to the greatest'

The new consort Hatshepsut was now presented with the conventional queen's titles of kings Daughter, Kings Sister and Kings Great Wife, although her preferred title was always god's wife. She behaved in an exemplary fashion throughout her husbands reign. A stela now housed in Berlin, shows the immediate royal family at this time Thutmosis II stands to face the god Re while immediately behind him stands the senior lady, queen Ahmose. The queen consort Hatshepsut stands modestly behind both her mother and her husband in approved wifely fashion. She is dressed in a simple sheath dress and wearing a rather understated crown.

Thutmose III was about three years old when his father died at around 147 BC, so the young queen Hatshepsut was called upon to act as regent on behalf of her even younger stepson Thutmosis III. This in itself was not an unusual situation, and it was an accepted Egyptian practice that a widowed queen should rule for her minor son. Whatever her private feelings, Hatshepsut accepted her new role with good grace. Throughout the first couple of years of her stepson's rule she acted as a model queen regent, claiming only those titles to which she was entitled as the daughter and widow of a king and allowing herself to be depicted standing behind the new king in traditional queenly fashion. However, only five years later there had been a profound political change. By the end of year 7, Queen Hatshepsut had advanced from being the mere ruler of Egypt to becoming an acknowledged king. Help with essay on HatshepsutFrom that day on, she started to use the 'great names' which included the full titulary of a king of Egypt and which reflected some of the divine attributes of kingship. She was now the female Horus of fine gold, King of Upper and Lower Egypt Maatkare Khenmet-Amen Hatshepsut.

Please note that this sample paper on Hatshepsut is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hatshepsut, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Hatshepsut will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Heat strokes in football

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Football. One of the world's most successful sports. I'm a fan. It gives people

something to socialize about. Watching a game brings us great joy. Unfortunately, not

for those who have to endure the struggles and pains. The football players!!!! Heat-

related football deaths at all levels have inch by inch increased. Eight football players

Write my Essay on heat strokes in football

died from heatstroke, according to a study released by the University of North Carolina.

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MUSIC

R.Kelly. A once respected R&B singer has now fallen into the same category as

that of Pamela Anderson. Kelly is currently under accusation in Chicago and Miami over

three suspected sex crimes. Chicago police said they were investigating sexual assault

allegations against the R.Kelly. A 4-year-old woman accused R. Kelly of sexually

abusing her on Feb. 18 at a recording studio. That's a shame.

He was charged with 1 counts of possession of child pornography in Miami

January. He was also charged in Chicago in June with 1 counts of child pornography

for videotaping a sex episode with an underage girl. If convicted, R. Kelly could face up

to 15 years in prison, plus a fine of up to $100,000.

Kelly is waiting trial dates on both child pornography charges. He pleaded not

guilty in both cases. But, how has this affected us. Parents now look at R.kelly with

disgust. Just a thought. Why would a person videotape sexual relationships with

underage female? It's as though that person wants to get caught. SIKE!!!!!

tertainment? What are its negative along with positive aspects and effects?

WRESTLING

Lionel Tate is just one of the many sad tragedies that has happened as a result of

Entertainment. On March 7, 1, Lionel Tate was sentence to life imprisonment for the

murder of a 6-year-old little girl, Tiffany Eunick. He was 1 years old, and a family

friend. The autopsy showed that Tiffany had suffered a crushed skull, broken ribs, more

than 0

internal bruises. Her liver had been shredded and pushed through her rib cage. The

state of Florida tried Lionel as an adult, and punished him with a serious, adult sentence.

Lionel, then 14, became the youngest person ever sentenced to life in prison without

parole. On the night Tiffany died, Lionels mother was watching the kids. She is a

Florida State Trooper and was scheduled to work an overnight shift. So, she fed the

children and went upstairs to take a nap while Lionel and Tiffany played downstairs.

Another case, but of a different kind. Owen Hart! The Blue Blazer was going to

make a superhero entrance from the ceiling of the Kemper Arena Sunday night at the

Over the Edge PPV. However, whatever device being utilized to tie together Owen as he

made his descent from the ceiling obviously was either never correctly attached or

malfunctioned. The end result had Owen plummeting 80 feet to the ring, where his head

horribly impacted on a turnbuckle, causing massive head and neck trauma. The Fans in

that were there live quickly realized the seriousnous of the accident. They stood around

in stunned silence as medics worked on Owen. Owen was hurried to the Truman Medical

Center in critical condition, and was marked dead. This incident shocked many fans.

After this event, mothers ban their children from watching wrestling, in hopes that their

children will not be subjected to another death again.

