Slaves and Metics

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Explain the importance of metics and slaves in ancient athenian society

Slavery was a necessary institution in Athenian society; it was simply a way of life. Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization and slaves could be found everywhere. They were the property of their owners and could be bought and sold at any time in places like markets, where the two great sources of slave supply were the Asian Minor region (Lydia and Phrygia) and the Black Sea region, especially the northern shores, know as Scythia.

Aristotle described them as a "tool that happens to be alive" and a "possession that breathes". They were called "andropada", literally meaning "human feet"

They worked not only as domestic servants, but as factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers, farm workers and as ships crewmembers. There may have been as many, if not more, slaves as free people in ancient Greece.

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They were even employed in the Athenian government as clerks, attendants, minor officials or policemen.

Slaves were treated differently in ancient Greece depending upon what their purpose was. If one was a household servant, they had a fairly good situation. They were often treated almost as part of the family. They were even allowed to take part in the family rituals, like the sacrifice. They were always supervised by the woman of the house who was responsible for making sure that all the slaves were kept busy and didnt get out of line. This could be quite a task as most wealthy Greek households had as many as 10-0 slaves. Slaves were involved in the every day lives of the Athenian people. They would accompany married women in rich homes and slaves called pedagogues accompanied boys from rich homes. When a person invited someone for dinner, it was the slave that greeted them.

To the ancient Greeks life without slavery was unthinkable but the general attitude towards them in Athens was racial. They were considered "barbarians" as they were mostly people of foreign lands and a theory of "natural slavery" prevailed, that non Greeks were of naturally inferior race and were therefore created for enslavement and only satisfied with their existence in servitude. Despite this, slaves had a chance of gaining freedom, domestic slaves in daily contact with their masters may have had some intimacy with them and therefore stood a good chance of liberation and those slaves "living apart" might earn enough money to buy their own release. The intimacy that slaves had with their masters can be shown in the description by Xenephon as "fellow workers". During the constructions of the Erechtheum on the Acropolis at the end of the fifth century BC this was particularly apparent where from fragments of wage accounts it can be seen that all the workers were paid an identical amount regardless of status.

Once liberated, slaves became full human beings in Greek eyes. They were potentially no longer kinless and children born to them prior freedom were often retained in slavery whilst those born after were free. Aristophanes portrays slaves as having free speech towards their masters and Demosthenes states that Athenian slaves had greater rights of free speech than the free citizens of other states.

Slaves did much of the work that allowed Athens to prosper in a period of enlightenment as many of the achievements of Athens is owed to slavery which gave all Athenians time to fulfill cultural and political pursuits.

Metics were another distinct group who contributed to Athenian society. They were non Athenians who generally found Athens more appealing than their homeland. They were voluntary immigrants who contributed greatly to Athenian prosperity. Metics undertook much of the city industry where they ran industrial and commercial operations.

Even though they could not own property and were not citizens, they could hold jobs for property owners.

Metics or resident aliens with their involvement in various businesses were very important to the Athenian economy. Even though they were not and could not become citizens, they still had to serve in the military and pay a poll-tax. They, however, could not participate in the political life of Athens.

Metics usually were lower-class tradesmen or craftsmen. Although some metics families eventually gained wealth, the vast majority of the metics remained second-class inhabitants of Athens, even though they performed some of the polis most activities, such as military service and trade. They were often employed on more menial, but nevertheless vital, tasks - including trireme building, rowing and maintenance. Metics were usually Greeks from other city-states and could achieve a high level of social status. They were most commonly engaged in banking, commerce and the skilled crafts in the great Athenian port of Piraeus. One of the greatest honors for a metic was the "Athens Citizenship Award".

Athens use of outside talents from metics was important in its ability to thrive.

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As she waits

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Everyday she would stand outside on the balcony of what she liked to call, her dream house. She would just stand there everyday to hear the birds chirping, to watch the palm trees sway from side to side as the wind blew roughly; the sound of the water as it splashed back and forth. A little girl so young of the age of eight would just stand there everyday thinking; thinking of her dad and when he was going to return.

