Discuss the significant social, cultural, and/or economic issues between Quebec and the rest of Canada and their impact on the Canadian political system.

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Today I will intend to demonstrate the based on an understanding of the concepts of conflict and cleavages (noting vertical, horizontal, coincidental, and crosscutting) in Canadian society, discuss the significant social, cultural, and/or economic issues between Quebec and the rest of Canada and their impact on the Canadian political system. Demonstrate an awareness of the positions on each side of these issues. (You may refer to the McRoberts article, Quebec Province, Nation, or Distinct Society, in Whittington and Williams.

First to understand everything we must understand the vocabulary. Believe me this vocabulary is not an everyday conversation vocabulary.

1.Concepts of conflict The triumvirate of boundless human wants, the social nature of the human condition, and limited or scarce resources combines to produce a situation where individuals or aggregations of individuals within societies must compete with others to maximize personal or group satisfaction. Help with essay on discuss the significant social, cultural, and/or economic issues between Quebec and the rest of Canada and their impact on the Canadian political system.In other words, there exists a potential situation of virtually endless squabbling over who gets what, when, and how much of the available resources. This competition or conflict occurs at several levels.

Here are other examples of different conflicts that we all herd of.

At one level, individuals may compete directly with other individuals, because, in spite of some halting evidence of changing values in North America, getting a promotion, finding a job in the first place, winning a scholarship, or having a nicer garden than the neighbor's are still central concerns of life. Examples Job competition at the city level for fire fighter positions

But conflict often transcends the individual level. Groups of people with interests in common are also in competition with other groups. Labour unions compete with management and with each other, farmers compete with nonagricultural occupational groups, and fire fighters unions with city officials. Example City of Granby Quebec vs the fire fighter in civil court.

Intergroup competition is a sort of bargaining game where the prize is the larger share of available but limited resources. Example fire fighter union wanting more money and benefits.

Moreover, competition among groups in society is transcended by even broader-based conflict among aggregations of groups or sectors. Example the Montreal fire fighter union vs. the Granby fire fighter union.

Conflict within a nation state may also occur between and among large national, cultural, or regional groups. Example The French-English conflict that colors so much of Canadian politics about the language issue

The increasing demands of our aboriginal peoples for the settlement of land claims and recognition of their right to self-government might also be viewed in this way.

Still another level, we see whole societies in conflict in the international arena, where sovereign states are the actors competing for global power and influence and where the ultimate manifestation of conflict is war. Example Bosnian conflict of 1 to today.

.Concepts of cleavages is The politically relevant differences among various groups and individuals are called cleavages.

Example the uneven distribution of wealth among regions, groups, and individuals in Canada is a critical determinant of the lines of conflict or cleavages in Canadian society and has an immediate impact on the political behaviour of voters, interest groups, and politicians.

.vertical cleavage Vertical cleavages are based on essentially economic factors, such as level of income, social status, or class. Competing groups in this category square off in political conflicts according to their relative wealth or economic opportunity.

4.horizontal cleavage Horizontal cleavages are based on non-economic factors, such as region, ethnicity, gender, and age, which can either cut across or coincide with economic factors.

5.coincidental cleavage This coincidence of cleavage deepens the conflict between groups and makes the conflict more difficult for government to manage. For example, racial conflict is made more severe if it is accompanied by a significant disparity in wealth or economic opportunity, and differences in employment opportunities between men and women can exacerbate gender cleavages.

6.crosscutting cleavage a phenomenon which has the effect of diffusing and weakening political conflicts.

As the vocabulary is done lets discuss the significant social, cultural, and/or economic issues between Quebec and the rest of Canada and their impact on the Canadian political system.

As a Bilingual Canadian myself, I am not too proud of my Qu b cois heritage. I don't believe in the sovereignty of Quebec. It is true that in Quebec we are distinctive, but this is only for one reason, the majority of the province speaks French.

Clearly, Quebec is distinct in the sense of being distinctive or different. Most obviously, it is different in terms of the first language of its residents Quebec is the only province in which the population is primarily francophone. In 11, 8 percent of its residents spoke French in the home. In New Brunswick, the province with the next largest francophone presence, only 1 percent spoke French at home. In Ontario, the figure was 4 percent; while in all other provinces it was percent or less. In fact, Quebec contained 0 percent of Canadians who use French at home.

For some Quebec francophones being a Qu b cois in the true sovereignty way is the end of the world. For them anything less than distinct society would not do justice to the reality of contemporary Quebec as they understand it. In fact, distinct society is only one among several different formulations of the same theme "statut particulier, statut distinct, pas une province comme les autres," and so on. But what is funny most people that I have had political discussions, were ignorant on Quebec's history, or they did not know the implications of a separation with Canada would do.

Quebecs political life is distinctive in a great many ways. In terms of political institutions, Quebec civil law is based on the Civil Code rather than on common law as in all the other provinces, and the symbols of the Crown have been markedly downplayed. Quebec provincial governments have pursued policies strikingly different from those of the other provinces. Even our fire codes and other standards are different then other provinces; in some cases, we have no laws or standards in fire protection.

The Quebec government an most often the "Partie Qu b cois" ,are concern with the maintaining of Quebecs cultural distinctiveness. This has led the provincial government to assume a much more important role than have the other provinces in selecting and settling immigrants. In our province, we even have our immigration. This was put in place so that Qu bec never looses its place and gets assimilated language wise.

