Philosophy paper on Free Will

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In the City of God, Augustine attempts to reconcile the ideas of a man; he respects very much, Plato, and his faith in the Bible and the word of God. Also, in On Free Choice of the Will Augustine has a series of conversations, which help him explain his ideas on the type of person that he believes God to be. He actually believes that Plato is a great man and he is in awe with the amount of work that came from him that seem to match the teachings of the scriptures. But while Plato does have a lot of ideas that are easily combined with the Bible he also has some that could make it hard for Augustine to use his ideas with his Christian thought. Because Plato is not really a Christian he has some ideas that Augustine finds unsettling and tries hard to reconcile with his own thought.

In On Free Choice of the Will Book I Augustine is having a conversation with Evodius about the virtues that people acquire (or should want to acquire) that make them better people. People better able to understand God. Augustine is trying to explain to Evodius the idea of good will. He believes that good will is the desire that a man should have, will to live upright and honorable lives. (On Free Choice of the Will Book II, p0-1) It is not enough that a man has will it must be good. Because will in and of itself is not good. He develops this idea from the idea of the four cardinal virtues. The four virtues are prudence, temperance, fortitude and justice. They are all virtues that are found in the Bible. It is said that every man should strive to have these characteristics within him. Augustine believes that these virtues are the building blocks of a man's character and these are the ideas that can bring one happiness. He believes that great wealth, goods, or reputation wont bring these things. The four cardinal virtues that Augustine holds up with such great esteem were actually the same virtues that Plato had come up with himself. Plato had this philosophy on these traits that a man should strive to acquire a hundred years before the bible was even ever written. Augustine believes that the will is inherently good because God gives it to us and since god is inherently and completely good our will could be nothing less than that.

The main point of Book II deals with Augustine discussing his proofs that there is a god. Augustine has many ideas that he feels help him make his point. The significance of Augustine proving God's existence is that it makes him have to integrate the ideas of metaphysics, and metaphysics is largely a neo-platonic idea. (Dr. Hunt lecture, /7) By being able, to do this Augustine will be able to take the ideas of Plato and the ideas he has about God and Christianity and make them all work with one another.

Three ideas that Augustine has though that help him come to terms with his beliefs are based largely upon the thought that everyone will have the same starting point of the picture of reality. Augustine does look at the world like a Christian and that is a very different mind frame from other philosophers, even Plato himself. In the City of God, Augustine explains that Plato divided philosophy into three distinct parts; moral, natural, and rational. Moral philosophy pertains to action; natural philosophy's purpose is contemplation; and rational philosophy discerns between truth and error. By breaking up philosophy in this manner Augustine believes these ideas allow for certain truths to be known about God in Him is to be found the cause of all being, the reason of all thinking, the rule of all living. (City of God, p117) The first truth is natural, the second rational, and the third is moral. While it is not for sure, whether or not that Plato purposely divided these ideas up this way to help people better understand the idea of good, it helped Augustine and he feels that it also served to help disciples of Plato better understand the nature of God.

In Book III Augustine struggles with the notion, that divine knowledge conflicts with free will. God is suppose to be all knowing and if he can already know what will happen then how can we have the freedom to actually make decisions. Augustine believes in the Principle of Alternate Possibilities, which is to say that a person acts freely in a way that is required of moral responsibility, only if they could have acted otherwise. (Dr. Hunt, /7) Augustine believes that a good deed would not really be so great if people had no other choice but to act moral. If the actions are forced from us, we are not then free. The problem with free will, according to Augustine, is that people abuse the free will they have. Because they are allowed the option to good or bad people will chose to do wrong even thought they know they shouldn't do so.

