WORTHINGTON INDUSTRY

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Business Overview

Worthington Industries, Inc., is a leading diversified metal processing company. The Company focuses on value-added steel processing and manufactured metal. It was founded by John H. McConnell in 155. In 16, his son, John P. McConnell became chairman and CEO. Worthington has three principal business segments

-Processed Steel Products it includes the Worthington Steel and the Gerstenslager business unit. Both are intermediate processors of flat-rolled steel. Worthington Steel focuses on value-added steel processing, while Gerstenslager is a independent supplier of automotive quality exterior body panels to the North American automotive original equipment and past model service markets.

-Metal Framing It consists of one business unit, Dietrich, which designs and produces metal framing components and systems and related accessories for the commercial and residential construction markets within the United States. Dietrichs production facilities are located throughout the country. The Company has over ,700 customers, primarily consisting of wholesale distributors and commercial and residential building contractors.

-Pressure Cylinders It has one business unit called the Worthington Cylinders. It produces portable low-pressure liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and refrigerant gas cylinders and high-pressure industrial/specialty gas cylinders. The Companys LPG cylinders are used for gas barbecue grills, camping equipment, residential heating systems, industrial forklifts and commercial/residential cooking (outside North America). Refrigerant cylinders are used for commercial and residential air conditioning and refrigeration systems and for automotive air conditioning systems. Industrial/specialty gas high-pressure cylinders are used as containers for gases for cutting and welding metals, medical, semiconductor production, beverage delivery and compressed natural gas systems.

Industry Analysis

The steel industry has not been favorably looked upon many investors. Even though Worthington is an intermediate value-added manufacture, there are several factors that will always affect the company

1.Weakening demand Domestic steel shipments declined to .4 million tons from 10.1 million last year. Many smaller steel companies couldn't survive the turbulence and filed Chapter 11 or declared bankruptcy. Although Worthington was in the middle of the heat, it managed to pass through the tough environment because it has undertaken restructuring several years ago to re-focus on its core operation.

.Tariffs Tariffs have always been the concern for investors when considering steel stocks. A low tariff will encourage cheaper steels imported from foreign countries and made the U.S. steel manufacturers hard to compete. Worthington will not be able to escape from the danger because it already has contracts out with many major U.S. steel suppliers. However, the high tariff under Bush administration will still exist until 004 which impose 0% more on many import steels. Besides, with the weaker dollar now, it could yield the import even more. Even though anything beyond 004 is still an unknown, there is still a year and half for Worthington to grow and prepare itself. Government will always protect the domestic producer will tariff and it is just the matter of how much.

.Cost of good sold Manufacturing costs of integrated steel company is not as intensive as steel mill companies, but its margin is usually affected by steel scrapes prices.

4.Labor Union The Steel industry is usually bonded with labor unions. However, Worthington is a non-unionized company. It doesn't have to negotiating pension plans from time to time or deal with increasing labor salaries. Although without the protection of the union, employees seem to like the company a lot.

5.Cyclical sales Historically, Worthington usually posts strong sales in its 4th quarter due to hot summer, increasing BBQ activities and auto sales. The 4th quarter of Worthington runs from March to June in the calendar year.

STRATEGY ANALYSIS

Based on the industry analysis and the changing of environment, I would summarize Worthington's strategies as follows

1.Culture Value Worthington operates under a long-standing, simple corporate philosophy rooted in the golden rule, with earning money for its shareholders as the first corporate goal. This philosophy a strong commitment to the customer, and one of the strongest employee/employer partnerships in American industry serves as the Companys foundation. We treat our customers, employees, investors, and suppliers as we would like to be treated.

a.Supplier Worthington expects their suppliers to be competitive in both price and quality, and in return they will be loyal to the suppliers. By doing so, Worthington can ensure that customer demands are met at all times, with a competitive price and the quality they expect. By staying loyal to suppliers, Worthington moves closer to their main goal of growth in net income.

b.Customers The second factor that is critically important is customers. If there were no customers for Worthington to sell its product to, then they would simply not exist. Customer satisfaction is considered to be highly important to the company and they go to great lengths to make sure the customer is satisfied, both with products and services that they offer. In order to do this Worthington must be competitive in both price and quality. Consolidation in industries served by the Worthington Steel division, for example, has focused attention on the need to present a consistent face to each customer. Let say Worthington served one customer in the East Coast and another customer in Ohio. The same people own those customers. It doesnt make customers very happy, if they discover that theyre paying different prices for the same item in different locations. They want to have one face and one line of communication to Worthington across all of its businesses and all of its products.

c.Employee I will explain this subject more under compensation/reward system in page 5-6.

.Low cost structure Worthington has done well in the past to manage its COGS, because of its role in the industry; it has more power in negotiating prices than its competitors. Selling, general and administration expenses typically run 7% - 8% of sales at Worthington compared with 10% - 15% at most manufacturing companies (see appendix discounted cash valuation).

.Restructure Facing an increasingly competition global marketplace, Worthington responded to significant changes by implementing major restructuring initiatives and investing heavily in new production facilities

a.Worthington Steel will be reorganized along product lines, with plants pooling resources to better serve customers. That is a major reason for the steel-division restructuring that will shift some decision-making responsibilities out of the hands of plant-level managers. Operations will be organized into six Strategic Business Units (SBUs), each focused on a specific product line. Each SBU will focus on business strategy, profitability and marketing for a specific steel product line cold-rolled strip, cold-rolled sheet, hot-rolled steel, hot-dip galvanized, specialty coatings, and tolled products. Executives in charge of the SBUs will have responsibility for global marketing, trend analysis, and pricing strategies. In addition, an operational realignment that groups steel plants into five regions based on geography or product similarity is expected to eliminate administrative redundancies. Joint-venture facilities will be incorporated into the regional structure.

b.The Companys national sales force will be organized geographically rather than around manufacturing location. Sales personnel have been realigned into regional territories, but given total-product-line responsibility. The salesperson in a region will be able to deal with a customer across Worthington entire steel-group product line. The regional sales forces will represent all six SBUs, but report to a single sales vice president.

c.Purchasing and logistics will be centralized in order to maximize synergies, promote efficiency and reduce costs. Otherwise, Worthington essentially was decentralized.