She lived in a three story, light pink colored house in the Dominican Republic, a little island south of the United States. There she lived with her mother; father, brother, sister, and many aunts, uncles, and cousins. She would go horseback riding everyday with her father on the horses that they owned on the farm. And then he would take her for a spin on his fast racing motorcycle. They would go out onto the field and pick fresh vegetables and fruits together. For that little eight year old girl, it was fun because to her anything she did with her daddy was her idea of fun. For many years they went on the same way; horseback riding; motorcycle riding; going places together; doing things together. To that little girl everything was like a dream come true. Her daddy was not just her father but her best friend.

It was one rainy afternoon; the eight year old girl was standing there outside on the balcony of her three stories, light pink colored house. She was there as usual thinking of her daddy and when he was going to come home. That night that little girl waited for hours and hours and her daddy did not show. Shaken and worried, she finally ran inside to her mother and asked her mother, "Mommy, mommy, why isn't daddy home yet?" Mother thought and thought to herself how she was going to explain to her little eight

Walkiria Batista

/6/0

ENG 101-08

year old daughter where her daddy was. The father had been taken by the police that morning to jail for a consecutive of five years. The police had visited the mother that afternoon at her job to inform her of what had happened and why. The entire time all the mother could think was how she was going to tell all this to her eight year old little girl. Voice cracking with tears in her eyes, the little girl asked again, "Mommy, mommy, why isn't daddy home yet?" Mother looked and faced her daughter and sat her down on the coach and told her, "Sweetie, daddy won't be coming home for a while." The little girl with sadness in her voice looked at her mother and gave her a hug and a kiss and just turned toward the door and went back out to the balcony. She stood out there thinking to herself and how she knew that her daddy would come back. She didn't know and didn't want to know the reasons that her daddy didn't come home that night. All that she could think of was that she knew he would come back home.

As the years went on that little girl thought and thought about her daddy. Knowing that her daddy would come back one day just made her stronger. Her mom helped her to become a strong, independent woman. Till this day that little girl remembers that very night that her daddy never returned home. The little girl, that isn't little anymore has come to accepting the fact that her daddy has not and will not come home. But throughout it all, she has grown; and learned so much about life. That little girl that used to stand outside on the balcony everyday waiting for her daddy to come home has made herself better by her experience. She took her daddy's example and has decided to makes something wonderful of herself.

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Ethical consideration

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Ethics in Managerial Decisions

Tim Slack

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Damon Walsh

October 1, 00

Ethics in Managerial Decisions

For these reasons, and because business can be a powerful agent of positive social change we offer the following principles as a foundation for dialogue and action by business leaders in search of business responsibility. In so doing we affirm the necessity for moral values in business decision making; without them, stable business relationships and a sustainable world community are impossible.(Hartman,161)

I was struck by that last statement 'without them, stable business relationships and sustainable world community are impossible'. With out ethics business is impossible.

Now in the context of the above quote, the author was referring to the Caux Principles, a guiding set of ethical considerations that any business in our current world market will ignore at their peril. Now that sound a little extreme, but it is not; this is precisely what ethics are all about, teaching us long term strategies that help us survive.

If you live in a tribal or village community, where you could only depend upon neighbors and family, you might develop an ethic that personally, governmentally, and economically, would justify actions that we in our Western global economy would consider abhorrent.

This is what has happened in Iraq. Saddam, coming from a small village where any actions were justifiable if the family prospered, finds himself today living his tribal ethic, in a situation where it has lost its relevance to a stable society. Only his Bath party hold government employment, he is promoting sons and family to every position of power. He has already killed his son in laws and two uncles, he knows his family is not trustworthy, but because of his tribal ethic he trusts everyone else even less. Saddam is living a 1th century ethic at the dawn of the 1st. In a world where Saddam's tribe was one of several holding very little power, it might have been the optimal long term survival ethic, but it doesn't work today. Because he has kept his tribal ethic, he has justified killing his own people, starving the country, attacking his neighbors, and pillaging when ever he calculated he could get away with it (Brinkley). While Saddam has an ethic, it is a bad one for his people and for his governments continued survival.