How could this have been prevented? Well, before plunging from such a high

feet, they should have checked the wires. Triple check!!!!! Maybe, this incident will

help remind us to never be too careful.

SPORTS

The President of Ghana, John Kufuor, has set up a commission of investigation to

investigate the stampede at a football stadium in which at least 10 people died. The

tragedy took place at the Accra Sports Stadium at the big clash between arch-rivals

Asante Kotoko and Hearts of Oak. Hearts of Oak had come from a goal down to defeat

Kotoko -1. So, Asante fans got enraged, letting their fury be known.

FOOTBALL

Football. One of the world's most successful sports. I'm a fan. It gives people

something to socialize about. Watching a game brings us great joy. Unfortunately, not

for those who have to endure the struggles and pains. The football players!!!! Heat-

related football deaths at all levels have inch by inch increased. Eight football players

died from heatstroke, according to a study released by the University of North Carolina.

Twelve More deaths were caused by provoked exercise, resulting in heart attack. The

number of injury deaths has successfully dropped since stricter rules about tackling and

blocking were put into motion in the mid- 170's, when fatalities reached double digits

regularly. Heatstroke deaths have been quietly climbing, from 1 in the 180's to 15 in

the 10's to seven in the past two years alone. Minnesota Vikings tackle Korey Stringer

collapsed during practice July 1 and died the next day, as did Travis Stowers, a high

school player near Michigantown, Ind. Who's next? That is the question.

MUSIC

R.Kelly. A once respected R&B singer has now fallen into the same category as

that of Pamela Anderson. Kelly is currently under accusation in Chicago and Miami over

three suspected sex crimes. Chicago police said they were investigating sexual assault

allegations against the R.Kelly. A 4-year-old woman accused R. Kelly of sexually

abusing her on Feb. 18 at a recording studio. That's a shame.

He was charged with 1 counts of possession of child pornography in Miami

January. He was also charged in Chicago in June with 1 counts of child pornography

for videotaping a sex episode with an underage girl. If convicted, R. Kelly could face up

to 15 years in prison, plus a fine of up to $100,000.

Kelly is waiting trial dates on both child pornography charges. He pleaded not

guilty in both cases. But, how has this affected us. Parents now look at R.kelly with

disgust. Just a thought. Why would a person videotape sexual relationships with

underage female? It's as though that person wants to get caught. SIKE!!!!!

Twelve More deaths were caused by provoked exercise, resulting in heart attack. The

number of injury deaths has successfully dropped since stricter rules about tackling and

blocking were put into motion in the mid- 170's, when fatalities reached double digits

regularly. Heatstroke deaths have been quietly climbing, from 1 in the 180's to 15 in

the 10's to seven in the past two years alone. Minnesota Vikings tackle Korey Stringer

collapsed during practice July 1 and died the next day, as did Travis Stowers, a high

school player near Michigantown, Ind. Who's next? That is the question.

Please note that this sample paper on heat strokes in football is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on heat strokes in football, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on heat strokes in football will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Year End Reflections

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Year-End Reflections

What have you learned about your students this year?

I have learned that my students can achieve anything, as long as I am there to believe in, support, and guide them along the way. When reading through a set of essays recently, I was blown away by the progress some of my students have made in their writing. They tackled a very difficult assignment and did so well. A lot of that growth can be attributed to them because they were not frightened of the assignment. What I have learned is that while I need to assist those students who are not frightened, I need to reassure those students that are so that they, too, can have the confidence needed to tackle the challenges I set before them.

What have you learned about the subjects you teach?

Help with essay on Year End Reflections

In terms of the subjects that I teach, I have learned that it is possible to teach students to enjoy reading. If you give them the opportunity to become a reader, they might do just that. I have also learned that there are a variety of ways to succeed in an English class, and my job is to provide opportunities in as many of those ways as possible so that all of my students can achieve some level of success.

What have you learned about your instructional strategies?

Throughout my past three years of teaching, I have relied heavily on the use of cooperative learning. However, this year, I learned how to make that strategy more effective in a few ways. First of all, I learned to give each group member a task. If each member is accountable to the rest of the group, the chances that he or she will contribute rise dramatically. I have also learned the value of selecting groups for students. This helps to break down barriers between students. It also often helps to make the groups more effective because the members are not just gossiping about everything other than the material at hand.

What have you learned about yourself as a teacher?