The new approach is also designed to maximize productivity across all of the Companys plants while capitalizing on new opportunities created by the new, larger steel processing facilities in Delta, Ohio and Decatur, Alabama. Since mid-18 Worthington has divested seven operations, including a $00-million-a year automotive-plastics unit. The Delta facility includes a 500,000-ton hot-rolling mill, plus hot-dip galvanizing, pickling, and slitting operations. The Decatur plant, which went into operation in 18, has a 1-million-ton tandem mill, along with pickling and slitting lines.

4.Compensation/reward system John H. McConnell, who founded Worthington Industries 44 years ago, explained why he applied profit sharing. I just feel that the people who make the profit for you should be able to share in it, and you have to provide an incentive for employees. You cant just sit in the office and make a profit. Profit sharing encourages teamwork . For example, if a slitter operator knows a way to keep scrap levels down, he will share the information to others to save money. That bottom-line sort of thinking also influences the activities of the Employee Councils that have been established in each Worthington plant. The eight-to-10-member councils meet monthly and serve as a liaison between management and the plant floor, often serving as a conduit for improvement ideas. As one of their major responsibilities, the Employee Councils vote on whether or not to recommend regular employee status for temporary workers after theyve been on the job for 0 days. This council will look at their attendance record and their attitude. They want a positive person someone who doesnt miss work or waste time. One of the council member stated Time is money, and wasted time can hurt the profit sharing. Furthermore, workers are encouraged to increase their education and develop their skill though a tuition reimbursement program . This increased trust from employees provides incentive for them to stay with Worthington. The main objective of Worthington is to add value to the steel. To do so, they must have skilled employees. Their employee pleasing policies help them obtain and retain skilled individuals. Another management system that aids in their success is the way that they treat their customers. They believe that happy employees create happy customers. The flaw with this policy is they do not have a measure in place to evaluate its success

5.Joint ventures and acquisitions Through joint venture and acquisitions, Worthington has become a more global player in recent years. In 18 it purchased an Austrian company, Jos. Heiser, the leading European producer of high-pressure cylinders. In 00, it acquired the manufacturing assets of Portugals Metalurgica Progresso de Vale de Cambra Lda. and the Czech Republics Gastec Spol a.r.o., both makers of gas cylinders for heating and industrial applications. A Brazilian joint venture, in partnership with a local gas producer, makes propane tanks in Brazil. Worthington acquired cylinder-manufacturing operations in Austria, Portugal, and Czechoslovakia and launched a restructuring of its steel-processing business. The 7,500-employee firm now operates 5 facilities in 11 countries.

Due to the strategies' changing, they have earned an advantage over many competitors in the market and even have gained the respect of the corporate world. As of October 00, Worthington operated 6 facilities in 10 countries (it owns 44 manufacturing facilities worldwide and holds equity positions in seven joint ventures that operate an additional 16 manufacturing facilities worldwide).

BUSINESS WIRE. (June 18, 00). Worthington Industries Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year Results. Retrieved November , 00 from http//www. Google.com

John H. Sheridan. (Sept 0, 1). BUILDING A BRIDGE TO THE FUTURE.(Worthington Industries Inc. Retrieved Nov., 00. from http//www.google.com

Byrne, Harlan. S. (Oct. , 10). Barron's. Worthington Industries Inc Low overhead helps profits despite economy's slowdown.p.41

Worthington Industry Inc. Retrieved November , 00 from http//uoig.uoregon.edu

PR Newswire. (May 6, 1). Worthington Industries Announces Restructuring of Steel Processing Business. P 1-.

Tom Peters. (Dec 0, 187). Chicago Sun - Times. To increase productivity, give the workers a stake Series THRIVING ON CHAOS. p. 5

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ANTHRAX

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ANTHRAX

Anthrax, a large rod-shaped bacterium that forms spores, has recently been used last year around the /11 terrorist attacks. The three forms of this disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, include cutaneous (skin), inhalation (respiratory tract), and gastrointestinal (ingestion). The odds of acquiring natural anthrax in the United States are fairly low, as is true with the rest of the world; however, Bacillus anthracis is present in most areas of the world. However, if you do contract anthrax, it can lead to septicemia and even death if untreated. The most deadly form of anthrax is inhalation, with the chances of surviving ranging from 0% to 10%, and the most common form of the bacteria is cutaneous. In all cases of anthrax, early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for recovery. Anthrax is transmitted to humans from infected livestock and contaminated livestock products. However, communicability of anthrax from human to human is extremely rare. Before the tragic events of /11, many people did not know anthrax even existed, but since then, people have become more aware of it. It is possible to use anthrax as a biological warfare agent because it is dangerous and can cause serious problems, as apparent above, and therefore many precautions have been taken and a lot of new research has begun.ANTHRAX

Anthrax, a large rod-shaped bacterium that forms spores, has recently been used last year around the /11 terrorist attacks. The three forms of this disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, include cutaneous (skin), inhalation (respiratory tract), and gastrointestinal (ingestion). The odds of acquiring natural anthrax in the United States are fairly low, as is true with the rest of the world; however, Bacillus anthracis is present in most areas of the world. However, if you do contract anthrax, it can lead to septicemia and even death if untreated. The most deadly form of anthrax is inhalation, with the chances of surviving ranging from 0% to 10%, and the most common form of the bacteria is cutaneous. In all cases of anthrax, early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for recovery. Anthrax is transmitted to humans from infected livestock and contaminated livestock products. However, communicability of anthrax from human to human is extremely rare. Before the tragic events of /11, many people did not know anthrax even existed, but since then, people have become more aware of it. It is possible to use anthrax as a biological warfare agent because it is dangerous and can cause serious problems, as apparent above, and therefore many precautions have been taken and a lot of new research has begun.

