Thematic Glossary

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Innovation and Creative Thinking

Creative thinking is a way to express and execute new ideas. "Innovation and creativity have been publicized as a way for corporations to become competitive and prepare for the future" (Byrd and Smith 68). This theme is also described as being the trademark of management and product development by Brian O" Reiley (60). Coming up with ideas is only one part of an innovation effort since they must also be carried out on a consistent basis in order to be effective. New ideas take time and the originators of the idea must understand the concept of time in order for it to be a success. All evidence shows that most strategic innovations come from outsiders who are not part of the organization. Real innovation involves hard work, time, and must be made up internally by a group of revolutionaries who want to apply changes and enforce them. Another important factor of innovation and critical thinking is that upper management supports the people who are implementing these ideas or they will be short-lived. Innovation is not always easy to achieve, which is why there are so few companies that achieve it. Companies who utilize creative and innovative skills within their organizations will ultimately be the ones who strive for self-renewal and succeed in the long-term.

Quantitative Decision Skills

Quantitative decision skills are used when making decisions based on mathematical data, theories, and probability. Richard Levin states that this method can be utilized when an objective is clearly stated, several alternative courses of action exist, and there is a calculable measure of the benefit or worth of the various alternatives. He also explains that "uncertainties for which allowance must be made or probabilities calculated must include events beyond the

control of the decision maker and uncertainty concerning which outcome (or external events) will actually happen." Furthermore, quantitative decision skills allow one to understand conclusions of a problem through the use of numbers and other mathematical concepts.

Entrepreneurship

Enterpreneurship can be defined as the creation of a business venture. An entrepreneur is one that owns and manages a business and who also possesses the ability to see what is not there, which is known as "entrepreneurial vision" and one who assumes risk. Having this vision gives a person the ability to see how to alter an environment in order to create opportunities. Entrepreneurs are also characterized as individuals who have enough self-confidence to make their visions real. Vincent Ryan, who is the author of Anatomy of an Entrepreneur, suggests that entrepreneurs are those persons who thrive on building something from scratch, setting it on the right course, handing the reigns over to someone else and then moving on to another project.

Leadership

Ed Rose wrote that there are five characteristics that define a leader and can be remembered by the acronym "ACTOR". Adaptable, Considerate, Trustworthy, Optimistic, and Resourceful. He continued by saying that leaders must be adaptable to change, must be considerate to the effects that their actions may have on others, they must provide a positive vision of the future, and should also provide the required training to ensure that their followers know their responsibilities. Leadership involves members of a group who surround a central person and that all strive towards a certain goal. It is also seen as an idea that one can make a difference in the course of events and lead others to believe in the cause. Leaders can also be characterized as those individuals who face risk and uncertainty and who often shoulder grave responsibility because of their passion and compulsive drive to get things done. ɦ

Teamwork

A team is comprised of a group of people who are committed to working towards a common goal. Commitment, balance, and communication are the keys to teamwork. Teamwork is not only a group process, but is also a personal responsibility and skill. Nowadays, all work is teamwork, and the challenge is to perform well when having to share the responsibility to get something accomplished with people over whom you have no authority. Teamwork requires personal and individual action. The following guidelines demonstrate how organizations can increase teamwork amongst their employees

•Develop consensus around a common vision and goals that focus on organizational outcomes.

•Implement team-based performance measurement, feedback, and reward systems.

•Ensure that top management demonstrates and fosters cooperation in word and deed.

•Promote the use of team building, skill development, and team training as common practices in organizational life.

•Facilitate front-line management team involvement in and ownership of decision processes and outcomes.

A successful team also encourages constructive criticism so that it allows for open communication among the team members. Every member of the team must feel important and feel as if they have contributed to the end result. Another benefit of a team is when one person is unable to be there, the other team members can pick up the slack. Teamwork is also characterized when team members participate and support each other. Teams are comprised of all sizes and can accomplish many goals together as long as they have a common purpose and mission. ɦ

Ethics

Ethics is possessing honesty, morals, and integrity no matter what the situation may be. It is what an individual, group, or company believes in and holds to be true. It is doing the right thing and standing up for what you believe in even when others may not agree. Many companies instill a "Code of Ethics", which are the laws and rules that govern the company itself. It is the code of practices that are to be understood and followed by all employees and also establishes trust within the company. In the article "Can You Really Mandate Corporate Ethics", Alexander T. wood and Carol Anderson Wood state that "ethics create and build a safe environment based on care, responsibility, and other core values unique to the corporation, while functionally ineffective ethics create an environment of chaos and fear, or malaise and distrust." They continue by saying that in order to effectively mandate ethics in the workplace, the following must be achieved "awareness of core values, establishing ownership of the core values, democratic implementation of core values and processes, clear lines of moral authority, enhancement of moral intelligent, commitment to morals, and constant reminders of values." ᠀

Global Perspectives

Global perspective allows information to be shared in multiple countries through the use of the Internet. It has been described as "the new frontier for relationship marketing." With the innovation of the Internet, customers' worldwide can practically obtain anything they want with just a few clicks, while bringing companies into territories they never dreamed of venturing into. Since many businesses are now operating through the Internet, managers in the global market now have to learn and utilize many different skills due to the "hypercompetitiveness of the marketplace" today. Although global marketing has many advantages, it has also placed strategic constraints on many organizations. For example, different strategies must be formulated in order to stay competitive in the marketplace since competitive advantages do not last very long due to constant changes. The Internet has made life easier on many, while also changing the way businesses function. ᠁