As a teacher, I have learned that the respect I give students really does pay off, for the most part. I have students other teachers label as the difficult students perform in my class, though they may still be difficult. I have students coming up to me outside of class to say hello. And, I have a student who could not get up in front of the class to do a presentation six months ago volunteering to perform scenes from A Midsummer Night's Dream in front of the class.

Please note that this sample paper on Year End Reflections is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Year End Reflections, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Year End Reflections will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Twiggy

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"Twiggy" " At 17 Leslie Hornby took hold of the world. At 1 she let it go, she was the original waif, a 60's phenomenon a superstar. She was Twiggy" (Vogue). Leslie Hornby was the revolutionary woman who changed the idea of beauty in the eyes of the fashion industry and the entire world. Twiggy exemplified the androgynous mod look that swept America as it had Britain and much of Europe in the 160's. She healthily maintained a 5 ft 6 1/ inch 0 lb body. Based on her thin figure, a nickname of "Twiggy" was derived. Twiggy's popularity not only produced many people who tried to look like her but also drastically increased the hourly wages of models. She paved the way for current top models like Kate Moss, Elle MacPherson, and Linda Evangelista. Twiggy was major trendsetter in America during the sixties even though she was born in England. She was found by Nigel Davies in a salon, while working as a shampoo girl. He saw her potential and immediately took her to get a haircut at a Mr. Leonard's trendy salon in London. Mr. Leonard put her picture in his shop window, and a short time later that picture was featured in the London Daily Express with a caption that read "This is the face of 166" (Wilson). Davies, who preferred to be called Justin De Villeneuve, was quite an interesting character with his past resume containing ex-model, ex-antique dealer, and ex-hairdresser. After he discovered her, he (age 5) became Twiggy's (age 15) agent and boyfriend. He took her to Paris and a short while after her popularity grew, she was put on the cover of Elle Magazine, as well as Paris Match and the British edition of Vogue. During Twiggy's peak success in Europe, De Villeneuve set up Twiggy Enterprises Ltd. where he gathered a line of clothes, false eyelashes, cosmetics, dolls, and posters all endorsed by Twiggy. The business brought in millions. Since Twiggy was so young, Justin ran the entire business. She only had to agree to what she liked and put her name on it. The thought of a Model taking advantage of her success to start an enterprise was completely revolutionary. Once again Twiggy paved the way for models like Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Kate Moss, and Naomi Campbell all of which opened highly successful restaurants, and made exercise tapes, clothes, calendars, posters, and many other products. The enterprising aspect of being a top model was started by Twiggy and that influence is commonly seen in the business world today. Twiggy's next step in her career was to travel to the United States. Twiggy's success soared when she made her first visit to America. On March 0,167 the second she stepped off the plane she was swarmed by fans, and was candy to the media's eyes. She was like a fever that spread. Everyone wanted a piece of her. Her pictures were everywhere. Twiggy's popularity allowed her to charge revolutionary high prices an hour. She charged as much as $40 an hour opposed to a 50's top model like Suzy Parker who only received about $40 an hour (Century of Models). Once again Twiggy set the standard for 0's top models to earn outrageous sums of money. For example, the 0's Twiggy (Kate Moss) earns about 6. million dollars a year. One reason for Twiggy's great success was that the public had never seen anyone like her. She had a completely new look that took the entire world by surprise. During the 40's, long limbed, and sophisticated was the trend. In the 50's, a more curvaceous womanly look (Marilyn Monroe) was in. Twiggy set the 60's waiflike standard. What a leap from Marilyn to Twiggy. They were almost completely opposite. Twiggy's influence is still seen on today's runways and television. The current day Twiggy is Kate Moss. Her figure is strikingly similar (Twiggy 1--, Moss --5) (Century of Models). Remarkably, Twiggy's favorite thing to eat was ice cream, bananas and hot fudge, she doesn't drink or smoke but "eats like a horse" (Time). Twiggy is one of those girls who has an extremely high metabolism and is healthy but just cannot gain weight. As a child, her mother was very worried about Leslie's thinness and took her to see many doctors. The doctors concluded that the thinness was just a result of her body type and couldn't be helped. When asked what she thought of her figure as "the thing of the future" she replied "it's not really what you call a figure, is it" (Wilson)? Twiggy, as well as thousands of other teenagers, went through years of thinking of themselves as ugly. She couldn't stand her thinness, but as she became popular she began to like it (Twiggy). Ironically, the thin frame that she hated was the thing that drove many girls and women to hate their bodies as well. They saw all the pictures of thin Twiggy and aspired to look like that, but when they discovered it was not easily achieved it drove women to physical hate. This physical hate drove and still drives women to anorexia, bulimia, alcohol and drug abuse which leads us to one of the major differences between Twiggy and Moss. Twiggy obtained her figure while remaining healthy, but Moss obtains her figure by resorting to drugs and alcohol abuse. The average 0's woman is approximately 5'5 and weighs 150 lbs. Today fashion models on average are close to six feet tall and weigh barely 10 pounds. That is too skinny to be healthy. Over three-fourths of professional models have body weights below normal (Women's Health Weekly). A quarter of professional models meet the weight criteria for anorexia nervosa, a life threatening disease (Women's Health Weekly). This current obsession with anorexia and bulimia glorifies the disease by putting these models on the front covers of magazines. Magazine ads featuring the skinny female fashion models have an immediate negative impact on a woman's self esteem according to the University of Toronto study published in the International Journal of eating disorders. The fashion industry should rethink how it portrays the female body so more women can feel comfortable about themselves and not be pushed towards eating disorders. People need to realize that you don't have to be skinny to be healthy, or have a perfect body, or a conventional face to have a great life. From Twiggy to Kate Moss, the fashion industry has been attached to idealizing such extreme slenderness, encouraging real women to hate their bodies and at extreme, develop anorexia or bulimia. If these models are exemplars of ideal beauty, then the measure for women is that to be beautiful, starvation level is required. It appears that the media and the fashion industry would have the public believe that ultra thinness symbolizes beauty when in reality, the standard represents infertility, and premature death. The public has to realize that Twiggy was different. Her slenderness was natural, and everyone should not set their physical goals to that of hers, because it is physically impossible. Twiggy is revolutionary. She is the pivotal woman who changed the image of the ideal woman, and the face and body of fashion models. Her popularity allowed her to drastically increase a models income. She showed the world that models no longer were just a pretty face but also shrewd businesswomen with enterprises of their own. Twiggy paved the way for the top models of today, and will always be remembered. Her body matched Diana Vreelands description of the perfect contemporary woman "the straightest legs, knees like little peaches, tiny narrow supple feet, rounded arms, and beautiful wrists and throat. She was both modern and romantic. She was perfect.