An issue that Plato has is the idea that if God is good then how can there be evil and why would he allow it to occur. Augustine has rationalized these ideas to himself and doesn't believe that there is anything evil about God because people do bad things. Augustine believes that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. Unfortunately these ideas are what make for more of a problem and I don't Augustine really helped clear anything up with that idea. It makes it harder for people to understand why people can do bad things and bad things happen if God is all of these good things. He even says that if he uses his will to do something evil then he has no one to blame but himself. Because a good god made him he can do nothing but live through his will. (On Free Choice of the Will, p7)

It seems that Augustine is sometimes annoyed that Plato does not seem to be taking a strong enough stance or seems conflicted on certain ideas about God. For example, Augustine points out that while Plato does believe in true religion he seems torn on the idea of monotheism and polytheism in relation to beatitude after death Of course this idea would be hard for Augustine to work around because as a Christian there are not a lot of ideas about the afterlife that Augustine could have. It bothers Augustine that his views on important issues don't seem to be clearly made.

Augustine is also conflicted about Plato's idea of the world soul and that human souls are made from the same things as the earth; fire, water, earth, and air. Augustine believes man's rational soul can not be material. He reasons that since the body, which is seen and judged in the mind of a thinking person, is not material. (City of God, p11) He reasons that the soul then can not be made of material cosmos for then how could God be material Augustine believes that nothing other that God can truly make people happy. This would conflict with thoughts from Plato because he wasn't even fully convinced that there was just one God who was running everything. Plato did leave room for the idea that there was more than one God and that he didn't necessarily know what all was out there.

It would seem that Augustine ability to take parts from Plato's philosophy and integrate them into is Christian ideals makes him better at fully understanding where he really stand as far as his own ideas about God and how he believes God to be. Augustine believes that it is all because of God that Plato could come to a point to be able to manifest his ideas. Even ideas that Augustine doesn't support like Plato feeling that polytheistic worship was o.k. I think that Augustine has done a very good job of these two strands of thought. It also is not as hard as it could be to put these two trains of thought together because the ideas are easy to find points of similarity. Even in the issues that Plato and Augustine conflict serve really to help Augustine become stronger in his faith and his ideals because he has to be able to put these two schools of thought together and be able to defend his own ideas.

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Journeys

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Okay, Im in a big tin can at about 0,000 feet in the air and all I can see is water, water water everywhere and not a drop to drink, hang on a minute, there is the air steward with a jug of water and a cup. So, for six hours water is all I can see, great stuff. The in-flight movies are never any good and if you are short sighted then its perfect; there is a tidgy screen in front of you but if you are long sighted then you are in trouble. It doesnt matter anyway; you spend most of your time trying to open those dam tiny packets of peanuts and the rest of the time contemplating if the airline food is in actual fact, food. Ah now it get interesting, I can see land, granted for two more hours it would just happen to be bare land, one tree every fifteen minuets to keep the excitement going. If anybodys interested this bare land is called Newfoundland but the natives pronounce it Nufundlund. I met somebody from Newfoundland once, she was very peculiar, its like going back in time to the 50's, the dress sense, the mannerisms and the general old fashioned style of the 150's, one of the many interesting people I have met over my brief existence. Anyway, by this time I have lost all my feeling in my legs and am probably about to collapse due to DVT. Finally we land, I have arrived, Toronto airport, Ontario, Canada.

As I am British the first thing I am bound to comment on is the weather, and thats exactly what Im going to do. Its humid, its hot, Im sweaty, Im now short of breath, Its either a scorching day and I am immensely tired from carrying my eight tonne suitcase or I am having a heart attack. Well, I really do love this country, all the Canadians have one of the most euphonic accent I have ever heard, and dont for one minuet try to suggest that it is exactly the same as the American accent because they would be highly offended. In the summer months the days are perfect, blue sky, hot sunny sun, ah, the bliss! Another thing about the Canadians is that they are all really polite and they are nearly always smiling. Okay, enough of me praising the Canadians, lets get going. The five-minute trek down to the car hire place is always interesting; I always have an observant eye open, just in case I spot a moose, Toronto was filled with loads of them when the millennium was happening.