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Ivan's Ho

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Ivanhoe, a historical romance set in Medieval England, is arguably the best-known work of famed Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott. Across a vast panorama of colorful characters and historical settings, Scott conveys to the reader the main theme of tolerance and acceptance of different lifestyles.

In Ivanhoe, Scott portrays the members of oppressed social classes in such a way as to emphasize that ancestry and culture do not determine a person¡¦s decency or moral character. The central conflict in Ivanhoe takes place between the Norman conquerors and Saxon serfs of 1th century England. The Norman nobles view the Saxons as no more than filthy, uncultured brutes. However, the Norman opinion is far from the truth, as the character of Locksley, better known as Robin Hood, demonstrates. Locksley is the leader of a band of Saxon outlaws who refuse to pay the high taxes levied by their Norman overseers. Despite their supposedly unrefined culture and inferior ancestry, Scott describes the sylvan brigands of Sherwood as men who are ¡§among themselves¡Kequitably and regularly governed¡¨despite their ¡§lawless state¡¨ (56). Scott portrays Robin Hood and his merry band as men driven by necessity to adopt such a desperate course of life. Even though Locksley and his men are thieves, they lighten only the purses of the Norman nobility, which impoverishes the entire Saxon population to fill its coffers. Despite their dainty manners and noble birth, the Norman aristocracy turns out to be the real thief. On the other hand, Locksley and his band of desperadoes exhibit courtesy to those who comply with their demands in spite of the reputed gruffness of Saxon manners. Scott¡¦s depiction of outlaws may not be very realistic but his message is clear decency is not a matter of ancestry, culture, or religion but of the individual.

Renowned for his ability to capture the flavors of the past, Sir Walter Scott was nevertheless a victim of debt, and his reputation declined in the years following his death. Only now, in an age when the issues and problems of the past arise with renewed vigor to plague a divided world, have Sir Walter Scott¡¦s tales of bygone ages proven their value against the test of time. Ultimately, the lessons of the past tend to grow in relevance over time, as Sir Walter Scott was well aware of.

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Alien story

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The present of the past

I felt a sickly feeling of moist skin touching me. I struggled to open my eyes. It felt like a hundred needles were piercing my skin. I felt my hair being pulled at and parts of my skin being ripped like a piece of material.

Feet. Running feet. That's all I could see. The lights are so dim. What's wrong with me? I don't feel like myself at all.

A piercing headache. A storm. Thunder. My parents are asleep. I closed their door gently. I went and sat on my windowsill. I needed to clear my head from everything that was going on. I peered out of the window looking at the gloomy world. Water pouring down from the sky like a giant waterfall. As a crash of lightning flashed I saw a body lying in the sand. I felt a feeling of danger and fright, I loved it. I quickly put on my coat and boots and went out to see what it was. A piercing scream. The puddle in which the body lay in was mixed with dirt and blood. Another crash of lightning, A piercing scream. My dead dogs body lay there, massacred.

Green. Green hands. Green hands over my mouth. A sickly taste of rotten fish. I tried biting it to get away but it was as hard as rock.

744677. Repeating in my head. 744677. 744677. Its driving me mad. It feels like my head is going to explode. 744677. Needles. In my body. Needles, metal, blood, tests. 744677. My eyes, my ears, my skin, my precious china doll skin, all gone. Chemicals, in and out of my body.

The path is muddy. The colors not so bright. The distance seems to short but seems to take so long. My feet feel short. I feel as if my body was completely different. My house in the distance. The roof that was once a rich color of red seems to have washed out. My parents hardly even notice me. I try to say something to them. Try to tell them how much I missed them but a strange noise came out. I tried again. I tried to scream but only that strange noise came out. My parents smiled at me and petted my head, saying those words that repeated in my head "good dog".

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How and Why did the Fourth Crusade go Wrong?

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The Fourth Crusade often called the "Crusade against Christians", did not go according to plan. Due to a number of accidents, coupled with their honouring of secular contracts, before that of their vow to God. An overestimation of the number of crusaders when arranging a transportation contract with Venice left the crusaders at its mercy. This led the crusaders under pressure, to contract further to attack Zara, a Christian city against their vows as crusaders. The arrival of Alexius the son of the former Emperor of Byzantium with an offer they could not refuse saw them on their way to Constantinople. So again the crusade was directed away from its original course in order to yet again attack a Christian city. The purpose of this essay is to discuss these events in order to explain how and why the fourth crusade went wrong.

The crusaders left themselves in a vulnerable contractual position, when their six envoys bargained for the transport of three times the number of crusaders that actually turned up. The deal being that Venice would transport 4500 knights with their horses, 000 squires and 0000 foot-soldiers, with food for nine months, the cost being 84000 silver marks. Furthermore, that Venice would receive half of the territories conquered by providing fifty fully-equipped galleys at her own expense. Whether or not the original figure was extremely overestimated or just a matter of the majority just finding other means of transportation is debatable. Jones and Ereira state

"The envoys estimated that the total number of crusaders would be 500 men. This was an absurd number, seven times larger than the army King Phillip had taken in 110AD. It is clear that great lords and chroniclers had only the vaguest idea of the size of armies."