Managers need to develop a good business ethic. Every manager has an ethic, it might be based on 'do what ever it takes' it might be based on the Caux Principles, perhaps upon a personal ethical standard, or a religious code, but there will be an ethic. Decision making is not arbitrary, nobody makes choices by throwing darts. So the choice for managers is not 'Do ethics play a part?' but rather what ethic is best for the long term success of the company.

Returning to the Caux Principles, we see that there are several principles a modern business has to consider when developing an ethic that will support the company's survival. The Caux principles give managers seven general considerations and six stakeholder consideration, that every manager and senior executive should consider when developing there ethical base. The relative importance of each of these considerations, will change with different businesses, depending upon their market, their position, and the core espoused values of the enterprise. It is the differences in relative importance that often differentiates one business from another, give companies their individuality. It is these differentiations that good leadership provides, and good managers keep prioritized. A large multinational corporation might consider Support for Free Trade a higher consideration than they respect for the employee stakeholder, but ignoring the employee stakeholder can not be considered a good long term strategy.

This makes good ethics sound like nothing more than a business strategy, a long term plan for developing a world where your business can best survive. Or as Baudelaire said. " For the businessman even ethics are a financial speculation."

References

Brinkley, Doug, 'Tales of a Tyrant' Atlantic Monthly May 00

Baudelaire, Charles. My Heart Laid Bare (published in Intimate Journals, sct. 7, 1887; tr. by Christopher Isherwood, 10; rev. by Don Bachardy, 18)

Hartman, Laura. Perspectives in Business Ethics Irwin McGraw-Hill. Buenos Aires.001

Perlee, Christian. Organization Leadership and Change Management; McGraw-

Hill, 001

References

Brinkley, Doug, 'Tales of a Tyrant' Atlantic Monthly May 00

Baudelaire, Charles. My Heart Laid Bare (published in Intimate Journals, sct. 7, 1887; tr. by Christopher Isherwood, 10; rev. by Don Bachardy, 18)

Hartman, Laura. Perspectives in Business Ethics Irwin McGraw-Hill. Buenos Aires.001

Perlee, Christian. Organization Leadership and Change Management; McGraw-

Hill, 001

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19Th Century Romanticism in Europe