Have you ever had that feeling when you thought you were awake and totally conscious but in a flash you are about a hundred kilometres away looking at your friends? No? Well, thats just happened to me, my face is pressed up against the glass of the car and Tony is pointing and laughing at me. I am in Ingersoll, the home of the famous cheese factory, no really, Ingersoll is a really small town where the highlight of its attractions is the cheese factory museum.

Tony (the one who is still pointing and laughing at me as I fail to wake up) is who I am staying with, his wonderful wife Gina and spawn of Satan, Sarah, I mean it, last time I was here she tried to set me on fire, and she's only six. The emotions are flying around like a demented bat that has lost his sense of hearing; this is because we (we as in my family) haven't seen these people for a year. They used to live next door to us for ten years then they decided that they liked us so much that they wanted to emigrate to the other side of the world. I manage to scramble out of the car to have a welcome reception by Tony, he promptly throws me in the swimming pool, we always did have a love hate relationship, I just didn't realise when he said beware of my wild side that it involved me being submerged under six feet of water.

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After a good nights sleep and acclimatising to the time zone I am up and ready to meet the world In Ingersoll town centre there is a supermarket, a LCBO (liquor store to me and you) and a Beer store (and that's a beer store to you and me). The Canadian law is very strict about alcohol, they have to have separate stores for beer and wine and a different store for spirits and heavy liquor, also you have to put it in a brown paper bag so that the general public cant see it and if you wan to drive with alcohol then you have too keep it in the boot of the car, or the 'trunk?as they like to call it. I think the best store in Ingersoll has to be the Shoppers Drug Mart, basically because the name just rocks! In nearly every town in Canada there is a chain of coffee houses called Tim Hortons, it's the type of place where you are really reluctant to try, but as soon as you take your first sip of whatever beverage you decide to purchase you immediately become addicted to it, I was no different, I think the Canadian economy must have considerably benefited from my visits to Tim Hortons. Well in all fairness it's the best place for coffee and bagels, you see very large businessmen go through the drive through every morning to collect their bagels, doughnuts, coffee and whatever else they don't need but buy anyway, no wonder why they are very large with a breakfast like that every day.

Usually it is a family ritual to go and see all the nice friendly people that we have met in the previous years. There are some very strange people in Ingersoll, I suppose its just what I'm used to, Ingersoll is a very close knit community and due to that everybody knows everybody else and it is very hard to get up to any mischief, so they don't. That makes my time with my new friends very challenging. Makenzie, Rachel, Simon, Benjamin, Mitchell, Lucinda and Annabelle, all from one family. All I can say to that is WOAH! Makenzie and Rachel are the nearest to my age, they are so different from my friends back in England, they are well behaved all the time, they are polite all the time and weirdest of all, they have absolutely no interest in alcohol! I asked them if this was just because their parents were strict but alas, they said no, they know its illegal to drink before they are nineteen so they don't even think about it, amazing. After a day of reminiscing and a night of not getting drunk with the locals I am ready to go and have a relaxing day at the beach, yes I know, we are nowhere near the sea but we are near the great lakes.

Its about an hours drive from Ingersoll to the lake, the road is almost exactly straight down, there is no real driving skill involved and that probably why young Canadians can start driving at sixteen. On the way down to the beach we drive through some real shantytowns, they have names like, Vienna, Paris, Oxford and even Norfolk. These are the types of places where the locals sit on their porches with shotguns while they guard their junk which is neatly dumped on their front garden, or yarrrrrrd as they like to call it, notice the emphasis on the r, these yokels have a slight adjustment to their accent where their r's sound like they are coming out of their noses for about five minutes before they say the last part of the word. You notice that all traffic speeds up when you reach these towns, I wonder why as we drive past a bullet hole filled sign that says thank you for visiting Vienna, please come again?