Other possibilities are that many sailed to other ports looking for a better deal. Perhaps the fact that the landing was to be dangerous Egypt rather than quiet Christian Acre where they could recover from their voyage may have deterred them. As Queller states

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"there was a secret codicil to the treaty of Venice fixing Egypt rather than Christian Acre as the point of debarkation. Information concerning this may have been leaked, causing some of those who took their vows very literally to avoid Venice."

Another point put across by Queller states

"It is our opinion, however, that the shortage of crusaders was in itself the chief reason for vacillation and defection in the summer of 10. The emissaries of the crusaders or their principals had erred tragically in contracting with the Venetians for the transportation of 500 crusaders. Knowledgeable leaders very likely had qualms about their ability to muster so large an army, and feared what occurred in fact the inability of the crusaders to meet their obligations to the Venetians. Their fears, valid in themselves, were also self-fulfilling. Some changed plans to avoid the disarray of a reduced and indebted host. Others held back to see how many first appeared, and, as the result was not encouraging, they headed for Apulian ports or for home."

Regardless of the reason, the estimated 500 ended up being about 11000. This meant every crusader would have to pay three times that expected, with many unable to afford it. Despite the barons adding even their god and silver table-services, they still owed 4000 marks. Their inability to pay the Venetians the full amount left the crusaders poorly positioned when the Venetians proposed an attack on Zara.

Having perceived that the crusaders were 'broke', the Venetians offered to postpone payment of the 4000 marks until gained in conquest, in return for their help in recapturing the former Venetian city of Zara from the king of Hungary. This proposition however, posed some problems for the crusaders. For Zara was a Christian city, and their vows as crusaders stated that they were not to attack fellow Christians. Moreover, the king of Hungary had recently taken up the cross in a recent crusade. The average crusader was not the only one against the attack; the pope also was very much against it. Jones and Ereira state

"But as the attack on Zara was about to begin, the Abbot of Vaux stepped forward with a letter from the pope ('My lords, in the name of the Pope of Rome, I forbid you to attack this city; for the people in it are Christians, and you wear the sign of the cross.')"

Despite this, the crusaders had 'backed themselves into a corner' and were unable to get out of the arrangement. For they not only found themselves honour bound to find any means to pay their debt, they also had been threatened with their supplies being cut off. Robert de Clari states that the Venetian Doge said

"Therefore my men and I want you to pay us the money which you owe us. If you do not pay us, you shall not leave this island before we get our money; and no one shall bring you anything to eat or drink."

Being encamped upon the island of San Niccolo di Lido made these threats seem quite believable, despite the fact that the Doge didn't go through with his threat. For these reasons, the crusaders found themselves unable to get out of an attack on Zara.

After the conquest of Zara had been completed the leader of the crusaders Boniface, returned from Rome followed closely by envoys of Prince Alexius. For Prince Alexius had a proposal in which he would finance their crusade in return for them restoring him to his rightful throne in Constantinople. The offer being

"He will place his whole empire under the authority of Rome, from which it has been long estranged. Secondly, since he is aware you have spent all your money and now have nothing, he will give you 00000 silver marks and provisions for every man in your army, officers and men alike. Moreover he himself will go in your company to Egypt with 10000 men, or, if you prefer it, simply send 10000 men with you; and ….he will maintain, at his own expense, 500 knights to keep guard in the land oversea."

There was much debate among the crusaders about whether or not to take up Alexius' generous offer. On the one hand it appeared a just cause with a large reward, on the other they would be attacking another Christian city and many wished to simple go on to the Holy Land to complete their vows. Runciman states

"The truth seems to be that while Phillip of Swabia, Boniface and the Venetians all had separate reasons for desiring an attack on Constantinople, it was the accident of Alexius' arrival which made the diversion practicable. The Pope had no such intention, and the average Crusader, who was French, genuinely intended to go to the Holy Land but allowed himself to be swayed by circumstances."

However, it seemed the leadership had already made up their mind and they were soon on their way to Constantinople.

Restoring Alexius to the throne in Constantinople occurred with little bloodshed, however when it came to upholding his side of the bargain that was another story. After being crowned, Alexius paid the crusaders 100000 marks, half what he had promised them, but enough to pay off their debts to the Venetians and others. This however was all he was going to pay, so he stalled the crusaders for as long as he could. Eventually however, the crusaders realised his true intentions, and began to take what was owed to them via looting the city, and the nearby towns. This made the Latins even more unpopular to the Greeks than they already were. When it appeared that Alexius wasn't too bothered to do much about the crusaders' looting, unrest eventually resulted in his imprisonment and subsequent murder. His murderer Mourtzouphlus replaced him. This turn of events meant that the crusaders no longer had any just cause to continue their looting, as Alexius owed the debt and now that he was dead their contract with him was void. However, the leaders with the help of the clergy devised another excuse to give validity to continue the looting and to capture Constantinople for themselves. By condoning Alexius' murder, the Byzantines were as bad as his murderer. Furthermore, despite the pope saying the exact opposite, the clergy convinced the average crusader that by attacking Constantinople they would be fulfilling their vow as crusaders. Rather than acting as the good Christians they should have, the crusaders commenced a barbaric bloodbath. As Nicetas states

"No one was without a share in the grief. In the alleys, in the streets, in the temples, complaints, weeping, lamentations, grief, the groaning of men, the shrieks of women, wounds, rape, captivity, the separation of those most closely united. Nobles wandered about ignominiously, those of venerable age in tears, the rich in poverty. Thus, it was in the streets, on the corners, in the temple, in the dens, for no place remained unassailed or defended the suppliants. All places everywhere were filled full of all kinds of crime. Oh, immortal God, how great the afflictions of men, how great the distress!"