The Quebec government also helps a great deal in supporting and regulating cultural activities such as book publishing. A good example of publishing books would be our fire-fighting book. All our training books are made by an American organization called N.F.P.A. (National Fire Protection Agency). It took year before the Qu bec governments herd our cry for help. Our last version was only dated in 181. The Qu bec government even passed a law basically saying that all new films coming to Quebec must be in French. In other words the distribution of films must arrive in french at the video store. This in most cases causes a problem, the movie industry usually has the english version out, before the french translation is done. Thus, causing a huge delay in entertainment. Even the radio stations must pass 60 percent of their songs in french. This is absurd, especially when you have visited France, they don't even do that.

Beyond differences such as these, Quebec is also distinct in terms of its separateness from the other provinces. This separateness is evident, for instance, in the sources of news and entertainment to which most of its population turns-French-language media that are institutionally separate from their English-Canadian counterparts. We have different cultural needs. The "Qu b cois" don't have the same humour as the English Canadian. A good example, is looking at the "Just for laughs international show" in Montreal, the cultural diversity is unbelievable.

Other areas of governmental activity also seem to reflect the impact of a distinctive balance of social forces. In labour relations, Quebec was the first government in North America to grant the right to strike in the public sector, and still remains the only government with an anti-scab law.

Quebec pioneered in Canada the establishment of multifunctional public clinics, or Centres locaux de services communautaires, which seek to combine health and social services in a highly innovative fashion. Today, these "CLSC" often do the triage for most hospitals because of the huge waiting lists. They also are the first line medical education toward prevention i.e. childcare, sex education with the teenagers ect.

During the 160s, Quebec led the way among provincial governments in establishing a network of state enterprises; such as Hydro Qu bec. Today it is still there selling electricity to Ontario and the U.S. all at a lower price then to here own people. Which a lot of people are complaining. This has even defeated certain political groups such as the "Partie Qu b cois", two elections ago. Since then it has become a private company, just like the Canadian mail posts.

As one might expect, this manifest distinctiveness of Quebec society, and the sense of uniqueness associated with it, has encouraged distinct political loyalties. Quebecs political institutions command an allegiance among Quebec francophones that has no clear parallel in the other provinces.

All of this has made our society distinct in many ways. Quebeckers are only trying to preserve there way of life, I am told but what about my way of life. In may opinion they are doing what the British did a long time ago. They too tried to assimilate the French, but with a good act of contentiously they did not take completely their way of life. Here, today it is done the wrong way. As a famous Quebec prim minister said" Take the 101 or take the 401"

As a bilingual Canadian, I feel that the Quebecois government is trying assimilate the small english communities of Quebec, by imposing there way of life.

Our taxes causes a lot of vertical cleavage in the Quebec society. Our taxes are among the highest, if not, the highest in Canada. This is often said buy the Quebec government in times of elections or for a referendum for sovereignty.

On the economic side, truly believe that the rest of Canada, most likely, envies Quebec for it's rich resources. Our forests hold the best pulp and paper industries. Our soil have the best farms and mines. Our mines give some of the best gold in Canada. We also have the largest salt mines and asbestos mines in the world. Our geographical position in this country is the best. Just think of the St-Laurence sea way, for our exports.

For this reason we have lots of vertical cleavage with other provinces and the federal government. The best example is our electricity. Ontario buys some electricity, at higher prices than the U.S. Now that causes friction.

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WORTHINGTON INDUSTRY

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Business Overview

Worthington Industries, Inc., is a leading diversified metal processing company. The Company focuses on value-added steel processing and manufactured metal. It was founded by John H. McConnell in 155. In 16, his son, John P. McConnell became chairman and CEO. Worthington has three principal business segments

-Processed Steel Products it includes the Worthington Steel and the Gerstenslager business unit. Both are intermediate processors of flat-rolled steel. Worthington Steel focuses on value-added steel processing, while Gerstenslager is a independent supplier of automotive quality exterior body panels to the North American automotive original equipment and past model service markets.

-Metal Framing It consists of one business unit, Dietrich, which designs and produces metal framing components and systems and related accessories for the commercial and residential construction markets within the United States. Dietrichs production facilities are located throughout the country. The Company has over ,700 customers, primarily consisting of wholesale distributors and commercial and residential building contractors.

-Pressure Cylinders It has one business unit called the Worthington Cylinders. It produces portable low-pressure liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and refrigerant gas cylinders and high-pressure industrial/specialty gas cylinders. The Companys LPG cylinders are used for gas barbecue grills, camping equipment, residential heating systems, industrial forklifts and commercial/residential cooking (outside North America). Refrigerant cylinders are used for commercial and residential air conditioning and refrigeration systems and for automotive air conditioning systems. Industrial/specialty gas high-pressure cylinders are used as containers for gases for cutting and welding metals, medical, semiconductor production, beverage delivery and compressed natural gas systems.

Industry Analysis

The steel industry has not been favorably looked upon many investors. Even though Worthington is an intermediate value-added manufacture, there are several factors that will always affect the company

1.Weakening demand Domestic steel shipments declined to .4 million tons from 10.1 million last year. Many smaller steel companies couldn't survive the turbulence and filed Chapter 11 or declared bankruptcy. Although Worthington was in the middle of the heat, it managed to pass through the tough environment because it has undertaken restructuring several years ago to re-focus on its core operation.

.Tariffs Tariffs have always been the concern for investors when considering steel stocks. A low tariff will encourage cheaper steels imported from foreign countries and made the U.S. steel manufacturers hard to compete. Worthington will not be able to escape from the danger because it already has contracts out with many major U.S. steel suppliers. However, the high tariff under Bush administration will still exist until 004 which impose 0% more on many import steels. Besides, with the weaker dollar now, it could yield the import even more. Even though anything beyond 004 is still an unknown, there is still a year and half for Worthington to grow and prepare itself. Government will always protect the domestic producer will tariff and it is just the matter of how much.