The tranquillity that surrounds Port Burwell is possibly an opiate for the masses, as soon as anybody arrives there they almost immediately go into some sort of lazy comatose state, I know I did exactly the same. The beach is home to one of the great lakes that links Canada to America, it is so huge that it looks like the sea, even on the clearest of days you can't see the other side. I think the greatest feature of this lake is that when you finally decide to move and have a swim then if perchance you swallow some water then it tastes pure, isn't it amazing, I think so. Funny story about this beach, I call it the paranoid seagull. There once was a travel writer, she went to a beach. The travel writer saw a seagull, seagull was suffering from a severe case of paranoia and decided to attack travel writer with great hilarity to travel writer's companions. The end. Nice story. No, not really, I hated that seagull, I think it was possessed. Anyway, after being stalked by a kamikaze seagull the next mini adventure might not seem as interesting.

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Heros

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Heroes

When you picture a hero, what kind of person do you picture? "The American Heritage College Dictionary," defines a hero as "a person noted for courageous actions."

So according to the dictionary the only way you can be a hero is if you are recognized for doing something heroic . So where does that leave the real heroes.

When a kid for example is picturing a hero, he pictures Bat Man. The reason why he pictures Bat Man is because that is the way are society pictures a hero. Lets say a person got on the internet an went to a search engine and typed the keyword heroes, that person would either find pictures and articles of famous people or some other internet junk that has nothing to do with the true meaning of a hero.

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A hero in my eyes is not someone that leaps buildings or someone that can run into a burning house to rescue people. Simply a hero is someone that has touched a person's heart in such away that the touch will affect the person the rest of their life. This is what I mean by real heroes.

The bombing of Sept. 11 001, shows prime examples of heroes. The police officers and firefighters of Sept.11 are considered heroes. In are society's eyes they are the true heroes. They did risk there own life to go into a building that was collapsing to save other peoples life. Their brave courage will be noted for making them the hero. They were probably just doing what they thought was right. They probably had no intention to be a hero, but like it or not they are the true heroes or are they the true heroes?

What about the families of Sept. 11. Why aren't they the heroes? Just because they didn't show courage on that certain day makes them nothing right? What about the days to come. Who will be there for a lost child? Wait, the lost child will have Bat Man to help guide it around the curvy corners of life, right? Bat Man is the prime example of a hero, right?

Let's say a grandmother comes by and guides the child around the curvy corners of life and touches that childes heart in such away that the touch affects the child the rest of his life. Wouldn't that be a prime example of a hero? Without a family, the lost child's chance of survival decreases. I am not saying that the child couldn't survival on its own, but the chance of its survival will increase. It's not all about the grandmother being there for the child that makes them the hero, but by supporting the child and going through the rough times with the child that makes the grandmother the hero.

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Clandestine

If you order your custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on clandestine. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality clandestine paper right on time.

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It was the day of my 1th birthday when it happened. It was a warm, summer afternoon and I was lying comfortably on my bed with the cool morning breeze whisking onto my face from the open window. The smell of the fresh blueberry pancakes drifted into my nose as I began to rise out of bed. It was the day that I would be treated like a queen. The day I would get special care and attention. It was my kind of day.

"Come downstairs and eat your breakfast before it gets cold!!!" My mom hollered at me.

I raced down the stairs to the kitchen table and stuffed my mouth like there was no tomorrow. It being my birthday somehow made the pancakes a lot tastier than usual.

"So what do you want to do today?"

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I usually spent my birthdays with my mother. My mother is my confidant. Unlike many girls I know this day and age, my mother and I get along fairly well. I always tell her what is on my mind, and she always takes the time to listen to me. I guess the reason why we are so close is because my grandmother was very strict. She never took the time and day to ask how a day at school was, or if she needed any help with her homework. And because of that, my mom was determined to have the closest relationship possible with her own daughter me.

"Let's go shopping!"