Communications

Communication involves a sender and a listener. The ultimate goal is for the sender to utilize words, pictures, symbols, or gestures to get a point across, while the listener in turn tries to interpret the message and offer feedback. Feedback demonstrates how well the message was understood and received. Communication is an important aspect of everyday life. It is a sense of personal power, which comes from a belief that an individual can attain their goals in their own way. Communication can instill a sense of power by formulating authority, accessibility, assertiveness, a positive image, and solid communication skills. Body language is also an important element of communication. One's tone of voice, gestures, and posture can determine if the message will be communicated clearly or sent the wrong way. A person's tone of voice is vital in how the listener will interpret the message. Many people may make assumptions about one's personality based on their voice. Gestures are another element that may cause the listener to misinterpret one's message. For example, if a person crosses their arms while speaking, one might assume that they are bored, annoyed, or elated. Another important aspect is posture. Posture provides insight to an individual's personality. Good posture demonstrates confidence and competence. Next, personal space plays a role in communication since it can affect certain genders, cultures, and generations. ᠂

Strategic and Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the ability to look at a problem, question or situation; integrate all the information, arrive at a solution, and justify one's position. Critical thinking is not always an easy task, but it is necessary for growth and change. Strategy emerges from the decision process and answers questions such as where a company may want to go and how they should get there. It combines the questions of "where" and "how" to create competitive advantages. This strategy is known as "competing on the edge" by many companies. Strategic and critical thinking skills are essential in order for companies to stay ahead of the game. The most effective strategic decision-makers make choices that are fast, high quality, and wildly supported. They create strategy by doing the following

•Building collective intuition that enhances the ability of a top-management team to see threats and opportunities sooner and more accurately.

•Stimulating quick conflict to improve the quality of strategic thinking without sacrificing significant time.

•Maintaining a disciplined pace that drives the decision process to a timely conclusion.

•Defusing political behavior that creates unproductive conflict and wastes time. ᠃

Bibliography

Avery, Christopher M. "Individual-based Teamwork. Teamwork isn't Just a Group Process. This Time it's

Personal". Training and Development. January 00. Keyword Teamwork

Blank, Dennis. "A Matter of Ethics". EBSCO Publishing 00. Keyword Ethics

Birkinshaw, Julian; Toulan, Omar; and David, Arnold. Global Account Management in Multi-National

Corporations Theory and Evidence". Journal of International Business. 001, Volume , no.,

p. 1-48. Keyword Global Perspectives

Booher, Dianna. "Communicate". Women in Business. July/August 1, Volume 51, no. 4, p.6-.

Booher, Dianna. "Communicate". Women in Business. November/December 1, Volume 51, no. 6, p.6-.

Byrd, Jack and Smith, Julie M. "Innovation Revolution Getting Better Ideas." Training and Development Journal.

Jan 1, Volume 4, n 1, p68 (6). Keyword Innovation

Carter, Launor F. The Study of Leadership. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc. Danville, Illinois 158

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. "Strategy As Strategic Decision Making". Sloan Management Review. March 1, p.11

Ensley, Michael D., Carland, James W., and Carland, JoAnn C. "Investigating the Existence of the Lead

Entrepreneur." Journal of Small Business Management October 000, Volume 8, no.4, p5-77. Keyword Entrepreneurship

Gallardo, Leilani M. "Pre-need Companies Adopt Code of Ethics". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. February 00,

Article 7. Keyword Ethics

Haddock, Patricia. "Communicating Personal Power". Supervision. January 00, Volume 6, no.1, p.1.

Hamann, Hardy. "Working in Harmony". Industrial Distribution. February 001.

Longnecker, Clinton O. "Barriers and Gateways to Management and Teamwork". Business Horizons. September

000.Keyword Teamwork

Markides, Constantinos. "Strategic Innovation in Established Companies". Sloan Management Review. Spring

18.

O'Reilly, Bill. "The Secrets of America's Most Admired Corporations New Ideas and New Products." Fortune.

March 17, Volume 14, n 4, p60-65 Keyword Innovation

Petress, Ken. "An Alternative for Decision Making". Journal of Instructional Psychology. September 00.

"Quantitative Decision Making" 0 Feb. 0. http//www-mmd.eng.cam.ac.uk

Rose, Ed. "Your Best Leader-An Actor". Workplace Management".

Ryan, Vincent. "Anatomy of an Entrepreneur." Telephony. April 000, Volume 8, no. 15, p6-44.

Keyword Entrepreneur.

Solomon, Robert C. Ethics, the Heart of Leadership. Praeger Westport, CT 18. Keyword Leadership

Southon, Mike; West, Chris; and Cree, Richard. "When Teams Work". Director. June 00, Volume 55, Issue 11,

p. Keyword Teamwork

Walker, Lewis J. "Ethics in a Brave New World".

"What makes Teams Work". HR Focus. April 00, Volume 7, Issue 4, p1-5.

Wolfe, Christopher R. Quantitative Reasoning Across a College. Heldref Publications. 1.

Wood, Alexander T. and Wood, Carol Anderson. "Can You Really Mandate Corporate Ethics".

Zaleznik, Abraham. Human Dilemmas of Leadership. Harper and Row New York 166.

Byrd, Jack and Smith, Julie M. "Innovation Revolution Getting Better Ideas." Training and Development Journal. Jan 1, Volume 4, n 1, p68 (6). Keyword Innovation

O'Reilly, Bill. "The Secrets of America's Most Admired Corporations New Ideas and New Products." Fortune. March 17, Volume 14, n 4, p60-65 Keyword Innovation

Markides, Constantinos. "Strategic Innovation in Established Companies". Sloan Management Review. Spring

18.

"Quantitative Decision Making" 0 Feb. 0. http//www-mmd.eng.cam.ac.uk

Wolfe, Christopher R. Quantitative Reasoning Across a College. Heldref Publications. 1.

Ensley, Michael D., Carland, James W., and Carland, JoAnn C. "Investigating the Existence of the Lead Entrepreneur." Journal of Small Business Management October 000, Volume 8, no.4, p5-77. Keyword Entrepreneurship

Ryan, Vincent. "Anatomy of an Entrepreneur." Telephony. April 000, Volume 8, no. 15, p6-44.