.Cost of good sold Manufacturing costs of integrated steel company is not as intensive as steel mill companies, but its margin is usually affected by steel scrapes prices.

4.Labor Union The Steel industry is usually bonded with labor unions. However, Worthington is a non-unionized company. It doesn't have to negotiating pension plans from time to time or deal with increasing labor salaries. Although without the protection of the union, employees seem to like the company a lot.

5.Cyclical sales Historically, Worthington usually posts strong sales in its 4th quarter due to hot summer, increasing BBQ activities and auto sales. The 4th quarter of Worthington runs from March to June in the calendar year.

STRATEGY ANALYSIS

Based on the industry analysis and the changing of environment, I would summarize Worthington's strategies as follows

1.Culture Value Worthington operates under a long-standing, simple corporate philosophy rooted in the golden rule, with earning money for its shareholders as the first corporate goal. This philosophy a strong commitment to the customer, and one of the strongest employee/employer partnerships in American industry serves as the Companys foundation. We treat our customers, employees, investors, and suppliers as we would like to be treated.

a.Supplier Worthington expects their suppliers to be competitive in both price and quality, and in return they will be loyal to the suppliers. By doing so, Worthington can ensure that customer demands are met at all times, with a competitive price and the quality they expect. By staying loyal to suppliers, Worthington moves closer to their main goal of growth in net income.

b.Customers The second factor that is critically important is customers. If there were no customers for Worthington to sell its product to, then they would simply not exist. Customer satisfaction is considered to be highly important to the company and they go to great lengths to make sure the customer is satisfied, both with products and services that they offer. In order to do this Worthington must be competitive in both price and quality. Consolidation in industries served by the Worthington Steel division, for example, has focused attention on the need to present a consistent face to each customer. Let say Worthington served one customer in the East Coast and another customer in Ohio. The same people own those customers. It doesnt make customers very happy, if they discover that theyre paying different prices for the same item in different locations. They want to have one face and one line of communication to Worthington across all of its businesses and all of its products.

c.Employee I will explain this subject more under compensation/reward system in page 5-6.

.Low cost structure Worthington has done well in the past to manage its COGS, because of its role in the industry; it has more power in negotiating prices than its competitors. Selling, general and administration expenses typically run 7% - 8% of sales at Worthington compared with 10% - 15% at most manufacturing companies (see appendix discounted cash valuation).

.Restructure Facing an increasingly competition global marketplace, Worthington responded to significant changes by implementing major restructuring initiatives and investing heavily in new production facilities

a.Worthington Steel will be reorganized along product lines, with plants pooling resources to better serve customers. That is a major reason for the steel-division restructuring that will shift some decision-making responsibilities out of the hands of plant-level managers. Operations will be organized into six Strategic Business Units (SBUs), each focused on a specific product line. Each SBU will focus on business strategy, profitability and marketing for a specific steel product line cold-rolled strip, cold-rolled sheet, hot-rolled steel, hot-dip galvanized, specialty coatings, and tolled products. Executives in charge of the SBUs will have responsibility for global marketing, trend analysis, and pricing strategies. In addition, an operational realignment that groups steel plants into five regions based on geography or product similarity is expected to eliminate administrative redundancies. Joint-venture facilities will be incorporated into the regional structure.

b.The Companys national sales force will be organized geographically rather than around manufacturing location. Sales personnel have been realigned into regional territories, but given total-product-line responsibility. The salesperson in a region will be able to deal with a customer across Worthington entire steel-group product line. The regional sales forces will represent all six SBUs, but report to a single sales vice president.

c.Purchasing and logistics will be centralized in order to maximize synergies, promote efficiency and reduce costs. Otherwise, Worthington essentially was decentralized.

The new approach is also designed to maximize productivity across all of the Companys plants while capitalizing on new opportunities created by the new, larger steel processing facilities in Delta, Ohio and Decatur, Alabama. Since mid-18 Worthington has divested seven operations, including a $00-million-a year automotive-plastics unit. The Delta facility includes a 500,000-ton hot-rolling mill, plus hot-dip galvanizing, pickling, and slitting operations. The Decatur plant, which went into operation in 18, has a 1-million-ton tandem mill, along with pickling and slitting lines.

4.Compensation/reward system John H. McConnell, who founded Worthington Industries 44 years ago, explained why he applied profit sharing. I just feel that the people who make the profit for you should be able to share in it, and you have to provide an incentive for employees. You cant just sit in the office and make a profit. Profit sharing encourages teamwork . For example, if a slitter operator knows a way to keep scrap levels down, he will share the information to others to save money. That bottom-line sort of thinking also influences the activities of the Employee Councils that have been established in each Worthington plant. The eight-to-10-member councils meet monthly and serve as a liaison between management and the plant floor, often serving as a conduit for improvement ideas. As one of their major responsibilities, the Employee Councils vote on whether or not to recommend regular employee status for temporary workers after theyve been on the job for 0 days. This council will look at their attendance record and their attitude. They want a positive person someone who doesnt miss work or waste time. One of the council member stated Time is money, and wasted time can hurt the profit sharing. Furthermore, workers are encouraged to increase their education and develop their skill though a tuition reimbursement program . This increased trust from employees provides incentive for them to stay with Worthington. The main objective of Worthington is to add value to the steel. To do so, they must have skilled employees. Their employee pleasing policies help them obtain and retain skilled individuals. Another management system that aids in their success is the way that they treat their customers. They believe that happy employees create happy customers. The flaw with this policy is they do not have a measure in place to evaluate its success

5.Joint ventures and acquisitions Through joint venture and acquisitions, Worthington has become a more global player in recent years. In 18 it purchased an Austrian company, Jos. Heiser, the leading European producer of high-pressure cylinders. In 00, it acquired the manufacturing assets of Portugals Metalurgica Progresso de Vale de Cambra Lda. and the Czech Republics Gastec Spol a.r.o., both makers of gas cylinders for heating and industrial applications. A Brazilian joint venture, in partnership with a local gas producer, makes propane tanks in Brazil. Worthington acquired cylinder-manufacturing operations in Austria, Portugal, and Czechoslovakia and launched a restructuring of its steel-processing business. The 7,500-employee firm now operates 5 facilities in 11 countries.