Please note that this sample paper on Twiggy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Twiggy, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Twiggy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Antigone

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Many tragedies are based on a love story, the ill fate of two lovers who die together. The love between the two is so strong that they can not live without the other. After Creon has the guards take Antigone away, Hameon enters and begins to plead with his father to save Antigone. He says he loves her and screams that he can not live without her! To this, Creon can only respond by saying that his dear son will have to, he has no other choice because Antigone will die soon, and she chose death over his option to let her live. He goes on to explain that Hameon must grow up and become a man now, and that he will have to do this without her. Yet Hameon continues to argue and plead with his father of how unjust he is being; his own father killing his future wife. He says He cannot live without Antigone, because a life without her is not a life for him. He tells him one last time before leaving that he will not live without Antigone, and then he is gone. The chorus warns Creon of the mistake he is making; however these pleas are also ignored.

This emotional scene foreshadows the ending of the play, the true tragedy of it. Antigone is taken away and locked in a cave where she proceeds to hang herself so not to die slowly. Hameon sets out to rescue her and finds her dead in the cave. He can not live without her. As he moans and cries, morning the death of his lover, he pulls out a sword and kills himself in front of his father and the guards. So now two have died, but it is not over. Once news of Hameons's death gets back to Eurydice, she too takes her own life.

If Creon had only taken Hameon's words to heart, if he had listened to his pleas that he could not live without Antigone, then perhaps all three would still be alive. Without the death of Antigone, Hameon and Eurydice would still be alive. The scene with Hameon and Creon warned the readers of the deaths to follow.

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Why do people respond differently to illness and why is health so hard to define?

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The concepts of health, disease and illness are all very subjective, and thus it is very hard to actually define them. As prospective doctors it is our task to work towards restoring health in patients, so it is essential to understand the idea of health. The problem arises because the concepts of health and illness are very different for each individual; for instance one person might feel a sprained ankle is a major problem because he is a professional rugby player, whilst for someone else it could just be an annoyance. Studies in this area reveal that perceptions of health vary between cultures and communities, due to differences in age, gender, socioeconomic background and ethnicity.

An essential part of discovering why people respond to illness in such different ways was through my placements at a GP's surgery in Barnes and the Hammersmith Hospital. This gave me an excellent chance to gain insight into why people visit their GP. I had a chance to have a quick discussion with patients before they went in for their appointment about why they were there. It was immensely satisfying to be able to combine other aspects of the course with PCC. For example, speaking with the patients allowed me to put into practice my speaking and listening skills that I had learnt in communication skills.