Keyword Entrepreneur.

ɦ Rose, Ed. "Your Best Leader-An Actor". Workplace Management".

Carter, Launor F. The Study of Leadership. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc. Danville, Illinois 158

Zaleznik, Abraham. Human Dilemmas of Leadership. Harper and Row New York 166.

Solomon, Robert C. Ethics, the Heart of Leadership. Praeger Westport, CT 18.

ɦ Avery, Christopher M. "Individual-based Teamwork. Teamwork isn't Just a Group Process. This Time it's Personal". Training and Development. January 00.

Longnecker, Clinton O. "Barriers and Gateways to Management and Teamwork". Business Horizons. September 000.

Southon, Mike; West, Chris; and Cree, Richard. "When Teams Work". Director. June 00, Volume 55, Issue 11, p.

"What makes Teams Work". HR Focus. April 00, Volume 7, Issue 4, p1-5.

᠀ Blank, Dennis. "A Matter of Ethics". EBSCO Publishing 00.

Gallardo, Leilani M. "Pre-need Companies Adopt Code of Ethics". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. February 00, Article 7.

Wood, Alexander T. and Wood, Carol Anderson. "Can You Really Mandate Corporate Ethics".

Walker, Lewis J. "Ethics in a Brave New World".

᠁ Birkinshaw, Julian; Toulan, Omar; and David, Arnold. Global Account Management in Multi-National Corporations Theory and Evidence". Journal of International Business. 001, Volume , no., p. 1-48. Keyword Global Perspectives

᠂ Booher, Dianna. "Communicate". Women in Business. November/December 1, Volume 51, no. 6, p.6-.

Booher, Dianna. "Communicate". Women in Business. July/August 1, Volume 51, no. 4, p.6-.

Haddock, Patricia. "Communicating Personal Power". Supervision. January 00, Volume 6, no.1, p.1.

᠃ Petress, Ken. "An Alternative for Decision Making". Journal of Instructional Psychology. September 00.

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. "Strategy As Strategic Decision Making". Sloan Management Review. March 1, p.11

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Why we need a global university?

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Today, so many Persistent social problems -- unemployment, discrimination and all the like for instance have been harassing our world for years. Thusly, Claim for developing such a global university dedicated to solving these problems sounds theoretically rational and constructive and beneficial to our society. However, despite of its sacred aim, a closer examination reveals that the issue of such a global university will pose some certain risks on these nations who participate in this program and might ultimately undermine the initial good-willings.

First of all as a global university it should comprise of faculty and students who bring diverse culture and educational perspectives, young intellectuals where keen minds from different races, cultures and varied ethnic and financial backgrounds come together to express their viewpoints and ideas. When such a diversified community comes closer then communication impedance might occur between students and faculty. So many factors and agents underlying the global cap will conflict and even antagonize each other, which though they might get conciliation to some extent will considerably offset the positive a lot.

Another amazing problem is the fact that there exist so many persistent social problems ,most of which are closely related to economics, race, religion, moral systems and may intertwined with each other. Unemployment for example, poses a giant blockade for both the developing and developed nations. Society requires only limited consumption and thus enterprises can provide only limited employment. Status of unemployment relies highly on the total level of economics and it is impossible to find an easy remedy without the realistic development of the whole society. Similarly, elimination of discrimination, another social tumor persistent for thousands of years, requires the mutual recongnization and respect of different races, requires the belief that each human being, whatever the race, color or religion, has the warranted right to be equal in dignity ever since his birth. Despite the giant amelioration for the past centuries, it is still a dream as Martin Luther has claimed.

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Please note that this sample paper on Why we need a global university? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Why we need a global university?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Why we need a global university? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Kids kill parent

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The title of the article being summarized is called is AWitness says police suffocated friend,@ by Jim Mckinnon. The article is based on a man who said he witnessed his friend being suffocated by police. His friend died two days later.

The article further explains that the witness, Errol Manghom accompanied the victim, Charles Dixon, to the Dec. party held at the volunteer Fire Department banquet hall, in Mount Oliver. Dixon who defied the officers= orders to surrender, was attacked and knocked to the floor by the officers.

Mangham further explained that Dixon was held in a choke while another officer placed his hands over Dixon=s nose and mouth. Dixon died two days later. The author went on to state that a photographer, who was contracted to the party, testified that he saw an officer squirt a steady stream of pepper spray into Dixon=s face, while Dixon was subdued.

Next, the article states that the cause of death is still unknown, while the question of whether or not the officers had training in positional asphyxia is being asked. The officers however testified that they do know that a facedown suspect could suffocate if enough weight were to be placed on him for a long time. Dr. Ed Krenzlok, of the Pittsburgh Poison Center, explained that pepper spray could contribute to his suffocation, but that the substance in and of itself is not lethal.

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Also a representative of the Pittsburgh chapter of the NAACP and a retired police officer, stated that the killing could have been avoided and that it is the norm for black people to die while under police custody.

In my speculations, I believe the victim=s friend was a hapless bystander/witness. Just putting myself in the place of the two black men in the midst of a crowd of white officers, there is really little that could have been done. If an attempt to help had been made by Mr. Mangham, he could have been beaten to death the same way his friend was basically strangled to death. Then there would be no witness, as Adead men tell no tales.

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The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever

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The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides is a coming of age story which demonstrates the memories that some adolescents remember at a later point in their lives, and the effect

that these memories have on them. In this case, some boys come in contact with the Lisbon

sisters, as adolescents. These girls intrigue the boys, and their story is tragic, which makes it all the more memorable for the boys as well as the reader. Another theme in the novel is the fact that sometimes, the more some people see of life, the less they would rather be living.