That day, my mother and I decided on going to the mall. Macy's was where it all started. I spotted a gorgeous jacket that I immediately fell in love with. But to my dissatisfaction, I came to realize that the jacket was worth $11 - in iAmerican moneyi. But even still, I pleaded my mom for it.

"My final word is NO, and that's that!"

After that incident, I came to not talk to my mother anymore. I was so furious with her that I didn't even care to speak to her. For the whole day, I ignored her and passed her dirty looks. I didn't feel comfortable, but I always came around to thinking about how she didn't get me the jacket.

The next day, me still being angered with my mother, I woke up to the sound of a phone call. It was a Monday and both my parents were at work. My two brothers were at college, so I was home alone. Still half asleep, I went to answer the phone. The phone call was from my mother's boss. She was wondering where my mother was. It was then that I saw my mother's car drive up into the driveway. Gripping onto a Macy's shopping bag, she came indoors. I immediately knew that it was my jacket. The one I've been craving since the first time my very eyes had laid eyes on it... Later on that day, my father sat me down and told me to take it easy on my mom. He told me how she was juggling two jobs, especially since the terror attack at September 11th. I hadn't realized, but now I understood why mom always went to work early and came back so late. She had used the money to buy me that jacket that should have been used to pay the bills. She took a day off from work just to spend a day with me and my selfish self, just to make my day special.

That day made me realize how much of a woman my mother really was. And to this day, I think twice before begging for a jacket worth $11. I never take her for granted.

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Biology

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Ashly Housberg

History 106

10//00

The Impact of ImmigrationDo my essay on biology CHEAP !

The United States has set itself apart from any other country with the incredible amount of nationalities that make up our country. There has never been another country to receive the same amount of immigrants or nationalities that now make up United States. The impact the immigrants had on America is frequently overlooked or unrevealed. America was a new country with freedom and liberty as the ultimate purpose. These immigrants saw America as a promising new world, full of never-ending possibilities.

Many immigrants fled to America in hope of finding a new life for themselves and their families. They gave up their homes and everything they knew to pursue a better life in America. Most of the immigrants came to America between 180 and 10. There were two categories of immigrants classified by when they came over and where they came from. The first group was the Old Immigrants they generally came to America from 184 to the year 188. They came from England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany and Scandinavian countries. The New Immigrants generally arrived from 1885 to the year 114. They basically came from Italy, Austro-Hungary, Greece, Poland and Russia. All of these immigrants came over for a reason. They came from overcrowded cities with tight living quarters. The Industrial Revolution caused many to lose their jobs and their homes. They came to America looking for jobs to support their families and to build a new life. Many people were also living on unproductive land and farms. They were not able to maintain their crops or gain any other profit from them. There was a sweeping success of social uprising in several countries such as France, Germany, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and England. Many countries were fighting with economic depressions, an example is the Irish potato famine that plagued the Irish for five long years. Many people, like the Jews in Russia, were facing religious persecution from their governments. They heard that America was a place where you had the freedom to practice any religion or beliefs you pleased. Yet without the vast improvements in ocean transportation the immigrants would not have made their way to America. Ocean traveling although not very safe for the immigrants was the primary mode of transportation. The captains of the ships crammed as many people as they could fit in the ship compartments losing many immigrants on the trip. Despite the several risks and obstacles immigrants insisted on coming to America.

The enormous increase in immigrants created a sense of fear in the American public, so the government stepped in to create some restrictions on immigration. The first obstacle was a literacy test anyone over 16 years of age had to pass. They had to read 0 to 80 words in either English or any another language. Many disagreeing presidents vetoed the bills. Congress still determined to cut immigration created quota laws to restrict the number of immigrants permitted into America each year. These included the Immigration Act of 11, the National Origins Act of 14, and the Immigration and Nationality (McCarran-Walter Act) of 165. The Immigration Act of 11 allowed percent of each nationality according to the 110 census with a cap on 57,000 immigrants. The National Origins Act of 14 allowed percent of each nationality according to 180 census with a maximum of 164,000 immigrants. They cut the amount of immigrants allowed in to America by more than half within only years because they were still feeling threatened by their rapid settlement. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 165 permitted 170,000 immigrants outside western hemisphere with a 0,000 maximum for each country and 10,000 immigrant maximum for countries in western hemisphere with no limits on any country. There was also a sequence of acts exclusively banning Chinese from 188 to 14. This restriction was essentially the same for Japanese. Today we are at a 700,000 limit on immigrants. So even today we are still concerned with the number of immigrants who come to the United States.

