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M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is a parody of Puccini's Madame Butterfly. The play shows the problems of relying on unchallenged stereotypes and cultural misconceptions. David Henry Hwang attacks western stereotypes by refiguring the well-known theme of Madame Butterfly. He tries to break the century-old butterfly myth of Asian submissiveness to western dominance. In his play instead of a submissive Asian women falling for a western man, a western man falls for an Asian woman.
The events in the play are not in chronological order. Being a memory play of Rene Gallimard it takes us back and forth in time from his youth till his death in a prison. This is a story of a man who fall deep into his fantasy love with the image of Oriental woman and was deceived at the end. As Rene Gallimard says at the beginning at the play, "Alone in this cell, I sit night after night, watching our story play through my head, always searching for a new ending, one that redeems my honor, where she returns at last to my arms."
Rene Gallimard, a low ranked French diplomat in China, is seeking the Perfect Woman. Gallimard's vision of woman is based on Western stereotypes. In the western imagination the east is feminine, passive and always victimized. As Song Liling, a Chinese opera singer, says "Its one of your favorite fantasies, isnt it? The submissive Oriental woman and the cruel white man. But because its an Oriental who kills herself for a Westerner--ah!--you find it beautiful."
Song plays on the fact that the western man is attracted to weak Oriental women. Aware of this, Song puts on a performance that attracts Gallimard, and lets him think she is frail and needy of help. Gallimard, after hearing her singing comments "They say in opera the voice is everything. Here...here was a Butterfly with little or no voice but she had the grace, the delicacy...I believed this girl. I believed her suffering. I wanted to take her in my arms so delicate, even I could protect her, take her home, pamper her until she smiled. " Gallimard, in this scene, typifies the Western mentality. He believes that Song wants to be dominated, and wants to be helped.
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Gallimard never had luck with women. He could have married Helga only because nobody else would marry her. This man lives in imaginary world where he created his ideal of a woman. Gallimard says "There is a vision of the Orient I have. Of slender women in chong sams and kimonos who die for the love of unworthy foreign devils. Who are born and raised to be the perfect women. Who take whatever punishment we give them, and bounce back, strengthened by love, unconditionally. It is a vision that has become my life."
Song makes Gallimard think that he is powerfull. However, in reality Song is the one who has the upper hand. She plays on his feelings and desires, and makes him feel as though he is able to control her. In fact, Gallimard may believe he is gaining more power, but Song has plans that will weaken Gallimard. Her plans are easy to realize because Gallimard would never think of Asian woman as capable of inflicting harm to anyone. He says "She is as harmless as a fly." Gallimard is bounded by this stereotypical view of the Orientals.
Real women in this play are different in their roles neutral Helga, straightforward Comrade Chin, and masculine Renee. However, no real woman fits Galimard's ideal. His Perfect Woman is a woman created by a man. Song Liling explains this to Comrade Chin. She says "…only a man knows how a woman is supposed to act." Rene Galimard fell in love with the woman who in reality turned to be a man. "I am a man who loved a woman created by a man. Everything else - simply falls short," he says.
This play was a big surprise for me as well as for many readers, I believe. The question of course was "How is it possible to be in love with a man for twenty years, and believe all the time that he is a woman?" Gallimard, blinded by his fantasies, imagination, racial and gender stereotypes, makes himself believe that Song is a woman. The fact that he had never seen Song naked Gallimard explains this way "I thought she was very modest. I thought it was a Chinese custom." Song masterly uses the stereotype of Oriental love Gallimard has. She tells the reader "…[he]was very responsive to my ancient Oriental ways of love, all of which I invented myself, just for him."
The possibility is that Rene Gallimard did not know that Song is a man because he did not want to know. For twenty years he was in love with an ideal woman of his dreams, and permitted no reality to intervene. He appeals to the reader "Why can't anyone understand?...I once loved and, was loved by, very simply, the Perfect Woman." In the end it is Callimard who is the true M. Butterfly, the victim dying for unrequited love. Very last words in the play that belong to Song Liling are "Butterfly? Butterfly?"
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