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Romanticism began in the early 1th century and radically changed the way people perceived themselves and the state of nature around them. Unlike Classicism, which stood for order and established the foundation for architecture, literature, painting and music, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was also a sharp contrast from ideas and harmony featured during the Enlightenment. The Romantic era grew alongside the Enlightenment, but concentrated on human diversity and looking at life in a new way. It was the combination of modern Science and Classicism that gave birth to Romanticism and introduced a new outlook on life that embraced emotion before rationality. Romanticism was a reactionary period of history when its seeds became planted in poetry, artwork and literature. The Romantics turned to the poet before the scientist to harbor their convictions (they found that the orderly, mechanistic universe that the Science thrived under was too narrow-minded, systematic and downright heartless in terms of feeling or emotional thought) and it was men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany who wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther which epitomized what Romanticism stood for. His character expressed feelings from the heart and gave way to a new trend ofexpressing emotions through individuality as opposed to collectivism. In England, there was a resurgence into Shakespearean drama since many Romantics believed that Shakespeare had not been fully appreciated during the 18th century. His style of drama and expression had been downplayed and ignored by the Enlightenments narrow classical view of drama. Friedrich von Schlegel and Samuel Taylorleridge (from Germany and England respectively) were two critics of literature who believed that because of the Enlightenments suppression of individual emotion as being free and imaginative, Shakespeare who have never written his material in the 1th century as opposed to the 18th century. The perception that the Enlightenment was destroying the natural human soul and substituting it with the mechanical, artificial heart was becoming prevalent across Europe. The Lyrical Ballads, published in 178, was a series of poems that examined the beauty of nature and explored the actions of people in natural settings. Written by William Woodsworth, this form of poetry was free, expressive and without constraint as evident by this passageIf this belief from heaven be sent, If such be Natures holy plan,Have I not reason to lament, What man has made of man?Such passages from his work indicates that poetry and literature was also used as a form of rebellion or distaste for political institutions or social conditions during the 1th century. However, since most poets thrived on the emotional and irrational abstract that they were writing about, there was no specific category that this mode of thinking could fall into. This was a strength since the freedom to explore nature was infinite and without any restriction based on rules, law or doctrine. This invariably led to a re-introduction into religion and mysticism; people wanted to explore the unknown. The Genius of Christianity, written by Rene de Chateaubriand, offered a contrast to Science. He found Christianity to be the most poetic,most human, the most conducive to freedom, to arts and literature... of all the religions and deduced that Science was lacking this element which could benefit mankind. The middle ages were regarded as a creative period when humans lived close to the soil and were unblemished with the effects of industrialization or urbanization. Romanticism began to show the people that the Enlightenment had overstayed its welcome by leading the people to a future that offered a vision of mankind as being part of a group rather than an individual. G. W. F. Hegel, a German philosopher, rejected the rational philosophy of the 18th century because he believed in Idealism. This involved looking at life in terms of the importance of ideas, not thought the narrow tunnel of materialism and wealth. By advocating Idealism, Hegel concluded that mankind could be led by his spirit, his soul, rather than the establishment or the status quo. Although Romanticism was perhaps conservative in nature, every participant of this swift and silent movement could relish in his own free and glorious vision of nature. Romanticism was not a political movement or a reformist package offered by a group of dissidents; Romanticism was a time when mankind could restructure his outlook on life so that he was able to reach new heights of intellectual and political awareness. In the process of doing so, he found answers to practical problems by simply using his heart and searching his soul.

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Women blinded by Economics

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Women blinded by Economics

During the Gilded Age many people became extremely rich and kept getting richer and richer, while on the other hand the poor just kept getting poorer during this era. The economics during this time period was an essential of being categorized as a "well known" citizen or a "common" citizen in society. The line between the economic classes was drawn very distinctly at this time in the world. In "The House of Mirth," by Edith Wharton, this fact of economic segregation is brought to ones attention several times. Edith Wharton shows this separation especially when it comes to the women characters in the book and how they interact in society. Wharton shows the differences between economics and women through the main character, Lily Bart, and how she is a slave to money, also the truth about how women during these times are dependent on the males in their lives to support them, and how Lily's family views money.

Lily Bart is the main character that throughout the entire novel is caught between the economic strain in her life and happiness. Lily Bart has never been around a lot of money while she was growing up, but the entire story is about her trying to be something she is not. This is a huge irony in the story because Lily thinks she has freedom when she meets a man that is wealthy, but she is really hurting herself because she will never be truly happy with someone like that. The other side to this irony is that when Lily gets farther and farther into debt she feels that she enslaved. This comes when she meets men that are not up to the standard of living that she wants them to be at. The best example of this is when Lily meets Seldon and does not marry him because he does not flaunt his money like other men she has met. Wharton shows that during this day and age the females depend on males to give them a great lifestyle so that they are not known to be apart of the poor half of the society.

The biggest theme in this book is how Wharton paints the picture of women being totally dependent on the men in their lives. Wharton definitely expresses this through Lily Bart and how she deals with money. The fact that Lily cannot even recognize when she is extremely far in debt and that marrying someone that has a lot of money will not solve all of her problems. Another example of the female sex being dependent on the male sex is when Wharton brings the Trenor's and Dorsett's to the reader's attention. These two families, actually couples, are very wealthy people in this society. These are the people that always have the lavish parties and invite only the other most wealthy and well known people from town to their gatherings. Mrs. Trenor shows at many times during parties she throws that the most important reason she married her husband is because she is able to throw these magnificent parties. She likes to have the most expensive and best items at her dinners.