And

"You took the Cross upon your shoulders; and on that Cross and on the Holy Gospels you wore that you would pass over Christian lands without violence, turning neither to the right or, to left. You assured us that you only enemy was the Saracen, and that his blood only would be shed…

Far from carrying the Cross, you profane it and trample it underfoot. You claim to be in quest

of the pearl beyond price, but in truth, you fling that most precious of all pearls, which is the

body of our Saviour, into the mud. The Saracens themselves show less impiety."

In this way, the crusaders conquered Constantinople.

It is clear that the fourth crusade went wrong from the start and continued that way until its finale. Had the envoys estimated a more realistic figure of those crusaders to journey perhaps the whole fiasco could have been averted. However, it was not, so against their vows they were forced by threats and a duty to fulfil their obligations to the Venetians to attack the Christian city of Zara. Following this, the accident of Alexius' arrival and his proposition caused them to go further off-course to Constantinople. Alexius' inability to pay the full amount to the crusaders led them to loot the city in order to get the remainder owed to them. When Mourtzouphlus removed Alexius as emperor and replaced him, the crusaders no longer had good cause to continue their looting. Rather than leaving to fulfill their vows as crusaders, instead they attacked Constantinople in substitution of their crusade to the Holy Land. In conclusion the crusaders despite their unfortunate overestimation of numbers when contracting with the Venetians, the crusaders, in particular their leaders disregarded their vows to the cross instead to pursue the upholding of secular contracts.

PRIMARY SOURCES -

Geoffrey De Villehardouin. 'The Conquest of Constantinople' in Joinville & Villehardouin Chronicles of the Crusades. trans. Margaret Shaw. (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 16), pp-160.

Nicetas Choniates. 'Nicetas Choniates The Sack of Constantinople (104)' Medieval Sourcebook,

http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/choniates1.html

Pope Innocent III.'Pope Innocent III Reprimand of Papal Legate' Medieval Sourcebook,

http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/104innocent.html

Robert of Clari. The Conquest of Constantinople. trans. Edgar Holmes McNeal. nd. Edn. New York Norton, 16.

SECONDARY SOURCES -

Brand, Charles M. 'The Fourth Crusade Some Recent Interpretations.' Medievalia et Humanistica, 1 (184), pp-45

Jones, Terry and Ereira, Alan. Crusades. nd.edn. (LondonPenguin, 16), Ch.1, 'The Fourth

Crusade', pp155-68

Colin Morris. 'Geoffroy De Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople.' History, 5 (168),

pp4-4

Madden, Thomas F. 'Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade.' International History Review, 17 (15),

pp76-4and

'Vows and Contracts in the Fourth Crusade The Treaty of Zara and the Attack on

Constantinople in 104.' Internationsl History Review, 15 (1), pp 441-68

Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium The decline and Fall. nd.edn. (LondonPenguin, 16), Ch.11, 'The

Fourth Crusade [118-105]', pp165-8

Queller, Donald E. and Madden, Thomas F. The Fourth Crusade The Conquest of Constantinople.

nd.edn. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 000.

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Neglected Majority', Speculum, 4 (174), pp441-65

Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. Vol. The Kingdom of Acre. rd.edn. (Harmondsworth

Penguin, 171), Ch.1, 'The Crusade Against Christians', pp107-1

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The Birth of a font "celtic"

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THE BIRTH OF A FONT

"CELTIC"

There are so many languages in the world,it is impossible to know them all. In one language words are formed,then letters,and then eventually fonts so you can print the language to read. Once a font is derrived from a language it gains its own identity. And like everything with an identity, a font seems to adapt constantly with all changes in life. From the day the font or letter form is conceived it proves itself to be a part of the world constantly. Ogham is one of these letter forms that has done just that. Ogham has adapted to religious changes, history itself, and even the basic cultural evolution of society. In fact, in it's very conception Ogham font showed how it was symbolic of the world around it. Based from seasons and the trees and the flowers it grew into one of the most immense fonts we know of today...Celtic.

Ogham is the first known Irish writing. Ogham, also written as Ogam or Ogum, is pronounced "AHG-m" or "OH-ehm". The Ogham characters consist of a series of lines and noches which are scored across a long stem-line on standing stones. Ogham was carved and read from bottom to top and occasionally right to left. Ogham served as an alphabet for one of the ancient Celtic languages. Since Ogham is written in lines, it is believed that it might have come from a type of sign language. So, if you would point a finger towards the right it is a "b"; if a finger is used towards the left it is an "h", and so on. It's origin is not certain, but it is definite that the druids used this ancient form of communication. It has been discovered that the names of the main twenty letters are also the twenty trees that are sacred to the druids. Trees and nature was a big deal to druids, thus it has been brought to scholastic attention that a thirteen month calendar exists which shares the same tree names as Ogham. This is where the slang term "tree alphabet" comes from.

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Ogham stones are believed to date from the third century AD to the eigth and ninth centuries, and many have been associated with early Christianity. Some even suggest that Ogham was used as early as the first century. Ogham stones can be found frequently in Christian churches and burial sites. In some cases, crude Christian crosses have been carved into the stones beside the Ogham. Early Ogham inscriptions on grave markers and memorials usually contain the name of the deceased's tribe and name. This idea of reference to greatness brings the high probability that these markers and memorials were used as territorial markers of powerful Celtic families and tribes. A few Ogham stones can be found in western Scotland, The Isle of Man, and Cornwall. The stones in Ireland are written purely in Ogham, while those in Britain have the inscription repeated in Latin also carved in the stone in Roman characters. These stones also can be found in Wales, mostly in Oxford, with a small number in North Wales and Anglesey.