I initially felt quite apprehensive about the reception I would get when I introduced myself as a 1st year medical student and whether people would open up to me. Therefore it was a nice surprise when I found some patients were willing to speak openly about very sensitive topics; one person happily spoke about genito-urinary problems they had been experiencing. As I asked more questions I gained in confidence and the conversations became more natural, creating a more mutual conversation. I also learnt which questions drew out the best responses and I had to be able to adapt to individual patients requiring varying levels of sympathy. I also found that even though I felt I was too inexperienced to talk to patients, it wasn't a problem because I didn't need much medical knowledge since it was mainly my communication skills that I was using.

The GP placement revealed that practically all patients had taken several days, if not a week, to muster enough courage to visit their doctor. Many patients often said this was because they felt that the problem might just go away, or they tried to self-medicate by buying paracetomol from the pharmacy; in particular men were less willing to visit the GPs, because they felt it a weakness to be ill (something we had discussed in our sociology lectures). This was all reinforced by the symptom survey, where we found that in the class 70% of the people surveyed of varying ages chose to self medicate or take no action at all. The theory behind this is described in the symptom iceberg model, which explains that only a small minority of all people with a symptom will see a doctor.

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Zola (17) identified five major 'triggers' that caused individuals to see their doctor (i.e. symptoms were not enough on their on) 1) The occurrence of an interpersonal crisis (e.g. a death in the family); ) Perceived interference with social or personal relations; ) 'Sanctioning' (pressure from others to consult); 4) Perceived interference with vocal or physical activity; and 5) 'Temporalizing of symptoms' (setting a deadline, e.g. "if I feel the same way on Monday"). In the patient interviews I found real life examples of all of these; Patient W was an elderly lady whose husband had just passed away trigger 1, Patient X had bowel trouble which she felt was a social embarrassment trigger , Patient Y had a bad pain in her neck which her family had encouraged her to see the doctor about trigger , and Patient Z had a back problem which he was worried would disrupt his impending water sports holiday trigger 4.

I found that many of the patients who went to their GP were simply there looking for reassurance; one patient had gone to the doctor to make sure her asthma was stable. Another factor was how much prior medical knowledge the patient had especially now with the advent of the Internet. People who had felt pains in their abdomen and had researched them were much quicker to book their appointment than those who had simply suffered from vague troubles. This was highlighted in my patient interviews by the fact that most of those patients who had researched about their problems had almost immediately booked appointments.

Severe illnesses caused quicker responses also; one patient had severe diahorrea and was therefore more inclined to visit her GP immediately. However severe trouble doesn't always mean severe illness, e.g. cancer. Medical knowledge is important for patients in determining the seriousness of their illness, e.g. the media has given a wealth of information about breast cancer, which can sometimes 'scare' people into visiting their GP.

Health has many different definitions. The Oxford Dictionary defines it as "soundness of body" which is quite vague, whilst the World Health Organisation defines it as "a complete sense of physical and mental well being, not just the absence of disease". The Holistic Model of Illness describes how many other factors influence a patient's well-being; Physical, Psychological, Social, Cultural and Environmental factors.

Herzlich (17) observed how people felt that illness and disease were both seen as more external, whilst health is more of an internal problem; this is described by Hellman as "Disease is something an organ has; illness is something a man has." This reinforces the point that health is a very personal and subjective thing; it is entirely dependent on the individual's feelings. Another problem arises with health since a person suffering from breast cancer may feel fine in their day to day life, whilst an elderly person suffering form the common cold might feel they are seriously ill; which one is the more healthy? We would probably say the person with the cold, but the lady with the breast cancer will probably feel better. This is the major concept in medicine; that you are treating not just a patient, but an individual human being with similar worries, aspirations, and perceptions as yourself. Therefore they are people who need the same care and attention that you would expect.

The first module of the PCC course has definitely opened my eyes to the realities of medicine; it is all too easy during lectures to believe that medicine is just about learning to diagnose diseases. There are many more issues involved in establishing a co-operative relationship with your patient. The whole crux of this essay comes down to the fact that everyone is an individual and therefore they feel differently, and that is why they have different perceptions of health and illness.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scambler, Graham, Sociology as applied to medicine. 1. Balliere Tindall. London

Please note that this sample paper on Why do people respond differently to illness and why is health so hard to define? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Why do people respond differently to illness and why is health so hard to define?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Why do people respond differently to illness and why is health so hard to define? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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