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The last example of women's economic values in the Gilded Age is the way that Lily was raised as a child. Lily's family views money in different ways. Lily was always given whatever she wanted and asked for from her father. This was the same for Lily's mother. For example Wharton shows at one point that Lily's mother always wanted to have the best flowers and fresh ones every day in their house. These two women never knew what it was to work for money and use their own to buy goods they wanted; they always had it handed to them. On the contrary Lily's father always worked for what he got. Lily and her family were not the wealthiest family in town and her father could not really afford to give her and her mother everything they wanted, but the never said know to them.

The other side of women being dependent on the man in their life is how Wharton paints the picture of Lily's aunt. Lily's aunt has always worked for everything in her life and there has never been a man that she looked to, to buy he things. Lily's aunt is the extreme difference of all the other women in the novel. She has quite a lot of money to her name but does not flaunt it to others around town. Wharton is showing that money is not the most important thing in the world through this character. Lily's aunt also falls into Lily's scheme of debt. Lily keeps piling up bills with dressmakers and playing bridge at parties, that she is not able to pay for all of these expenses by only the money she receives from men she has met. She turns to her aunt and asks her to help her relieve herself of some stress of her debt and Lily's aunt helps her for awhile. She finally realizes that Lily is not paying off her debts and cuts her off. This is the exact opposite of a woman depending on a man for survival. This shows that women are capable of holding their own in this society but would rather not do anything and let their husbands keep them on their feet.

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Puritans

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THE PURITAN LIFESTYLE -- Puritan Beliefs and Values

1.?/spanPredestination -- all events are known and predetermined by God. God has determined who is to be saved and who is to be condemned.

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.?/spanGod is all-powerful and good, while men and women are sinful and weak.

.?/spanThe Bible is the literal word of God.

4.?/spanYou are saved through the grace of God. You could feel this grace inwardly, and this was demonstrated by your behavior. After you have received grace, you are reborn into the community of saints. People would look inside themselves (self-examination) for signs of this grace; therefore, they would act in a commendable fashion.

5.?/spanPuritans valued education. Publicly supported schools were needed to oppose Satan. Harvard was founded in 166 to train ministers.

6.?/spanPuritans valued plainness in religious worship as well as their writing and lifestyle.

7.?/spanPuritans considered hard work a religious duty.

8.?/spanQualities that resulted in economic success were virtuous self-reliance, thrift, industry, and energy.

.?/spanIn addition to community worship on the Sabbath, family worship was considered important. Every home should be a ?church? with the head of the house the ?minister.??Twice daily the Puritans recommended the family should hear the Word read. Parents must teach their children the Scriptures, and all members of the household must be given time and a place to pray.

10.?/spanThe church was the center of the community and the place where news was received.

11.?/spanThe form of government though technically separated from the church was a theocracy; therefore, there was a blurring of the lines separating church and state. Governments were to enforce obedience to God. Voting was restricted to church members. There was democracy in church rule that led to democracy in town meetings.

1.?/spanPunishable offenses included adultery, fornication, drunkenness, theft, murder, breaches of the Sabbath, blasphemy, gambling, and participation in theatrical performances.

1.?/spanWomen were repressed and disregarded for their intellectual value.

14.?/spanWomen were considered morally weak because Eve was first to sin in the Garden of Eden.

15.?/spanWomen never publicly gave their opinions particularly on religious matters.

16.?/spanOther interesting restrictions on forms of pleasure According to Macaulay? History of England from the Accession of James II, ?It was a sin to hang garlands on a Maypole, to drink to a friend? health, to fly a hawk, hunt a stag, play at chess, to put starch in a ruff...? Many Puritans considered books not of a religious nature a threat.

