The Birth of a font "celtic"

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THE BIRTH OF A FONT

"CELTIC"

There are so many languages in the world,it is impossible to know them all. In one language words are formed,then letters,and then eventually fonts so you can print the language to read. Once a font is derrived from a language it gains its own identity. And like everything with an identity, a font seems to adapt constantly with all changes in life. From the day the font or letter form is conceived it proves itself to be a part of the world constantly. Ogham is one of these letter forms that has done just that. Ogham has adapted to religious changes, history itself, and even the basic cultural evolution of society. In fact, in it's very conception Ogham font showed how it was symbolic of the world around it. Based from seasons and the trees and the flowers it grew into one of the most immense fonts we know of today...Celtic.

Ogham is the first known Irish writing. Ogham, also written as Ogam or Ogum, is pronounced "AHG-m" or "OH-ehm". The Ogham characters consist of a series of lines and noches which are scored across a long stem-line on standing stones. Ogham was carved and read from bottom to top and occasionally right to left. Ogham served as an alphabet for one of the ancient Celtic languages. Since Ogham is written in lines, it is believed that it might have come from a type of sign language. So, if you would point a finger towards the right it is a "b"; if a finger is used towards the left it is an "h", and so on. It's origin is not certain, but it is definite that the druids used this ancient form of communication. It has been discovered that the names of the main twenty letters are also the twenty trees that are sacred to the druids. Trees and nature was a big deal to druids, thus it has been brought to scholastic attention that a thirteen month calendar exists which shares the same tree names as Ogham. This is where the slang term "tree alphabet" comes from.

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Ogham stones are believed to date from the third century AD to the eigth and ninth centuries, and many have been associated with early Christianity. Some even suggest that Ogham was used as early as the first century. Ogham stones can be found frequently in Christian churches and burial sites. In some cases, crude Christian crosses have been carved into the stones beside the Ogham. Early Ogham inscriptions on grave markers and memorials usually contain the name of the deceased's tribe and name. This idea of reference to greatness brings the high probability that these markers and memorials were used as territorial markers of powerful Celtic families and tribes. A few Ogham stones can be found in western Scotland, The Isle of Man, and Cornwall. The stones in Ireland are written purely in Ogham, while those in Britain have the inscription repeated in Latin also carved in the stone in Roman characters. These stones also can be found in Wales, mostly in Oxford, with a small number in North Wales and Anglesey.

Ogham is complicated, but if it is broken down into its four categories it is pretty simple to understand. Basically, the four categories are of five sounds and are a series of twenty `letters' of straight lines and notches carved on the edge of a piece of stone or wood. A twenty-first symbol, an upturned arrow, was used for the letter P in British inscriptions. Notches and grooves appear on one or both sides of a foundation line, which is also known as the druin. Designations for the letters q, v, and z, which are not used in the Irish alphabet, support the now widely accepted interpretation of Ogham as an expression of Irish through the Latin alphabet. Trying to understand this letter form, the scholars of Northern and Western Europe gathered to go over the oldest book of this form, The Book of Balynote,a fifteenth century treatise.The book of Balynote confirms that Ogham was a secret and ritualistic language. Yet later, in eighteenth century A.D., the "Book of Kells", an illustrated gospel book from the city of Kell, was found to show some transcripts of how Ogham was changed by the church of Rome. The time between these books shows how the Celtic church was educated by the Druids to communicate more vastly and accurately. Even though it was against the churchs' ideas, the monestary knew that the most educated people were the Druids. The word `druid' came from the word `dru-vid' which means knowing or wise. All men of substance were included among the druids or nobles. The Druids were the learned and priestly class and were the chief enforcers and guardians of the law. An elite with great powers. Trees, animals, earth, water, and the sun are all featured powerfully in their belief system. Their culture was believed to be entirely oral as it was against their deepest principles to have their secrets known. So,even if they were educated in Ogham, which was very secret in early A.D., and in Latin, they decided not to write down their ideas in. They kept most of their knowledge in their heads, but by the time other cultures deciphered Ogham out they had disposed of most of all that had been written down. Soon after, in the eighteenth century, the Romans had taken over the Celtic church in many lands and had begun to push their now Catholic beliefs onto the people. Quickly the Romans accused the Druids of human sacrifice and forbade their citizens to practice their rites and customs. The Druids were considered too much of a threat and thus were suppressed but continued their religion in secret. So, needless to say, their secrets were lost.