Ogham is complicated, but if it is broken down into its four categories it is pretty simple to understand. Basically, the four categories are of five sounds and are a series of twenty `letters' of straight lines and notches carved on the edge of a piece of stone or wood. A twenty-first symbol, an upturned arrow, was used for the letter P in British inscriptions. Notches and grooves appear on one or both sides of a foundation line, which is also known as the druin. Designations for the letters q, v, and z, which are not used in the Irish alphabet, support the now widely accepted interpretation of Ogham as an expression of Irish through the Latin alphabet. Trying to understand this letter form, the scholars of Northern and Western Europe gathered to go over the oldest book of this form, The Book of Balynote,a fifteenth century treatise.The book of Balynote confirms that Ogham was a secret and ritualistic language. Yet later, in eighteenth century A.D., the "Book of Kells", an illustrated gospel book from the city of Kell, was found to show some transcripts of how Ogham was changed by the church of Rome. The time between these books shows how the Celtic church was educated by the Druids to communicate more vastly and accurately. Even though it was against the churchs' ideas, the monestary knew that the most educated people were the Druids. The word `druid' came from the word `dru-vid' which means knowing or wise. All men of substance were included among the druids or nobles. The Druids were the learned and priestly class and were the chief enforcers and guardians of the law. An elite with great powers. Trees, animals, earth, water, and the sun are all featured powerfully in their belief system. Their culture was believed to be entirely oral as it was against their deepest principles to have their secrets known. So,even if they were educated in Ogham, which was very secret in early A.D., and in Latin, they decided not to write down their ideas in. They kept most of their knowledge in their heads, but by the time other cultures deciphered Ogham out they had disposed of most of all that had been written down. Soon after, in the eighteenth century, the Romans had taken over the Celtic church in many lands and had begun to push their now Catholic beliefs onto the people. Quickly the Romans accused the Druids of human sacrifice and forbade their citizens to practice their rites and customs. The Druids were considered too much of a threat and thus were suppressed but continued their religion in secret. So, needless to say, their secrets were lost.

The Celtic church tried to explain how they were the first to have the concept of font and written language, yet it was overthrown later by the eldest people of the region. The Kells, as they were called because of their city of origin, had books and scripts written to explain the history of their people and families and religion. Mostly, these writings that are well known are those of a christian base because the most important families and scholars were part of christian church. In higher houses of society and churches, scholars were selected to write, soon some of the most incredible fonts were conceived. Even though the ideas of the druids were taboo to the church, the basis of the letters themselves could not be forgotten. Elaborate forms and strokes were soon created with amazing image resembling nature, animals, and sacred shields of ones' family or religion. The Celts produced everything exceptionally; hand-decorated books and works of calligraphy. Among the most famous products of Celtic scriptoria are the "Book of Kells", the "Book of Durrow", and the "Lindisforne Gospels". Even though all of these books come from different times in history and different regions of western europe, it cannot be renounced the similarities in their fonts. These various forms of Celtic uncial calligraphy (designating or of the large rounded letters of latin manuscripts between 00 and 00 A.D.) preserved sophisticated writing techniques so that they could be reintroduced to europe at the time of Charlemagne. This eventually lead to a reawakening of writing and literature.

The Kells believed that all its trees, animals, earth, water and even the sun each had a spirit of its own and required special respect. One of the most important things to remember when talking about the Celts and their association with nature is that Celtic strongholds were always dominant in all aspects of life. This was even true when the roman idea of life was forced upon northern and western europe. The Celts believed in the first millenium B.C. that the Supreme figure of the nature kingdom was Cermunnos, Lord of the animals. He was considered the ruler of the natural kingdom of life, death, and rebirth. The animals were held in great esteem by the Celts. It was not so much the animal itself but the energy or spirit which it represented. With this in mind, when you see an animal in a font or a shield its' "energy" is represented for karma and luck. So when you see a boar on a font it represents battle and was believed to make warriors more ferocious; or if you see the bull it symbolizes masculinity, fertility and strength.These rules also come through in basic ideas that all letters based on Ogham have the origins in mames oftrees. Therefore, you frequently see Celtic knots or tree symbols in fonts. derrived from the sounds of trees' names, like Beith (pronounced Beth) is the original name of the Birch tree. This concept brought out by the letter B to be the symbol of the Ogham symbol for B. These eventually took order from the changes in season and order from which the trees grew. This concepts of the letters give stories alxo, like the story of the letter H or the Hazel tree. It has a descriptive story of the members of the Fianra clan defending themselves with a hazel stick and a shield. Both the wood and the edible nuts of this bush or small tree have played an important role in Irish and Welsh traditions. All of these stories being the knowledge of the beautiful adaptions of the letter fonts to look like this tree or nut.

Without history of the Celtic fonts, we see that there is one similarity in all of them. What are the rules and reason? Well, we can see the plots of nature, religion, and fonts, but yet the educated of this time were few, and they were called scribes. When scribes first put pen to page they began the long struggle to control the written form of language and balanced the demands of form and function. Early writing was often carved in stone or wood, which imposed a certain angularity of style. The beginning of adaptions these inscriptive literary forms to other media, and the stylistic and functional demands on written language have grown and changed oand over the centuries have become an art form as well as a vital tool. By the time of the sixth or seventh century, a wide diversity of distinct calligraphy styles had emerged, from the open uncial styles of Northern Europe to the formed styles of Lobmardic documents and the rough informal lettering of Roman beaurocrats. In the Roman period as more and more written records were kept on vellur and papyrus, the scribes found different restrictions and the sharpened characters of the letters began to change, being more rounded and often more decorative. These changes and regulations were from the conflict of old druid ways and the new roman church ways. Yet the Druids and the Celtic church would co-exist, the belief of the roman church were too strict to adapt. So even though the Lords and Ladies of the land had to stick to Roman Catholicism rules, they wanted the beauty adapted by the druids. They adapted the old fonts to new ones so they could keep these designs in their culture.