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M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang

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M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is a parody of Puccini's Madame Butterfly. The play shows the problems of relying on unchallenged stereotypes and cultural misconceptions. David Henry Hwang attacks western stereotypes by refiguring the well-known theme of Madame Butterfly. He tries to break the century-old butterfly myth of Asian submissiveness to western dominance. In his play instead of a submissive Asian women falling for a western man, a western man falls for an Asian woman.

The events in the play are not in chronological order. Being a memory play of Rene Gallimard it takes us back and forth in time from his youth till his death in a prison. This is a story of a man who fall deep into his fantasy love with the image of Oriental woman and was deceived at the end. As Rene Gallimard says at the beginning at the play, "Alone in this cell, I sit night after night, watching our story play through my head, always searching for a new ending, one that redeems my honor, where she returns at last to my arms."

Rene Gallimard, a low ranked French diplomat in China, is seeking the Perfect Woman. Gallimard's vision of woman is based on Western stereotypes. In the western imagination the east is feminine, passive and always victimized. As Song Liling, a Chinese opera singer, says "Its one of your favorite fantasies, isnt it? The submissive Oriental woman and the cruel white man. But because its an Oriental who kills herself for a Westerner--ah!--you find it beautiful."

Song plays on the fact that the western man is attracted to weak Oriental women. Aware of this, Song puts on a performance that attracts Gallimard, and lets him think she is frail and needy of help. Gallimard, after hearing her singing comments "They say in opera the voice is everything. Here...here was a Butterfly with little or no voice but she had the grace, the delicacy...I believed this girl. I believed her suffering. I wanted to take her in my arms so delicate, even I could protect her, take her home, pamper her until she smiled. " Gallimard, in this scene, typifies the Western mentality. He believes that Song wants to be dominated, and wants to be helped.

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Gallimard never had luck with women. He could have married Helga only because nobody else would marry her. This man lives in imaginary world where he created his ideal of a woman. Gallimard says "There is a vision of the Orient I have. Of slender women in chong sams and kimonos who die for the love of unworthy foreign devils. Who are born and raised to be the perfect women. Who take whatever punishment we give them, and bounce back, strengthened by love, unconditionally. It is a vision that has become my life."

Song makes Gallimard think that he is powerfull. However, in reality Song is the one who has the upper hand. She plays on his feelings and desires, and makes him feel as though he is able to control her. In fact, Gallimard may believe he is gaining more power, but Song has plans that will weaken Gallimard. Her plans are easy to realize because Gallimard would never think of Asian woman as capable of inflicting harm to anyone. He says "She is as harmless as a fly." Gallimard is bounded by this stereotypical view of the Orientals.

Real women in this play are different in their roles neutral Helga, straightforward Comrade Chin, and masculine Renee. However, no real woman fits Galimard's ideal. His Perfect Woman is a woman created by a man. Song Liling explains this to Comrade Chin. She says "…only a man knows how a woman is supposed to act." Rene Galimard fell in love with the woman who in reality turned to be a man. "I am a man who loved a woman created by a man. Everything else - simply falls short," he says.

This play was a big surprise for me as well as for many readers, I believe. The question of course was "How is it possible to be in love with a man for twenty years, and believe all the time that he is a woman?" Gallimard, blinded by his fantasies, imagination, racial and gender stereotypes, makes himself believe that Song is a woman. The fact that he had never seen Song naked Gallimard explains this way "I thought she was very modest. I thought it was a Chinese custom." Song masterly uses the stereotype of Oriental love Gallimard has. She tells the reader "…[he]was very responsive to my ancient Oriental ways of love, all of which I invented myself, just for him."

The possibility is that Rene Gallimard did not know that Song is a man because he did not want to know. For twenty years he was in love with an ideal woman of his dreams, and permitted no reality to intervene. He appeals to the reader "Why can't anyone understand?...I once loved and, was loved by, very simply, the Perfect Woman." In the end it is Callimard who is the true M. Butterfly, the victim dying for unrequited love. Very last words in the play that belong to Song Liling are "Butterfly? Butterfly?"

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