This is true in the case of the girls.

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The point of view is in first person plural ("we"). The story is told when the narrators are grown men, which makes some of their memories faded, and some not in order. These men loved the Lisbon sisters and were deeply affected by their suicides. They, at many times in the novel, attempt to make sense of their deaths.

The Virgin Suicides is written in past tense. It occurs around the 160's or 170's, in a middle-class suburb in Wayne County, on the outskirts of a deteriorating city. The memories that the boys have span over a thirteen month period, from June to the following August.

The novel begins with Mary Lisbon's death. The EMS truck drives up as it usually does, as if it were a common occurrence. The boys across the street observe, and recall the first suicide attempt, by Cecilia, over a year ago. After this attempt, her parents sent her to get

psychiatric help from Dr. Hornicker. He did not understand why she would try to commit suicide, and concluded that she only did it as a "cry for help" (pg 1). He suggested that

Cecilia would benefit from more socializing, and Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon decided to throw the only party of the girls' lives. Cecilia sat in a chair most of the party, until finally asking to be excused. After a few minutes, "We heard the wet sound of her body falling onto the fence that

ran alongside the house." (pg 0) Everyone ran upstairs and saw Mr. Lisbon, carefully trying to lift her off of the fence.

In chapter , The paramedics return to the Lisbon house. They cut the fence stake below Cecilias body, and take her away on a stretcher, with the fence post holding up the blanket. Cecilia's death comes during the sixth week of the cemetery workers strike. After an awkward tour of possible burying grounds, Mr. Lisbon decides on a public nondenominational cemetery, where Cecilia will be given her last rights before being taken to the mortuary freezer

to await burial. Cecilia's sisters file by the body, dazed, and silent. The neighbors later claim that the sisters lack of grief was a sure sign that they were planning to join Cecilia. Her death only makes the boys more curious about the girls. They get her diary from the plumber's

assistant, who found it in the bathroom. The boys become fascinated by the fact that Cecilia describes her sisters and herself as one entity.

In Chapter , the community attempts to reach out to the Lisbon household. Some of the men remove the fence that Cecilia fell on. Afterwards, they help in cleaning up the Lisbon residence. Mr. Lisbon comes out to thank them. Returning inside, as he will tell the boys years later, Mr. Lisbon finds Cecilias window still open, attended by her ghost. Rushing to close the window, he realizes that the ghost is only his daughter, Bonnie, who says, "Don't

worry, they took the fence out."

When school starts, the remaining four Lisbon sisters act as if nothing had happened, and keep to themselves. One day, Trip Fontaine, the school stud, runs into Lux Lisbon. One look, and Trip falls in love. He later went to the Lisbon residence to watch TV, and the whole

family watched his every move during his visit. Afterwards, he sat in his car, somewhat depressed. Suddenly, Lux appeared in her pajamas and started to desperately kiss Trip, and after a few minutes, flees back into her house.

Trip convinces Mrs. Lisbon to allow him to take Lux to Prom. He also finds dates for the other girls. It was allowed; the rules being that they all return home by 11 P.M. and Mr. Lisbon, as chaperone, would ensure that the couples only went to the dance. The girls act perfectly normal during the dance. Mary tells one boy that she is having the best time of her life. That one statement alone foreshadows the fact that they have such short lives.

After the dance, Trip and Lux disappear. Years later, Trip explains that he persuaded Lux to go out onto the football field, where they made love on the goal line. Then Trip abandoned her to walk home. He claimed that at that particular moment he "just got sick of her." At 10 A.M. on that same night, the other boys decided to drive past the Lisbon house. They saw a single light in the bedroom window which suddenly went out. Deep down, they

realize that something went very wrong.

In Chapter 4, Mrs. Lisbon takes the girls out of school and confines them to the house. The boys are shocked by the severity of punishment for Lux breaking curfew. Mrs. Lisbon later explained to the boys that she believed the girls needed time by themselves to recover from Cecilias death. Later, Mrs. Lisbon forces Lux to destroy her rock records.

Soon, the boys began to notice Lux on the roof of the Lisbon house having sex with random men. Somehow she managed to meet men and sneak them on the roof at night

without her parents knowing. Some of them talked to the boys, telling them stories of being led through a dark house full of rotting food and empty cans, which was a clear indication that Mrs. Lisbon had stopped cooking and cleaning entirely. The full deterioration of the

house also hints that the end is near for the girls.

Three weeks later, the ambulance appears at the Lisbon house. Lux claimed to be suffering from a burst appendix, when really she needed a pregnancy test. In the end, Lux is not pregnant, and tells her parents that it was a bad case of indigestion. Dr. Hornicker, the psychiatrist, concludes that Lux is in deep denial of Cecilias death. Dr. Hornicker writes a report on the Lisbon girls, diagnosing the remaining sisters with post-traumatic stress

disorder and warning that suicide can repeat itself in a single family. Because of this report, the community begins to think of suicide as a contagious disease and blames Cecilia for infecting her sisters. No one even bothers asking how Cecilia caught the "suicide virus" in the

first place.

Soon, Mr. Lisbon resigns, and the Lisbon house seems completely empty. No one ever leaves, the lights rarely go on, and the grocer stops delivering groceries. Before dawn, Bonnie appears to recite the rosary. Soon the boys begin to smell disgusting things coming from the

house. The boys try to, but cannot judge how bad the Lisbon girls lives may actually be, which later haunts them in their old age.

One day, Old Mrs. Karafilis, grandmother of neighborhood boy, took interest in the Lisbon girls. She was never surprised by their story, and said, "We Greeks are a moody people. Suicide makes sense to us. Putting up Christmas lights after your own daughter does it - that makes no sense. What I could never understand about America was why everyone pretended to be happy all the time." (pg 175)

The newspapers, later described the girls as "creatures so barely alive that their deaths came as little change." (pg 176) They claimed that Lux had liked an album by the band Cruel Crux, who had a song entitled "Virgin Suicide" - in which sexual conquest is referred to as a virgin suicide. The boys, reading this article, were outraged, and believed that describing

them as doomed from the beginning was unfair.