As the immigrants arrived in the United States some choose to stay where they arrived and some decided to venture off and settle in the rest of the country. Most of the Irish, Italians, and Jews remained in the northeast where they came in. The Poles, Germans, and Scandinavians moved to the Midwest and far west. In California the Italians started the wine industry. Their quality of life was far from what they expected. Most of the immigrants were unskilled factory workers making extremely low wages and suffered in horrible living conditions in crowded housing. Not only were their living standards terrible they were also treated poorly. The immigrants were hastily looked down on and the natives did not welcome them. Most of the immigrants stuck together and formed their own small communities and neighborhoods. They shed most of their old habits to try and fit in as best as possible and to be accepted. They usually changed their dress and appearance, language, and names depending on the location of the city or towns they lived in. The immigrants however, rarely changed their religion or beliefs.

The immigrants brought with them many changes to the way we ran the country. Most of the immigrants were unskilled laborers who worked extremely long hours for very little pay, benefiting primarily the big businesses. The immigrants took all of the tedious jobs the natives didn't want. They were helping the economy and businesses but not reaping any of the benefits. There were also skilled laborers amongst the immigrants like, tailors, machinists, mechanics, woodworkers, piano makers, and glassblowers. There were also incredibly important inventions by immigrants. The immigrants played a huge role in the advancement of industrialization.

There was a fierce reaction to immigration amongst the American community. The American public feared and distrusted the new immigrants. They thought they were inferior and ignorant. Various Americans viewed the Irish as being more disgusting and revolting than the black slaves. Samuel Morse led nativist to fear a conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by the Jesuits in his publication, Foreign Conspiracies Against the Liberties of the United States. Morse was also a member of the nativist American Party, a group of bigots who believed in anti-Catholicism and anti-immigration. Maria Monk also wrote a renowned fraudulent book also on anti-Catholicism and anti-immigrant, Awful Disclosures Of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery, about a convent in Montreal. Businesses liked the immigrant's benefit of cheap labor but feared organization of the workers and retaliation for higher wages. Eugenics, Social Darwinist, and select intellectuals were anti-immigrant. They believed in selective breeding and survival of the fittest. The American public was also afraid of the immigrants becoming criminals like Al Capone. They felt immigrants were sneaky and distrustful. The American public had to be primarily afraid of immigration or Congress would not have passed numerous laws restricting it. Americans at the time feared being taken over by foreigners.

Immigration has transformed America in countless ways. Our country is so special because our adversity and flexibility. By the immigrants slaving away in the factories they were helping industries flourish. They also contributed by helping our cities to grow and develop. There were also immigrants who made important inventions and discoveries. Most of all, they enlightened and enriched American culture.

Immigration has shaped America in to what it is today. America is diversified but yet unified. There are differences in religion, traditions, beliefs, ideals, political parties, just about anything you can think of but we are all American. There has always been a longing for freedom and justice. We enjoy our liberties and rights that let us live our lives as we please. Immigration helped to advance America to the stage we are in today. Everyone has differences yet we find a way to work through them and come together. Immigration formed our nation by helping in the industrialization and urbanization growth. Immigration is one of the greatest keys to America's success.