Due to the strategies' changing, they have earned an advantage over many competitors in the market and even have gained the respect of the corporate world. As of October 00, Worthington operated 6 facilities in 10 countries (it owns 44 manufacturing facilities worldwide and holds equity positions in seven joint ventures that operate an additional 16 manufacturing facilities worldwide).

BUSINESS WIRE. (June 18, 00). Worthington Industries Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year Results. Retrieved November , 00 from http//www. Google.com

John H. Sheridan. (Sept 0, 1). BUILDING A BRIDGE TO THE FUTURE.(Worthington Industries Inc. Retrieved Nov., 00. from http//www.google.com

Byrne, Harlan. S. (Oct. , 10). Barron's. Worthington Industries Inc Low overhead helps profits despite economy's slowdown.p.41

Worthington Industry Inc. Retrieved November , 00 from http//uoig.uoregon.edu

PR Newswire. (May 6, 1). Worthington Industries Announces Restructuring of Steel Processing Business. P 1-.

Tom Peters. (Dec 0, 187). Chicago Sun - Times. To increase productivity, give the workers a stake Series THRIVING ON CHAOS. p. 5

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ANTHRAX

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ANTHRAX

Anthrax, a large rod-shaped bacterium that forms spores, has recently been used last year around the /11 terrorist attacks. The three forms of this disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, include cutaneous (skin), inhalation (respiratory tract), and gastrointestinal (ingestion). The odds of acquiring natural anthrax in the United States are fairly low, as is true with the rest of the world; however, Bacillus anthracis is present in most areas of the world. However, if you do contract anthrax, it can lead to septicemia and even death if untreated. The most deadly form of anthrax is inhalation, with the chances of surviving ranging from 0% to 10%, and the most common form of the bacteria is cutaneous. In all cases of anthrax, early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for recovery. Anthrax is transmitted to humans from infected livestock and contaminated livestock products. However, communicability of anthrax from human to human is extremely rare. Before the tragic events of /11, many people did not know anthrax even existed, but since then, people have become more aware of it. It is possible to use anthrax as a biological warfare agent because it is dangerous and can cause serious problems, as apparent above, and therefore many precautions have been taken and a lot of new research has begun.ANTHRAX

Anthrax, a large rod-shaped bacterium that forms spores, has recently been used last year around the /11 terrorist attacks. The three forms of this disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, include cutaneous (skin), inhalation (respiratory tract), and gastrointestinal (ingestion). The odds of acquiring natural anthrax in the United States are fairly low, as is true with the rest of the world; however, Bacillus anthracis is present in most areas of the world. However, if you do contract anthrax, it can lead to septicemia and even death if untreated. The most deadly form of anthrax is inhalation, with the chances of surviving ranging from 0% to 10%, and the most common form of the bacteria is cutaneous. In all cases of anthrax, early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for recovery. Anthrax is transmitted to humans from infected livestock and contaminated livestock products. However, communicability of anthrax from human to human is extremely rare. Before the tragic events of /11, many people did not know anthrax even existed, but since then, people have become more aware of it. It is possible to use anthrax as a biological warfare agent because it is dangerous and can cause serious problems, as apparent above, and therefore many precautions have been taken and a lot of new research has begun.

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Ivan's Ho

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Ivanhoe, a historical romance set in Medieval England, is arguably the best-known work of famed Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott. Across a vast panorama of colorful characters and historical settings, Scott conveys to the reader the main theme of tolerance and acceptance of different lifestyles.

In Ivanhoe, Scott portrays the members of oppressed social classes in such a way as to emphasize that ancestry and culture do not determine a person¡¦s decency or moral character. The central conflict in Ivanhoe takes place between the Norman conquerors and Saxon serfs of 1th century England. The Norman nobles view the Saxons as no more than filthy, uncultured brutes. However, the Norman opinion is far from the truth, as the character of Locksley, better known as Robin Hood, demonstrates. Locksley is the leader of a band of Saxon outlaws who refuse to pay the high taxes levied by their Norman overseers. Despite their supposedly unrefined culture and inferior ancestry, Scott describes the sylvan brigands of Sherwood as men who are ¡§among themselves¡Kequitably and regularly governed¡¨despite their ¡§lawless state¡¨ (56). Scott portrays Robin Hood and his merry band as men driven by necessity to adopt such a desperate course of life. Even though Locksley and his men are thieves, they lighten only the purses of the Norman nobility, which impoverishes the entire Saxon population to fill its coffers. Despite their dainty manners and noble birth, the Norman aristocracy turns out to be the real thief. On the other hand, Locksley and his band of desperadoes exhibit courtesy to those who comply with their demands in spite of the reputed gruffness of Saxon manners. Scott¡¦s depiction of outlaws may not be very realistic but his message is clear decency is not a matter of ancestry, culture, or religion but of the individual.