Soon, various notes are found left from the girls, and the boys feel that the girls want to talk. They decide to phone the girls, they play a song in to the phone, leave their phone number, and hang up. The next day, they get a phone call playing a song. This continually happened. Years later, the boys are not able to remember the exact songs played, only that they played love songs while the girls played folk songs. Finally, in a burst of intimacy, the

girls played David Gates Make It With You, and the line went dead.

On June 14, a note appears in the boys mailbox saying Tomorrow. Midnight. Wait for our signal. On the night of June 15, the boys proceed over to the Lisbon house. They meet Lux in the house. She claims the other girls are not done packing yet, and tells them to wait

in the living room for her sisters while she goes to the car.

Soon, the boys begin to wander around. They enter the basement, and come upon Bonnie, hanging dead from a beam. The boys run out of there, completely forgetting that Lux was in the car. After this, they realize that Bonnie died while they waited in the living room, that Therese was dead by sleeping pills before they entered, and that they missed Mary with her head in the oven. Luxs death by carbon monoxide poisoning occurred after they left. The

boys then realized how Lux stalled them, giving herself and her sisters time to die in peace.

In Chapter 5, The paramedics arrive for the fourth time. Lux, Bonnie, and Therese are dead, and only Mary is alive. Dr. Hornicker, realizing that his diagnosis of post-traumatic stress does not explain Cecilias suicide, suggests that the sisters suffered from a chemical

imbalance of serotonin. Many rumours go around the neighbourhood about the deaths, most not true. The boys soon realize that they are alone. Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon move out, and the house gets cleaned out. Any trash thrown onto the street is analyzed by the boys. They keep

some of these artifacts in their tree house.

A chemical spill causes the air to become thick with a rotten stench and because of this, the O'Conner's decide to have an "Asphyxiation" themed party for their daughter. The boys attend the party to try and forget the Lisbon girls. As they return home, they see the

ambulance one final time at the Lisbon house. Mary took sleeping pills and died. Coincidentally, the cemetery workers strike is settled on the day of Marys death. All five sisters can now be buried. Soon, Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon move away. Their house is sold to a couple, who begin to renovate, and remove all evidence of the girls.

The boys grow older, leave, but then come back. They notice that their memories of the Lisbon girls are fading away, much like some of the articles they collected from the Lisbon household have started to rot and decay. Even as grown men, the boys still cannot get the girls out of their heads. They do not understand, and realize that they never did understand the girls.

In the final paragraph of the book, the boys comment on the girls for the final time. "The girls took into their own hands decisions better left to God. They became too powerful to live among us, too self-concerned, visionary, too blind. What lingered after them was not life, which always overcomes natural death, but the most trivial list of mundane facts a clock ticking on a wall, a room dim at noon, and the outrageousness of a human being thinking only of herself. Her brain going dim to all else, but flaming up in precise points of pain, personal injury, lost dreams.... They made us participate in their own madness, because we couldn't help but retrace their steps, rethink their thoughts, and see that none of them led to

us.... It didn't matter in the end how old they had been, or that they were girls, but only that we had loved them, and that they hadn't heard us calling, still do not hear us, up here in the tree house, with our thinning hair and soft bellies, calling them out of those rooms where they

went to be alone for all time, alone in suicide, which is deeper than death, and where we will never find the pieces to put them back together." (pg 48)

The boys are the narrators of the novel. There was no mention of how many there were. During the novel, they are in high school, live across from the Lisbons, and have always

been fascinated by the Lisbon girls. They look back on the suicides as they are older men. At

this point, they still feel haunted by the girls deaths. They constantly attempt to make sense

of the girls actions, motives, and desires over the course of their final year of life.

Mr. Lisbon and Mrs. Lisbon were the girls' parents. Mr. Lisbon was a high school math

teacher described as thin, retiring man with a high, boyish voice. He loved his daughters with

all of his heart, but upon being interviewed by the boys, he confessed that he found them to

be complete strangers. As the novel becomes more tragic, Mr. Lisbon withdraws further into

his private world , and his hold on reality begins to slip. Mrs. Lisbon is incredibly domineering

and is basically the head of the Lisbon household. She was described as plump with brutally

cut steel-wool hair and librarians glasses. She is incredibly Catholic, and many of her rules

for the girls no makeup, no even slightly revealing clothes, and no rock music, reflect her

strictness. She does not trust the outside world, and believes that girls are happiest at home

under her watchful eye. Her weakness lies within the fact that she was unable to attend to

her daughters suffering, taking to her bed for weeks after Cecilias death. Her housekeeping,

which was normal at the beginning of the novel, slowly deteriorates after the first suicide.

Trip Fontaine was the high school stud. He takes good care of his appearance,

strutting down the school hallways and sunning himself daily in his pool, but could care less

about school. He constantly does and deals drugs. When Trip meets Lux, he has no idea how

to go after her, because he was always used to being the wanted one. As a boy, Trip is one of

the most popular boys in school, but as an adult, he is in rehab, recovering from his past

mistakes.

Cecilia is the youngest of the five girls, at age 1. Cecilia is described as very saintly,

pale, sick, precocious, shy, and known even by her older sisters as the weird one of the

family. Cecilia wears a vintage 10's wedding gown. In her first suicide attempt, she slits her

wrists when she is taking a bath, and is the spark of the Lisbon tragedies. Her second suicide

attempt was successful; she jumped out of her window onto a spiked fence.