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Ecosystem Vulnerability

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A ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical elements of the environment. The vulnerability of an ecosystem can be determined through the examination of its location, biodiversity, extent and linkages. The vulnerability of the ecosystem is closely linked with the effectiveness of the functioning and the diversity of the ecosystem. The resilience of an ecosystem is also important when looking at the survival of ecosystems. Resilience is a measure of the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to a changing function and structure following an episode of natural or human induced stress.

The biophysical interactions between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere lead to diverse ecosystems. Through the interaction of the three nonliving spheres, the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere a variety of different conditions are created for the biosphere. Location of a ecosystem determines the characteristics of the nonliving spheres it is through their interaction that the foundations of an ecosystem are made. For example deserts are usually located between 0 and 0 degrees north and south of the equator. In these locations we find that the interaction between the hydrosphere and atmosphere lead to dry and extreme temperatures. The sandy soils in the desert mean water drains quickly leaving no water. The lack of water in these areas means there is no precipitation. Therefore there are no clouds that hold warmth from the day through the night slightly. Water also acts as a moderator of temperature as it warms and cools slowly, as there is very little water the desert has high daytime temperatures and cold nights. Due to the hardy climate there is little biodiversity in the desert. Plants and organisms must adapt to suit the conditions. Widely scattered shrubs and water conserving plants are found in these areas. Tundra ecosystems are found most extensively in the Northern hemisphere. The ecosystem is covered with ice and snow for much of the year and the subsoil is permanently frozen. Due to the conditions there is a 1 to month growing season in which a treeless, shrubby or mat like vegetation grows. The conditions produced through the interactions of the spheres are linked to specific ecosystems. The biophysical interaction of the spheres directly affect the ecosystem and make them vulnerable to change as the functioning of the ecosystem is disrupted.

Ecosystem functioning is the ability of an ecosystem to capture, store and transfer energy, nutrients and water. Energy enters an ecosystem through the photosynthesis of the primary producers (autotrophs). Photosynthesis is a process in which the plant uses sunlight to produce starch that is stored and used in the plants leaves. As these plants are eaten by the primary consumers (herbivores) the energy is transferred. The animal uses the majority of the energy but energy continues to up the food chain to secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. Decomposers then recycle the material from the dead animals while consuming and using the left over energy in the system. However 0% of plant material is not consumed decomposers recycle this material in a process called detritus. The proces is vital in the functioning of the nutrient cycle. Nutrients such as O, N, C and Phosphorous are constantly cycled through the systems by means of biogeochemical cycles. For example the carbon cycle which is essential to the functioning of all ecosystems as all plants and animals require carbon. Carbon is absorbed by plants as carbon dioxide in the process photosynthesis and changed to glucose. The carbon is used and passed up the chain as is energy. However the carbon is not lost as matter can not be destroyed. Carbon dioxide is breathed out by animals ready for plant use. These complex systems make ecosystems vulnerable and make them easily unbalanced eg burning of fossil fuels.

The location of an ecosystem is the key factor determining the type and diversity of the ecosystem that exists as explained above. If a ecosystem becomes highly adapted to those conditions they become increasingly vulnerable to a change in conditions. For example coral reefs exist in shallow levels of warm water that are low in nutrients usually in the tropics. If the interactions between the biophysical spheres in the ecosystems change it can be destroyed. For example if nutrient levels at the location were to increase then Algae would grow. This would decrease the amount of sunlight which the coral would receive thus destroying the aquatic ecosystem that existed. Increased temperatures can also be highly lethal to the coral ecosystem as it causes coral bleaching. Consequences of global warming may be the loss of coral reefs. Humans can easily change the interactions between the spheres in different locations. It is important those highly adapted ecosystems are protected, as they are vulnerable and are not very resilient to change.