Renowned for his ability to capture the flavors of the past, Sir Walter Scott was nevertheless a victim of debt, and his reputation declined in the years following his death. Only now, in an age when the issues and problems of the past arise with renewed vigor to plague a divided world, have Sir Walter Scott¡¦s tales of bygone ages proven their value against the test of time. Ultimately, the lessons of the past tend to grow in relevance over time, as Sir Walter Scott was well aware of.

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Alien story

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The present of the past

I felt a sickly feeling of moist skin touching me. I struggled to open my eyes. It felt like a hundred needles were piercing my skin. I felt my hair being pulled at and parts of my skin being ripped like a piece of material.

Feet. Running feet. That's all I could see. The lights are so dim. What's wrong with me? I don't feel like myself at all.

A piercing headache. A storm. Thunder. My parents are asleep. I closed their door gently. I went and sat on my windowsill. I needed to clear my head from everything that was going on. I peered out of the window looking at the gloomy world. Water pouring down from the sky like a giant waterfall. As a crash of lightning flashed I saw a body lying in the sand. I felt a feeling of danger and fright, I loved it. I quickly put on my coat and boots and went out to see what it was. A piercing scream. The puddle in which the body lay in was mixed with dirt and blood. Another crash of lightning, A piercing scream. My dead dogs body lay there, massacred.

Green. Green hands. Green hands over my mouth. A sickly taste of rotten fish. I tried biting it to get away but it was as hard as rock.

744677. Repeating in my head. 744677. 744677. Its driving me mad. It feels like my head is going to explode. 744677. Needles. In my body. Needles, metal, blood, tests. 744677. My eyes, my ears, my skin, my precious china doll skin, all gone. Chemicals, in and out of my body.

The path is muddy. The colors not so bright. The distance seems to short but seems to take so long. My feet feel short. I feel as if my body was completely different. My house in the distance. The roof that was once a rich color of red seems to have washed out. My parents hardly even notice me. I try to say something to them. Try to tell them how much I missed them but a strange noise came out. I tried again. I tried to scream but only that strange noise came out. My parents smiled at me and petted my head, saying those words that repeated in my head "good dog".

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How and Why did the Fourth Crusade go Wrong?

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The Fourth Crusade often called the "Crusade against Christians", did not go according to plan. Due to a number of accidents, coupled with their honouring of secular contracts, before that of their vow to God. An overestimation of the number of crusaders when arranging a transportation contract with Venice left the crusaders at its mercy. This led the crusaders under pressure, to contract further to attack Zara, a Christian city against their vows as crusaders. The arrival of Alexius the son of the former Emperor of Byzantium with an offer they could not refuse saw them on their way to Constantinople. So again the crusade was directed away from its original course in order to yet again attack a Christian city. The purpose of this essay is to discuss these events in order to explain how and why the fourth crusade went wrong.

The crusaders left themselves in a vulnerable contractual position, when their six envoys bargained for the transport of three times the number of crusaders that actually turned up. The deal being that Venice would transport 4500 knights with their horses, 000 squires and 0000 foot-soldiers, with food for nine months, the cost being 84000 silver marks. Furthermore, that Venice would receive half of the territories conquered by providing fifty fully-equipped galleys at her own expense. Whether or not the original figure was extremely overestimated or just a matter of the majority just finding other means of transportation is debatable. Jones and Ereira state

"The envoys estimated that the total number of crusaders would be 500 men. This was an absurd number, seven times larger than the army King Phillip had taken in 110AD. It is clear that great lords and chroniclers had only the vaguest idea of the size of armies."

Other possibilities are that many sailed to other ports looking for a better deal. Perhaps the fact that the landing was to be dangerous Egypt rather than quiet Christian Acre where they could recover from their voyage may have deterred them. As Queller states

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"there was a secret codicil to the treaty of Venice fixing Egypt rather than Christian Acre as the point of debarkation. Information concerning this may have been leaked, causing some of those who took their vows very literally to avoid Venice."

Another point put across by Queller states

"It is our opinion, however, that the shortage of crusaders was in itself the chief reason for vacillation and defection in the summer of 10. The emissaries of the crusaders or their principals had erred tragically in contracting with the Venetians for the transportation of 500 crusaders. Knowledgeable leaders very likely had qualms about their ability to muster so large an army, and feared what occurred in fact the inability of the crusaders to meet their obligations to the Venetians. Their fears, valid in themselves, were also self-fulfilling. Some changed plans to avoid the disarray of a reduced and indebted host. Others held back to see how many first appeared, and, as the result was not encouraging, they headed for Apulian ports or for home."

Regardless of the reason, the estimated 500 ended up being about 11000. This meant every crusader would have to pay three times that expected, with many unable to afford it. Despite the barons adding even their god and silver table-services, they still owed 4000 marks. Their inability to pay the Venetians the full amount left the crusaders poorly positioned when the Venetians proposed an attack on Zara.

Having perceived that the crusaders were 'broke', the Venetians offered to postpone payment of the 4000 marks until gained in conquest, in return for their help in recapturing the former Venetian city of Zara from the king of Hungary. This proposition however, posed some problems for the crusaders. For Zara was a Christian city, and their vows as crusaders stated that they were not to attack fellow Christians. Moreover, the king of Hungary had recently taken up the cross in a recent crusade. The average crusader was not the only one against the attack; the pope also was very much against it. Jones and Ereira state

"But as the attack on Zara was about to begin, the Abbot of Vaux stepped forward with a letter from the pope ('My lords, in the name of the Pope of Rome, I forbid you to attack this city; for the people in it are Christians, and you wear the sign of the cross.')"