Lux is the second youngest of the five girls, at age 14. She is described as very

beautiful, slim, mischievous, and eventually promiscuous. She is a secret smoker since the

age of twelve. Luxs adventures have consequences for her sisters lives - it was Luxs failure

to make curfew that same night that resulted in the sisters being taken from school, and

confined to the house, with disastrous consequences. Lux dies on the night of June fifteenth

from carbon monoxide poisoning.

Bonnie is the middle child and is 15 years old. She is described as ascetic, very quiet,

skittish, and having a sallow complexion. She was a foot taller than any of her sisters, with a

sharp nose and long neck. It seemed that each day she would grow thinner. Bonnie hangs

herself and dies on the night of June fifteenth.

Mary Lisbon is the second oldest of the Lisbon girls, at age 16. She is described as

prim, proper, poised, and spending many hours in front of the mirror. Her hair is the darkest

of the sisters, and she has a slight mustache and a widows peak. As the house decays, she

attempts to keep herself looking good, and wears bright sweaters to collect the mail. After her

unsuccessful suicide attempt by sticking her head in the gas oven, on the night of June

fifteenth, Mary spends a month sleeping and obsessively showering. She dies in July by

taking sleeping pills.

Therese Lisbon is the oldest of the Lisbon girls, at age 17. She is described as intellectual, studious, and very much into science. She reads many textbooks, attends

science conventions, grows seahorses, uses a ham radio, and plans to go to an Ivy League

college. Physically, she is not as appealing as her sisters, and is described as having a heavy

face, the eyes of a cow, and two left feet. Therese dies on the night of June fifteenth from a

combination of sleeping pills and gin.

The Virgin Suicides was brilliantly written, and is one that will stay in the readers' memory for years. Throughout the novel, one is able to feel sympathy for the girls and understand that they could not cope in this world. Although it is mentioned at the beginning

that all the girls die, it still seems a surprise, and you still want to continue reading. The boys fascination was understandable. During adolescence, some do have obsessional love, and do ask many questions. In all, this was found to be a beautiful book, cleverly written - with some irony in the title, and incredibly fascinating.

Please note that this sample paper on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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School

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on school. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality school paper right on time.

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One of his early actos, Los Vendidos, has been adopted for a television special. His Teatro has also made a film based on I am Joaquin, the epic poem by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales.

Among his many dramatic works are Actos, Bernab , The Shrunken Head of Pancho Villa, and numerous others. He is author of several theatrical reviews and literary articles. For the last two years he has conducted theatre workshops for teatro groups from all over the United States and Latin America.

Los Vendidos dramatizes the tactics and acts of intimidation that grape growers and farmers employed on Chicano grape pickers during the huelgas in Delano, California. It is a play that displays the dramatists knowledge and training of classical and contemporary theatre. To convey his message of social injustice against the Chicano laborer, Valdez makes effective use of theatrical techniques used in the Greek mime and contemporary agitprop theatres. Also quite obvious in this play is the abundance of Chicano music, dance, and language, ingredients so prevalent in the Spanish theatre of genero chico. Combined together, these ingredients make Los Vendidos one of the best Chicano plays ever to depict the Chicano struggle for survival in a rural society.

Summary Chicano stereotypes are skewered in this acerbic viñeta (skit) performed by members of El Teatro Campesino, the farmworkers theater of the universe. The sketch is framed by sequences in which the actors, drawing on history, myth and contemporary realities, offer an overview of their improvisational work. Los Vendidos (The Sellouts) is set in the showroom of Honest Sancho, a salesman intent on satisfying the urgent need of Mrs. Jimenez, an assimilated Chicana, to place a token Chicano in the governors administration. Sancho proudly directs his customer to the stores fine collection of used Mexicans the lethargic peon, the migrant family farm laborer special, an urban streamlined low-riding survival model, and a 144 East L.A. zoot suiter. Unimpressed, Mrs. Jimenez demands something more traditional, and is delighted when Sancho emerges from the storeroom with Eric, a 17 Mexican-American, acculturated, bilingual and with the perfect skin tone. In the skits subversive conclusion, the stereotypes discard their socially manufactured guises and confiscate the money earned by their salesman. Relegating Sancho (a robot) to the storeroom for repairs, they pointedly ask, Who will be the next Mexican American?

Please note that this sample paper on school is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on school, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on school will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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To kill a mockingbird

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on to kill a mockingbird. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality to kill a mockingbird paper right on time.

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Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Custom Essays on to kill a mockingbird

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Please note that this sample paper on to kill a mockingbird is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on to kill a mockingbird, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on to kill a mockingbird will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Minimalist Program and Syntactic linearity

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Minimalist Program and Syntactic linearity

What drives the evolution of generative grammar from Government Binding theory (GB) into Minimalist Program (MP)? The constraint of the variation of parameters is an important driving force now that GB does not define clearly the parameter setting, which leads to many theoretical problems. Minimalist Program rises up to the occasion by confining parameter variation to LF and PF, thus, overcoming the previous deficiency and bringing a series of modification to Generative Grammar.

1.Steps toward Minimalism

In spite of its radically different analyses, the Minimalist Program is a progression rather than a complete U-turn. The overall aim continues the tradition of making statements about human language that are as simple and general as possible; ¡®From the early 160s its ¡®generative grammar' central objective was to abstract general principles from the complex rule systems devised for particular languages, leaving rules that are simple, constrained in their operation by these UG principles' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 88). The minimalist framework continues this drive for simplification. In particular it draws on concepts from Chomsky's late 180s papers, such as Full Interpretation and Economy of representation and derivation.

Buy cheap Minimalist Program and Syntactic linearity term paper

The principle of Full Interpretation claims that there are no redundant elements in the structure of the sentence each element plays some role, whether semantic, syntactic, or phonological, and must be interpreted in some way. The Principle of Economy is more general requirement that all representations and processes used to drive them be as economical as possible.