Between the date of Ogham becoming a true latin letter form and the nineteen A.D., beautiful art fonts were derrived. These art fonts, sometimes called "ding-bats", have been originated from all over western europe. Traditionally these ornaments took form of floral or geometric design and were inserted on the page just like type. Many of these historical based art fonts, drawn from ancient images and decorative arts, including medieval heraldy and roman title, plus a selection of humorous and whimsical silhouettes. These art fonts include characters from Sigil, decorator, sangrael, Zapalec, Spirals, Floressent, Mesoglyphs, Emblems, Hexslar, and Celtic borders. All of them based from historical, religious, and seasonal changes of Western Europe. Just like Ogham was all based from the name of trees which came in order throughout the years, all of the art fonts fashioned at this time in history tell a story. Therefore they are not only elegant and beautiful; they are informative and factual.

Like watching a child grow one day at a time, we look at how one form of lettering has developed into one of the incredible fonts ever conceived. Celtic fonts are everywhere in the world an are known for the most simple strokes to the most intricate knotwork. Yet we cannot forget the ideas and valuable history changing aspects of thes letter form. For if it wasn't for a tiny hand gesture turning into a distinguished line form, and eventually a script form we would not be able to gaze upon the beauty of the font today. So when you view a Celtic font of any style, don't neglect all of the history and beliefs and even nature that it represents to this day. References 1. Fontcraft's Scriptorium Fonts and Graphic Arts

Site......www.fontcraft.com

. The Liberty Mill

Site......http//ogham.lyberty.com

. Geocities Presents

Site......www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/48

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Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations

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In Twelve Angry Men, the audience gets to view the two sides of the legal system. We view the institution that would want to be objective, and the human element, the jury, where each individual brings his own personal subjective point of view. This movie exposes the different types of people called to judge ones peers and the complexity of human nature and what different circumstances influence a juror's thought process. This review will focus on Juror #4, the wealthy stock broker, and Juror #5, a man raised in the slums; two men from completely different worlds placed together side-by-side to determine a young boy's fate.

The jury of Twelve Angry Men is entrusted with the power to send a poor boy with an immigrant background to the electric chair for killing his father with a switchblade knife. These men are locked in a small, claustrophobic room on a stifling hot summer day until they come up with a unanimous decision guilty or not guilty. Each juror brings his personal issues and perspectives to the table; the prejudices, biases and weaknesses, anger and indifference, ignorance and fears and the cultural differences that affect their decision making process.

Juror #4 and Juror #5 come from completely different backgrounds, but they both start out by distancing themselves from the world that the boy lives in. Only when the deliberations finally hit each man personally, does it bring out their deep seated issues to the surface. As Juror #5's confidence in himself and his status grow through the proceedings, Juror #4 must be called to question his confidence and strip away the outer veil that hides his true nature. Juror #8 is the facilitator, the man able to bring these issues to the surface. Do my essay on Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations CHEAP !

Juror #4, portrayed by E.G. Marshall, is a confident, well-dressed stockbroker, presumable very wealthy. He is distant and only speaks to the group when specifically necessary to support his position. At times he comes off as smug and conceited, or studious and methodical. This makes it appear as if he doesn't really care about the fate of the boy. It's more like a murder mystery and he's Sherlock Holmes recalling the facts of the case in great detail; a puzzle to be deductively solved rather than as a case that may send the boy defendant to the electric chair. He also claims that he never sweats, but that remains to be seen.

Juror #5 is a contrast in confidence. As brought to the screen by Jack Klugman, Juror #5 is man formerly from the slums. We really don't his line of work, or even if he has a job. He is naïve and insecure. He is naturally reserved and frightened, and perhaps feeling a bit guilty about his own life and where he came from.

Juror #4 is a member of the first group of six to raise his hand for a guilty vote. Juror #4 feels very sure of himself and is very comfortable presenting detailed facts of the case supporting his position. Juror #5 is one of the final five to join in the first vote of guilty, most likely as a result of peer pressure. By voting guilty, it may also be a means to distance himself from his past rather than a true belief in the guilt of the boy.

During the round-the-table discussion to explain each juror's initial vote, Juror #4 confidently states that the boy's entire alibi was 'flimsy.' He didn't believe the boys claim that he was at the movies at the time of the killing, yet one hour later when speaking with the investigating officer, he couldn't remember the names of the films he saw or who played in them. And no one saw him going in or out of the theatre. Juror #4 is distancing himself from the boy and the world he lives in. He is looking the situation in way that used logic to act as a cover for his prejudices.

Because of his methodical thought process and intelligence he is better able to cover up his biases with the fact patters, rather than the emotion, hate and contempt shown by the other hold outs to the not-guilty verdict. In contrast with Juror # and Juror #10 who wear their emotions, biases and intolerance on their sleeves, verbally segregate the world into 'us' and 'them', Juror #4 does it by his logic and detached attitude.

In contrast to Juror #4's positive view of the facts during the round table, Juror #5 elects to pass. Perhaps because the situation elicits too many feelings about his past for him to express, in conjunction with his embarrassment to reveal that the slums are a part of his upbringing. Juror #5 has deep seated feelings for the boy's situation. He's just too shy or embarrassed to reveal those feelings. However, this perspective quickly changes.

As Juror #7 is explaining his position during the initial round-the-table, Juror #4 chimes in by citing studies that show how slum conditions breed criminals. "He's a product of a broken home and a filthy neighborhood. We can't help that. We're here to decide whether he's innocent or guilty. … Children from slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society." He is specifically saying that a slum background is a factor in determining guilt, without really acknowledging his prejudice. Juror #4 is not applying the facts of the incident to a determination of guilt. He's applying the facts of the boy's life situation to his determination of guilt.