Despite this, the crusaders had 'backed themselves into a corner' and were unable to get out of the arrangement. For they not only found themselves honour bound to find any means to pay their debt, they also had been threatened with their supplies being cut off. Robert de Clari states that the Venetian Doge said

"Therefore my men and I want you to pay us the money which you owe us. If you do not pay us, you shall not leave this island before we get our money; and no one shall bring you anything to eat or drink."

Being encamped upon the island of San Niccolo di Lido made these threats seem quite believable, despite the fact that the Doge didn't go through with his threat. For these reasons, the crusaders found themselves unable to get out of an attack on Zara.

After the conquest of Zara had been completed the leader of the crusaders Boniface, returned from Rome followed closely by envoys of Prince Alexius. For Prince Alexius had a proposal in which he would finance their crusade in return for them restoring him to his rightful throne in Constantinople. The offer being

"He will place his whole empire under the authority of Rome, from which it has been long estranged. Secondly, since he is aware you have spent all your money and now have nothing, he will give you 00000 silver marks and provisions for every man in your army, officers and men alike. Moreover he himself will go in your company to Egypt with 10000 men, or, if you prefer it, simply send 10000 men with you; and ….he will maintain, at his own expense, 500 knights to keep guard in the land oversea."

There was much debate among the crusaders about whether or not to take up Alexius' generous offer. On the one hand it appeared a just cause with a large reward, on the other they would be attacking another Christian city and many wished to simple go on to the Holy Land to complete their vows. Runciman states

"The truth seems to be that while Phillip of Swabia, Boniface and the Venetians all had separate reasons for desiring an attack on Constantinople, it was the accident of Alexius' arrival which made the diversion practicable. The Pope had no such intention, and the average Crusader, who was French, genuinely intended to go to the Holy Land but allowed himself to be swayed by circumstances."

However, it seemed the leadership had already made up their mind and they were soon on their way to Constantinople.

Restoring Alexius to the throne in Constantinople occurred with little bloodshed, however when it came to upholding his side of the bargain that was another story. After being crowned, Alexius paid the crusaders 100000 marks, half what he had promised them, but enough to pay off their debts to the Venetians and others. This however was all he was going to pay, so he stalled the crusaders for as long as he could. Eventually however, the crusaders realised his true intentions, and began to take what was owed to them via looting the city, and the nearby towns. This made the Latins even more unpopular to the Greeks than they already were. When it appeared that Alexius wasn't too bothered to do much about the crusaders' looting, unrest eventually resulted in his imprisonment and subsequent murder. His murderer Mourtzouphlus replaced him. This turn of events meant that the crusaders no longer had any just cause to continue their looting, as Alexius owed the debt and now that he was dead their contract with him was void. However, the leaders with the help of the clergy devised another excuse to give validity to continue the looting and to capture Constantinople for themselves. By condoning Alexius' murder, the Byzantines were as bad as his murderer. Furthermore, despite the pope saying the exact opposite, the clergy convinced the average crusader that by attacking Constantinople they would be fulfilling their vow as crusaders. Rather than acting as the good Christians they should have, the crusaders commenced a barbaric bloodbath. As Nicetas states

"No one was without a share in the grief. In the alleys, in the streets, in the temples, complaints, weeping, lamentations, grief, the groaning of men, the shrieks of women, wounds, rape, captivity, the separation of those most closely united. Nobles wandered about ignominiously, those of venerable age in tears, the rich in poverty. Thus, it was in the streets, on the corners, in the temple, in the dens, for no place remained unassailed or defended the suppliants. All places everywhere were filled full of all kinds of crime. Oh, immortal God, how great the afflictions of men, how great the distress!"

And

"You took the Cross upon your shoulders; and on that Cross and on the Holy Gospels you wore that you would pass over Christian lands without violence, turning neither to the right or, to left. You assured us that you only enemy was the Saracen, and that his blood only would be shed…

Far from carrying the Cross, you profane it and trample it underfoot. You claim to be in quest

of the pearl beyond price, but in truth, you fling that most precious of all pearls, which is the

body of our Saviour, into the mud. The Saracens themselves show less impiety."

In this way, the crusaders conquered Constantinople.

It is clear that the fourth crusade went wrong from the start and continued that way until its finale. Had the envoys estimated a more realistic figure of those crusaders to journey perhaps the whole fiasco could have been averted. However, it was not, so against their vows they were forced by threats and a duty to fulfil their obligations to the Venetians to attack the Christian city of Zara. Following this, the accident of Alexius' arrival and his proposition caused them to go further off-course to Constantinople. Alexius' inability to pay the full amount to the crusaders led them to loot the city in order to get the remainder owed to them. When Mourtzouphlus removed Alexius as emperor and replaced him, the crusaders no longer had good cause to continue their looting. Rather than leaving to fulfill their vows as crusaders, instead they attacked Constantinople in substitution of their crusade to the Holy Land. In conclusion the crusaders despite their unfortunate overestimation of numbers when contracting with the Venetians, the crusaders, in particular their leaders disregarded their vows to the cross instead to pursue the upholding of secular contracts.

PRIMARY SOURCES -

Geoffrey De Villehardouin. 'The Conquest of Constantinople' in Joinville & Villehardouin Chronicles of the Crusades. trans. Margaret Shaw. (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 16), pp-160.

Nicetas Choniates. 'Nicetas Choniates The Sack of Constantinople (104)' Medieval Sourcebook,

http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/choniates1.html

Pope Innocent III.'Pope Innocent III Reprimand of Papal Legate' Medieval Sourcebook,

http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/104innocent.html

Robert of Clari. The Conquest of Constantinople. trans. Edgar Holmes McNeal. nd. Edn. New York Norton, 16.