The Celtic church tried to explain how they were the first to have the concept of font and written language, yet it was overthrown later by the eldest people of the region. The Kells, as they were called because of their city of origin, had books and scripts written to explain the history of their people and families and religion. Mostly, these writings that are well known are those of a christian base because the most important families and scholars were part of christian church. In higher houses of society and churches, scholars were selected to write, soon some of the most incredible fonts were conceived. Even though the ideas of the druids were taboo to the church, the basis of the letters themselves could not be forgotten. Elaborate forms and strokes were soon created with amazing image resembling nature, animals, and sacred shields of ones' family or religion. The Celts produced everything exceptionally; hand-decorated books and works of calligraphy. Among the most famous products of Celtic scriptoria are the "Book of Kells", the "Book of Durrow", and the "Lindisforne Gospels". Even though all of these books come from different times in history and different regions of western europe, it cannot be renounced the similarities in their fonts. These various forms of Celtic uncial calligraphy (designating or of the large rounded letters of latin manuscripts between 00 and 00 A.D.) preserved sophisticated writing techniques so that they could be reintroduced to europe at the time of Charlemagne. This eventually lead to a reawakening of writing and literature.

The Kells believed that all its trees, animals, earth, water and even the sun each had a spirit of its own and required special respect. One of the most important things to remember when talking about the Celts and their association with nature is that Celtic strongholds were always dominant in all aspects of life. This was even true when the roman idea of life was forced upon northern and western europe. The Celts believed in the first millenium B.C. that the Supreme figure of the nature kingdom was Cermunnos, Lord of the animals. He was considered the ruler of the natural kingdom of life, death, and rebirth. The animals were held in great esteem by the Celts. It was not so much the animal itself but the energy or spirit which it represented. With this in mind, when you see an animal in a font or a shield its' "energy" is represented for karma and luck. So when you see a boar on a font it represents battle and was believed to make warriors more ferocious; or if you see the bull it symbolizes masculinity, fertility and strength.These rules also come through in basic ideas that all letters based on Ogham have the origins in mames oftrees. Therefore, you frequently see Celtic knots or tree symbols in fonts. derrived from the sounds of trees' names, like Beith (pronounced Beth) is the original name of the Birch tree. This concept brought out by the letter B to be the symbol of the Ogham symbol for B. These eventually took order from the changes in season and order from which the trees grew. This concepts of the letters give stories alxo, like the story of the letter H or the Hazel tree. It has a descriptive story of the members of the Fianra clan defending themselves with a hazel stick and a shield. Both the wood and the edible nuts of this bush or small tree have played an important role in Irish and Welsh traditions. All of these stories being the knowledge of the beautiful adaptions of the letter fonts to look like this tree or nut.

Without history of the Celtic fonts, we see that there is one similarity in all of them. What are the rules and reason? Well, we can see the plots of nature, religion, and fonts, but yet the educated of this time were few, and they were called scribes. When scribes first put pen to page they began the long struggle to control the written form of language and balanced the demands of form and function. Early writing was often carved in stone or wood, which imposed a certain angularity of style. The beginning of adaptions these inscriptive literary forms to other media, and the stylistic and functional demands on written language have grown and changed oand over the centuries have become an art form as well as a vital tool. By the time of the sixth or seventh century, a wide diversity of distinct calligraphy styles had emerged, from the open uncial styles of Northern Europe to the formed styles of Lobmardic documents and the rough informal lettering of Roman beaurocrats. In the Roman period as more and more written records were kept on vellur and papyrus, the scribes found different restrictions and the sharpened characters of the letters began to change, being more rounded and often more decorative. These changes and regulations were from the conflict of old druid ways and the new roman church ways. Yet the Druids and the Celtic church would co-exist, the belief of the roman church were too strict to adapt. So even though the Lords and Ladies of the land had to stick to Roman Catholicism rules, they wanted the beauty adapted by the druids. They adapted the old fonts to new ones so they could keep these designs in their culture.

Between the date of Ogham becoming a true latin letter form and the nineteen A.D., beautiful art fonts were derrived. These art fonts, sometimes called "ding-bats", have been originated from all over western europe. Traditionally these ornaments took form of floral or geometric design and were inserted on the page just like type. Many of these historical based art fonts, drawn from ancient images and decorative arts, including medieval heraldy and roman title, plus a selection of humorous and whimsical silhouettes. These art fonts include characters from Sigil, decorator, sangrael, Zapalec, Spirals, Floressent, Mesoglyphs, Emblems, Hexslar, and Celtic borders. All of them based from historical, religious, and seasonal changes of Western Europe. Just like Ogham was all based from the name of trees which came in order throughout the years, all of the art fonts fashioned at this time in history tell a story. Therefore they are not only elegant and beautiful; they are informative and factual.

Like watching a child grow one day at a time, we look at how one form of lettering has developed into one of the incredible fonts ever conceived. Celtic fonts are everywhere in the world an are known for the most simple strokes to the most intricate knotwork. Yet we cannot forget the ideas and valuable history changing aspects of thes letter form. For if it wasn't for a tiny hand gesture turning into a distinguished line form, and eventually a script form we would not be able to gaze upon the beauty of the font today. So when you view a Celtic font of any style, don't neglect all of the history and beliefs and even nature that it represents to this day. References 1. Fontcraft's Scriptorium Fonts and Graphic Arts

Site......www.fontcraft.com

. The Liberty Mill

Site......http//ogham.lyberty.com

. Geocities Presents

Site......www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/48

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