Juror #4's comments, along with #7 and #10, riles up Juror #5. He becomes very uneasy and finally defends himself and speaks up. "I've lived in a slum all my life…I've played in backyards that were filled with garbage. Maybe you can still smell it on me?" This confrontation brings out his deep seated feelings and memories of his childhood, and starts his process toward an acceptance of his life and how that may impact the boy he is held to judge today. He will be turned more quickly than Juror #4 because of this connection. It's a moment that the gentlemen of the jury actually take notice of Juror #5.

It is during the time that the jury is discussing the credibility of the testimony of the Old Man and the Old Woman that Juror #5 changes his vote to not guilty. Obviously, it is again Juror #4 who characteristically recounts the details of the testimony of the Old Woman who "looked right in the open window and saw the boy stab his father" and "saw the killing through the windows of a moving elevated train."

Interestingly, it is Juror #, the old man, who has a great eye for detail this time. He is the juror that noticed the old man's torn jacket and the way he walked, dragging his leg, trying to hide it because he was ashamed. Juror # speculates that "this was a quite, frightened, insignificant old man who has never made a difference." "Now this … old man … needs to be listened to." This is a very striking description of some key characteristics of Juror #5 (from the slums, feeling frightened and insignificant) and what has happened to him just previously (acceptance and people listen to him) . Add these facts to Juror #8 reminding everyone of the phrase "I'm gonna kill you," words Juror #5 heard often in his youth, the situation is hitting very close to home.

The combination of needing to be listened to and finally being heard, an acceptance of his past and a newly flamed desire to stand up to prejudice puts him on the road to overcoming his fears, to stand on his own and to change his vote to not guilty. It's then interesting to see that Juror #5 becomes an important participant in the proceedings. He embraces his past and puts his knowledge to good use when he demonstrates how to properly use a switchblade knife "underhanded." He admits "Anyone who's ever used a switchknife wouldn't handle it any other way."

Juror #4 places great satisfaction in that he has a particular ability to recall facts. He is the juror who related in great detail the time frame and sequence of event related to the boy's fight with his father, the purchase of the unusual knife, the friends identifying the "death weapon", the time the boy says he went to the movie, losing the knife, and returning to find his father dead. Juror #4 goes on to recreate his own version of the facts to support his position on the night in question.

Juror #4's presentation of the facts are actually an effort to "objectively" support his biases and prejudices. He is not using the facts as a method to actually determine guilt or innocence. Even when the small and wimpy bank teller, Juror #, recalls the name of the movie and the old man recalls the details of the old man's walk, it does not sway Juror #4 to admit reasonable doubt. What is particularly interesting in this regard is that even when Juror #8 provides the concept of the existence of an identical knife by asking him to admit that "It's possible." Juror #4 responds "But not very probable." This is the perspective that he comes from in the movie. He's not really looking for reasonable doubt as to the boy's guilt. He will not settle for anything less than a probability that the boy isn't guilty. This is not the standard of judging guilt or innocence which should be applied.

Even when the large chart of the old man's apartment is used in combination with Juror #8s demonstration of how long it would take to make it to the door, it does not visibly sway Juror #4. Juror #8 even solicits Juror #4's participation in the experiment and speaks directly to Juror #4 when the experiment is completed as a plea to elicit reasonable doubt in a man who on the surface appears to be concerned with facts and logic.

All this while, Juror #4 has attempted to distance himself on an emotional level from the proceedings. He has not engaged in polite banter with the other jurors. He also has maintained an aloof distance between the boy's situation and the witnesses, and that of his own. Only when the argument turns to the discussion of the boy's 'movie' alibi, do we begin to see a change in how Juror #4 may be looking at the situation. Juror #4 states he could have remembered the names and details of the movies even under pressure, especially after an "upsetting experience such as being slapped in the face by your father." After relentless questioning, Juror #4 can't remember the exact title of the inexpensive second feature and the name of its stars that he saw with his wife three nights earlier. Contrary to his statement that he never sweats, when the pressure is on him personally and he can not fall back on those very important facts to substantiate his argument, we see him wipe a drop of sweat from his brow with a handkerchief. Juror #8 notices, "And you weren't even under an emotional stress, were you?"

The final discussion of the Old Woman's account of the evening and her eyesight, cuts close to home and brings him into the story like it had not before. When the situation finally becomes too personal, it brings out his not guilty vote. The facts he so relied on before have now fallen apart, and when he is personally used as the evidence against a guilty verdict (rubbing his nose and eyeglass marks), he has no choice by logic to continue with the front he has been putting up. "It's logical to assume that no one wears eyeglasses to bed." So it was highly unlikely that the woman could have had time to put on her glasses to see the murder through the el and across the road. And when the only two remaining hold-outs are obviously bigoted, angry men, he doesn't want to be identified with that either. Juror #4 tells Juror #10, "Now sit down and don't open your mouth again." It's now a personal issue for him.

Juror #4 explains the now he agrees with the majority "with a reasonable doubt" after the eyeglasses incident. However, it appears that he had more than just a reasonable doubt. At that point, it was a probability in his mind that the boy did not commit the murder. His reasonable doubt showed up much earlier, he just couldn't get himself to act upon it yet. Reasonable doubt appeared during their movie title discussion. That incident hit him close to home and made him sweat. Maybe for the first time in his life, he doubted himself, but his conceit would not yet let him change his vote. He only changed his vote when in his analytical mind he had proof positive the boy was not guilty (the glasses discussion), it touched him way too close to home to refute the evidence, and he realized the underlying bigotry that was influencing his original position.

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