SECONDARY SOURCES -

Brand, Charles M. 'The Fourth Crusade Some Recent Interpretations.' Medievalia et Humanistica, 1 (184), pp-45

Jones, Terry and Ereira, Alan. Crusades. nd.edn. (LondonPenguin, 16), Ch.1, 'The Fourth

Crusade', pp155-68

Colin Morris. 'Geoffroy De Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople.' History, 5 (168),

pp4-4

Madden, Thomas F. 'Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade.' International History Review, 17 (15),

pp76-4and

'Vows and Contracts in the Fourth Crusade The Treaty of Zara and the Attack on

Constantinople in 104.' Internationsl History Review, 15 (1), pp 441-68

Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium The decline and Fall. nd.edn. (LondonPenguin, 16), Ch.11, 'The

Fourth Crusade [118-105]', pp165-8

Queller, Donald E. and Madden, Thomas F. The Fourth Crusade The Conquest of Constantinople.

nd.edn. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 000.

Queller, Donald E., Compton, Thomas K. and Campbell, Donald A. 'The Fourth Crusade The

Neglected Majority', Speculum, 4 (174), pp441-65

Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. Vol. The Kingdom of Acre. rd.edn. (Harmondsworth

Penguin, 171), Ch.1, 'The Crusade Against Christians', pp107-1

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The Birth of a font "celtic"

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THE BIRTH OF A FONT

"CELTIC"

There are so many languages in the world,it is impossible to know them all. In one language words are formed,then letters,and then eventually fonts so you can print the language to read. Once a font is derrived from a language it gains its own identity. And like everything with an identity, a font seems to adapt constantly with all changes in life. From the day the font or letter form is conceived it proves itself to be a part of the world constantly. Ogham is one of these letter forms that has done just that. Ogham has adapted to religious changes, history itself, and even the basic cultural evolution of society. In fact, in it's very conception Ogham font showed how it was symbolic of the world around it. Based from seasons and the trees and the flowers it grew into one of the most immense fonts we know of today...Celtic.

Ogham is the first known Irish writing. Ogham, also written as Ogam or Ogum, is pronounced "AHG-m" or "OH-ehm". The Ogham characters consist of a series of lines and noches which are scored across a long stem-line on standing stones. Ogham was carved and read from bottom to top and occasionally right to left. Ogham served as an alphabet for one of the ancient Celtic languages. Since Ogham is written in lines, it is believed that it might have come from a type of sign language. So, if you would point a finger towards the right it is a "b"; if a finger is used towards the left it is an "h", and so on. It's origin is not certain, but it is definite that the druids used this ancient form of communication. It has been discovered that the names of the main twenty letters are also the twenty trees that are sacred to the druids. Trees and nature was a big deal to druids, thus it has been brought to scholastic attention that a thirteen month calendar exists which shares the same tree names as Ogham. This is where the slang term "tree alphabet" comes from.

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Ogham stones are believed to date from the third century AD to the eigth and ninth centuries, and many have been associated with early Christianity. Some even suggest that Ogham was used as early as the first century. Ogham stones can be found frequently in Christian churches and burial sites. In some cases, crude Christian crosses have been carved into the stones beside the Ogham. Early Ogham inscriptions on grave markers and memorials usually contain the name of the deceased's tribe and name. This idea of reference to greatness brings the high probability that these markers and memorials were used as territorial markers of powerful Celtic families and tribes. A few Ogham stones can be found in western Scotland, The Isle of Man, and Cornwall. The stones in Ireland are written purely in Ogham, while those in Britain have the inscription repeated in Latin also carved in the stone in Roman characters. These stones also can be found in Wales, mostly in Oxford, with a small number in North Wales and Anglesey.

Ogham is complicated, but if it is broken down into its four categories it is pretty simple to understand. Basically, the four categories are of five sounds and are a series of twenty `letters' of straight lines and notches carved on the edge of a piece of stone or wood. A twenty-first symbol, an upturned arrow, was used for the letter P in British inscriptions. Notches and grooves appear on one or both sides of a foundation line, which is also known as the druin. Designations for the letters q, v, and z, which are not used in the Irish alphabet, support the now widely accepted interpretation of Ogham as an expression of Irish through the Latin alphabet. Trying to understand this letter form, the scholars of Northern and Western Europe gathered to go over the oldest book of this form, The Book of Balynote,a fifteenth century treatise.The book of Balynote confirms that Ogham was a secret and ritualistic language. Yet later, in eighteenth century A.D., the "Book of Kells", an illustrated gospel book from the city of Kell, was found to show some transcripts of how Ogham was changed by the church of Rome. The time between these books shows how the Celtic church was educated by the Druids to communicate more vastly and accurately. Even though it was against the churchs' ideas, the monestary knew that the most educated people were the Druids. The word `druid' came from the word `dru-vid' which means knowing or wise. All men of substance were included among the druids or nobles. The Druids were the learned and priestly class and were the chief enforcers and guardians of the law. An elite with great powers. Trees, animals, earth, water, and the sun are all featured powerfully in their belief system. Their culture was believed to be entirely oral as it was against their deepest principles to have their secrets known. So,even if they were educated in Ogham, which was very secret in early A.D., and in Latin, they decided not to write down their ideas in. They kept most of their knowledge in their heads, but by the time other cultures deciphered Ogham out they had disposed of most of all that had been written down. Soon after, in the eighteenth century, the Romans had taken over the Celtic church in many lands and had begun to push their now Catholic beliefs onto the people. Quickly the Romans accused the Druids of human sacrifice and forbade their citizens to practice their rites and customs. The Druids were considered too much of a threat and thus were suppressed but continued their religion in secret. So, needless to say, their secrets were lost.