How does the Principle of Economy lead to minimalism? If the linguistic system needs to be as economical as possible, in terms of both how it represents and generates structures, clearly the smallest possible set of devices to account for language phenomena should be used ¨C the defining characteristic of the Minimalist Program. Economy of representation requires that representations of syntactic structure contain no more than the required elements (the principle of full Interpretation may be a consequence of this condition). But it was a general requirement with no implication about the number of levels involved.

The linguistic system has been assumed to use two external interface levels, which are interpreted by the semantic and phonetic components, LF and PF, and an internal level that represents basic lexical information, D-structure. These three levels are connected by a single level of representation S-structure. These combine to form the well-known (upside-down)T-model.(1)

The Minimalist Program questions whether al these levels of representation are really necessary. In the minimalist framework, only LF and PF are really necessary and there is the possibility of doing away with D-structure and S-structure. Of course there must still be a lexicon and a ¡®computational system' which forms LF and PF representations from lexical information. Hence the ideal minimalist design would be something like

Lexicon

PF ¨C(phonetic component)

LF

Where the lines represent the computations that form the LF and PF representations, drawing from the lexicon.

Developments in some areas of the GB theory caused tensions for other areas which had long been taken as crucial to the whole theory. Something had to give the result was that in the Minimalist Program, the A-and A-bar-positions are no longer taken to be basic, their effects stemming from more fundamental principles concerning how the computational system works.

A second GB problem is the concept of government, which, despite having considerable empirical motivation, is nonetheless an ¡®arbitrary syntactic relation' (Lasnik, 1, p.). Moreover there are many different notions of government, some working better than others for certain phenomena; fortunately, no version is perfect for all purposes. Take the following government relation as an example

= governs ß if and only if

(1)= is a governor (e.g. N, V, P, A, etc)

() = and ß mutually c-command each other

() if = governs ß, then = governs the specifier of ß

This was chosen mainly because of its relative simplicity, but it allows too wide a range of relationships for it to be considered perfect.

A more serious problem is that, under these assumptions, AGR governs, and therefore can assign Case to, the specifier of TP. If this is so, there needs to be an explanation why the subject moves into the specifier of AGRP to receive Nominative Case instead of staying in the specifier of TP. Whatever solution we give to this problem takes us further away from pure explanation as it clears up a problem caused by an imperfect definition of government rather than by the nature of grammar itself ideally, the answer might be expected to lie in the definition of government rather than in patching it up with yet more stipulation.

The minimalist solution to the problem is to abandon government as a fundamental notion of the theory. Of course, this is a radical move.

Other developments within GB theory itself also paves the way for the development of the Minimalist Program. One recurrent theme since the work of Pollock (18) has been the distinction between languages that raise Verbs to the inflectional nodes, such as French, and those that seem unable to move main Verbs out of the VP, such as English. In the latter case, there is the problem of how Verbs which do not move get their inflections, the usual solution being that, at least at some level of representation, the inflectional elements themselves lower onto the Verb. It expressly goes against the Empty Category Principle, which says that the trace of a moved element must be properly governed. Moving a head to a lower position in a tree means, if anything, the trace will govern the moved head rather than the other way round.

The solution is to assume that Verbs are given their inflectional properties and forms in the lexicon; an already ¡®inflected' Verb is inserted into its base position in the VP and so does not have to move anywhere to become inflected. The inflectional nodes, instead of adding inflections to a bare Verb, perform the function of checking that the inserted Verb has the appropriate features when it moves into them.

Procrastinate plays a large part in explaining the different Verb movement properties of French and English and states that movement operations should be delayed for as long as possible. So in English, where the Verb is not raised until LF, we can see that Verb movement accords with Procrastinate. The analysis allows us to assume that some movements actually take place later at LF rather than occurring to other cases, diminishing the role of S-structure almost to nothing.. This paves the way for the Minimalist Program to reduce the levels of structural representation to the bare minimum, LF and PF, and it demonstrates once more how the Minimalist Program develops directly out of the GB approach.

.A Brief Sketch of the Minimalist Framework

So the theory attempts to reduce the grammar to its minimum, reconstructing the effects of the grammatical mechanisms that it abandons on the basis of more fundamental, and therefore more explanatory, considerations. What remains are the bare essentials that necessarily have to be assumed given that languages have meaning and form, it is not possible to dispense with the interface between the grammar and semantics (LF) or with that between the grammar and phonetics (PF). Furthermore, there has to be some syntactic mechanism that forms the structures that appear at the interface levels, i.e. a computational system of some kind. Finally, there will be considerations of what constitutes a legitimate object at each representational level, which possibly have their foundations in the interpretative components themselves. Ideally, the grammar should consist of only the bare minimum.

One important difference between minimalism and GB is that, in the former, structures are built up piecemeal. In GB, D-structure was presented as a complete structure and not much was said about the internal process of how it was formed it was an ¡® ¡°all-at-once¡± operation' (Chomsky, 1, p.1)

The Minimalist Program is transformational and so a movement operation is part of the computational system. As well as actually building trees, the computational system also moves elements about in the trees. This may indeed be part of the tree formation process as elements may be moved into structural positions created by the process itself. For example, consider the position where the AGR system has just been added to a partially formed tree with the subject still inside the VP, presented here in a simplified tree

AGRP

AGR'

AGR TP

T VP

DPV'

John

V DP

Loves Mary

As it stands here, AGRP has no specifier position. So, for the subject John to move into AGR, the specifier position will need to be created and then the subject moved into it, forming the tree

AGRP

DP AGR'

John

AGRTP

T VP

DP V'

t

V DP

LovesMary

The operation which moves elements about is called simply Move. The tree building process is thus made up of two basic operations¡ªMerge and Move.