The Celtic church tried to explain how they were the first to have the concept of font and written language, yet it was overthrown later by the eldest people of the region. The Kells, as they were called because of their city of origin, had books and scripts written to explain the history of their people and families and religion. Mostly, these writings that are well known are those of a christian base because the most important families and scholars were part of christian church. In higher houses of society and churches, scholars were selected to write, soon some of the most incredible fonts were conceived. Even though the ideas of the druids were taboo to the church, the basis of the letters themselves could not be forgotten. Elaborate forms and strokes were soon created with amazing image resembling nature, animals, and sacred shields of ones' family or religion. The Celts produced everything exceptionally; hand-decorated books and works of calligraphy. Among the most famous products of Celtic scriptoria are the "Book of Kells", the "Book of Durrow", and the "Lindisforne Gospels". Even though all of these books come from different times in history and different regions of western europe, it cannot be renounced the similarities in their fonts. These various forms of Celtic uncial calligraphy (designating or of the large rounded letters of latin manuscripts between 00 and 00 A.D.) preserved sophisticated writing techniques so that they could be reintroduced to europe at the time of Charlemagne. This eventually lead to a reawakening of writing and literature.

The Kells believed that all its trees, animals, earth, water and even the sun each had a spirit of its own and required special respect. One of the most important things to remember when talking about the Celts and their association with nature is that Celtic strongholds were always dominant in all aspects of life. This was even true when the roman idea of life was forced upon northern and western europe. The Celts believed in the first millenium B.C. that the Supreme figure of the nature kingdom was Cermunnos, Lord of the animals. He was considered the ruler of the natural kingdom of life, death, and rebirth. The animals were held in great esteem by the Celts. It was not so much the animal itself but the energy or spirit which it represented. With this in mind, when you see an animal in a font or a shield its' "energy" is represented for karma and luck. So when you see a boar on a font it represents battle and was believed to make warriors more ferocious; or if you see the bull it symbolizes masculinity, fertility and strength.These rules also come through in basic ideas that all letters based on Ogham have the origins in mames oftrees. Therefore, you frequently see Celtic knots or tree symbols in fonts. derrived from the sounds of trees' names, like Beith (pronounced Beth) is the original name of the Birch tree. This concept brought out by the letter B to be the symbol of the Ogham symbol for B. These eventually took order from the changes in season and order from which the trees grew. This concepts of the letters give stories alxo, like the story of the letter H or the Hazel tree. It has a descriptive story of the members of the Fianra clan defending themselves with a hazel stick and a shield. Both the wood and the edible nuts of this bush or small tree have played an important role in Irish and Welsh traditions. All of these stories being the knowledge of the beautiful adaptions of the letter fonts to look like this tree or nut.

Without history of the Celtic fonts, we see that there is one similarity in all of them. What are the rules and reason? Well, we can see the plots of nature, religion, and fonts, but yet the educated of this time were few, and they were called scribes. When scribes first put pen to page they began the long struggle to control the written form of language and balanced the demands of form and function. Early writing was often carved in stone or wood, which imposed a certain angularity of style. The beginning of adaptions these inscriptive literary forms to other media, and the stylistic and functional demands on written language have grown and changed oand over the centuries have become an art form as well as a vital tool. By the time of the sixth or seventh century, a wide diversity of distinct calligraphy styles had emerged, from the open uncial styles of Northern Europe to the formed styles of Lobmardic documents and the rough informal lettering of Roman beaurocrats. In the Roman period as more and more written records were kept on vellur and papyrus, the scribes found different restrictions and the sharpened characters of the letters began to change, being more rounded and often more decorative. These changes and regulations were from the conflict of old druid ways and the new roman church ways. Yet the Druids and the Celtic church would co-exist, the belief of the roman church were too strict to adapt. So even though the Lords and Ladies of the land had to stick to Roman Catholicism rules, they wanted the beauty adapted by the druids. They adapted the old fonts to new ones so they could keep these designs in their culture.

Between the date of Ogham becoming a true latin letter form and the nineteen A.D., beautiful art fonts were derrived. These art fonts, sometimes called "ding-bats", have been originated from all over western europe. Traditionally these ornaments took form of floral or geometric design and were inserted on the page just like type. Many of these historical based art fonts, drawn from ancient images and decorative arts, including medieval heraldy and roman title, plus a selection of humorous and whimsical silhouettes. These art fonts include characters from Sigil, decorator, sangrael, Zapalec, Spirals, Floressent, Mesoglyphs, Emblems, Hexslar, and Celtic borders. All of them based from historical, religious, and seasonal changes of Western Europe. Just like Ogham was all based from the name of trees which came in order throughout the years, all of the art fonts fashioned at this time in history tell a story. Therefore they are not only elegant and beautiful; they are informative and factual.

Like watching a child grow one day at a time, we look at how one form of lettering has developed into one of the incredible fonts ever conceived. Celtic fonts are everywhere in the world an are known for the most simple strokes to the most intricate knotwork. Yet we cannot forget the ideas and valuable history changing aspects of thes letter form. For if it wasn't for a tiny hand gesture turning into a distinguished line form, and eventually a script form we would not be able to gaze upon the beauty of the font today. So when you view a Celtic font of any style, don't neglect all of the history and beliefs and even nature that it represents to this day. References 1. Fontcraft's Scriptorium Fonts and Graphic Arts

Site......www.fontcraft.com

. The Liberty Mill

Site......http//ogham.lyberty.com

. Geocities Presents

Site......www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/48

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