As to how the computational system is constrained, it is obvious that the constraint offered by the convergence condition at the interface levels seems inadequate. As is well known, movement is not an unconstrained operation; in particular movement needs to be kept local. Following the basic observation of Relativized Minimality, Chomsky proposes that movements are constrained by a Minimal Link Condition that only accepts movement into the nearest relevant position ¡®= must make the ¡°shortest move¡±¡­' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 401). The other two major constraints on the Move operation, one is Procrastinate which delays movement for as long as possible, the other one is called ¡®Greed', which allows movement of an element only if it satisfies some property of the moved element ¨Cmovement cannot be made to satisfy the properties of an element that becomes related to the moved element by the movement process ¡®Move raises to = to a position ß only if morphological properties of = itself would not otherwise be satisfies in the derivation' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 400). Their general effect is to cause a derivation to crash if they are not adhered to.

To wrap up, the computation system starts off with a Numeration of the lexical items from which the SD is to be formed. Then, by the operations of Merge and Move, SDs are built up piecemeal, with the Move operation being constrained by the Minimal Link Condition, Procrastinate and Greed. Hence the whole system is in a sense ¡®driven' by the lexical items and their morphology; ¡®operations are driven by morphological necessity certain features must be checked in the checking domain of the head, or the derivation will crash' (Chomsky, 1, p.). This process proceeds to a point at which the derivation splits into phonetically relevant and semantically relevant information Spell-out. From here two separate representations are formed. The computational system continues to form structures after Spell-out, but, if the end points of these operations do not conform to a Full Interpretation condition, the derivation crashes. If these conditions are met at both LF and PF, the derivation converges. We can represent this in the following diagram

Numeration

PF

Spell-Out

LF

In this diagram, the lines represent the workings of the computational system Full Interpretation is applied to both interface representations, but of course differently according to whether semantic or phonetic information is being interpreted.

The thrust of MP is to reduce the grammar down to its bare essentials, with no more stipulation than absolutely necessary. Everything is cut out but the interface levels and the minimum of operations. If successful, the Minimalist Program accounted for by a very small number of assumptions about the structure of the grammar, most of which are necessary for any grammar. It's not appropriate to come to a hasty conclusion how successful the Minimalist Program will be in pursuing its goal. As Chomsky puts it, ¡°We are left with hard and challenging questions, of a new order of depth, and prospects for a theory of language with properties that are quite surprising' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 44). But we can never ignore MP due to the fame and popularity of the guru, Chomsky.

.Application of MP in syntactic linearity of Simultaneous Interpretation

In Yang Chengshu (00)'s ¡®Syntactic Linearity in Simultaneous Interpretation ¨C An Exploration Study of its Operation through the Use of the Minimalist Program', theoretic research developed in modern linguistics on the natural language generative process is used to explore both the process of language derivation and the governing principles of language operation during simultaneous interpretation. Furthermore, that paper tests the validity of the principle and methods of syntactic linearity.

The paper was triggered by the fantasy that interpretation performance will be improved greatly if interpretation reformulation/derivation coincides the production way of natural language.

Natural language derivation is concept-driven so the ideal interpretation process goes like this the interpreter transforms the received phonetic information of the source discourse into Concept, and then to Words, and finally derive/generate grammatical sentence in equivalent words or phrases according to the connotation of the concept.

The study and application of Economy Theory may provide solutions to problems in Simultaneous interpreting and facilitate operation of simultaneous interpretation derivation/reformulation.

Major components of Economy Theory in association with syntactic linearity under discussion are

(1)Greed the movement of an element is to satisfy morphological requirement of the moved element;

()Procrastinate any movement should be procrastinated until necessary;

()Fewest step fewest steps should be taken to move an element;

(4)Least effort least effort should be taken in movement;

(5)Shortest link shortest distance should be taken to move an element.

Syntactic linearity is applicable to simultaneous interpreting, sight interpreting and even consecutive interpreting. Being not only an interpreting skill, syntactic linearity is considered operational principle concerning interpretation quality and efficiency in the whole process of source discourse analysis and translation derivation.

If simultaneous interpreter were to adopt the near-natural language derivation way to arrive at interpretation reformulation, he has to

(1)take the phonetic information of the source discourse as words or concepts of natural language;

() spot the information focus of the source discourse;

()reduce the interference of the source language;

(4)decide how to handle the different word order in both source discourse and target discourse;

(5)and then produce interpretation according to principles of natural language derivation.

To eliminate or reduce source language interference, the interpreter should also implement ¡®segmenting (information)', ¡®retaining (the original sentence form)', ¡®moving(elements of the discourse when necessary)', converging(or adjunction)' and ¡®deleting(redundant element)', thus achieving the ultimate goal of syntactic linearity.

Among the above mentioned methods, all except segmenting and retaining are in accordance with MP.

Concrete Examples

1.Please allow me to address some words/ on behalf of / my colleagues of Merck's Executive Board.

Ç ÈÝΠ˵¼¸¾ä °£¬À ú±í£¬µÂ¹úĬ¿Ë¶­Ê á±í ïÎ ÃǵÄÐÄ â¡£

The segment in bold face indicates added part.

.It is an honor for me /to celebrate with you / the 10th anniversary of our company.

±¾ÈË(movement)ºÜÈÙÐ £¬ÄÜ Ú³¡¸÷Πͬ ¶¶È±¾¹ ˾ʮÖÜÄêÇì¡£

4.Looking Ahead

It seems that Chomsky's Minimalist Programme can be applied to syntactic linearity in English-Chinese Interpretation with some modification. Further trail and error test will be implemented in other language combination. And Chomsky is always on the move in his theory, we will have to collect more data to prove the validity of the application and the attempt to provide more efficient solutions to problems in simultaneous interpretation.

Bibliography

Chomsky, N. 15. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press

Cook & Newson, 000. Chomsky's Universal Grammar An Introduction. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

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