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The extent of area an ecosystem expands over is also indicative of its vulnerability. Extent refers to the size and configuration of an ecosystem. Ecosystems with a small, isolated and limited extent are highly vulnerable. If a small are of a small ecosystems with small populations yet large number of species (eg rainforest) is cleared some plants and animals may face extinction. However if a small area that was highly populated and had a low number of species (eg grasslands) was cleared little effect would be experienced. A isolated ecosystem can not benefit from migration of plants and animals to save the ecosystem when it has become vulnerable. With the continued sprawl of human development over the globe the extent of our ecosystems continue to shrink increasing their vulnerability and making the less resilient to change.

Biodiversity refers to the variety among living organisms and the ecosystems they inhabit. A ecosystem that is not biodiverse is highly vulnerable as change could result in major disruption in the functioning of the ecosystem. One type of biodiversity is gene diversity. If a species in a ecosystem has diverse genes it will be better able to deal with change in the ecosystem thus less vulnerable. For example aphids that are resistant to common pesticides are less able to survive cold winters than are the aphids not resistant to pesticides. Species diversity is another type of biodiversity it is a measure of species at each trophic level of an ecosystem. The greater the species diversity the less vulnerable the ecosystem will be. For example if a ecosystem is not species diverse and the population of a species was wiped out due to hunting then the functioning of the ecosystem would be destroyed unless there was species in the ecosystem that could bridge the gap. This is more likely in a species diverse ecosystem. Ecosystem diversity is another type of biodiversity that refers to the variety of habitats and ecosystems. The loss of biodiversity in the globes ecosystems through pollution has resulted in an increase in vulnerability.

He linkages between species in a ecosystem also determines the vulnerability. Linkages refer to the interdependence between species in a ecosystem and is related to species diversity. If a keystone species (a species vital to the existence of the ecosystem) is removed then the ecosystem will collapse as energy flows and biogeochemical cycles will be interrupted. For example When the Sea Otter was removed from the coast of North America the ecosystem collapsed. The Sea Otter ate the Sea Urchins which took over the ecosystem when the Sea Otter was removed killing the kelp and Seaweed that grew. When the Sea Otter was reintroduced the ecosystem recovered. A ecosystem that relies on a keystone species is highly vulnerable.

Ecosystems are complex environments in which complex interrelationships exist between plants, animals and the biophysical environment. The functioning and diversity of a ecosystem are the key factors in determining its vulnerability. Human development and its impact on the environment must be monitored to ensure the survival of the globes ecosystems.

By Nigel Holdsworth

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Accounting Treatments for Identifiable Intangible Assets

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Executive Summary

Through extensive analysis of your firm and the costing system you currently use, we believe that your current costing system, that being a traditional costing system isn't satisfactory for your company anymore. We believe that a change from this system to an activity based costing system would be of significant advantage to your company.

Your company is currently using a system that uses a plantwide overhead rate based on output volume to allocate factory overhead costs to the products, that is only useful when direct labor and materials are the only predetermined factors of production. While your company has many predetermined factors, so we are of the belief that an activity based costing system, which assigns resources to activities, from which these activities are assigned to cost objects based upon the activities used by the company, would benefit your company significantly.

As for the acceptance of the McDonalds Order, there are many factors that have to be evaluated before your company decides if they will or won't go ahead with the deal. If your company accepts the current offer under the traditional costing system you would have a contribution margin of $55,000, while if its accepted under the activity based costing system your company would have a contribution margin of $7,14.

Even though these figures don't sound to bad, you will have to way up many qualitative factors, which may affect your company if the deal with McDonalds is accepted, such factors as the lowering of the current cost price per gallon of mix. This could impact very poorly on your company as current and possibly future customers may also ask for these prices, which could severely affect you companies future income levels. On the other hand, if you don't accept this deal, it could work significantly against your company, due to McDonalds being such a massive fast food chain. Through word of mouth they could tarnish you good name with your current and future customers possibly making them move your competitors. So the decision to go either was with the McDonalds Order could prove vital in the future success for your company.

Please note that this sample paper on Accounting Treatments for Identifiable Intangible Assets is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Accounting Treatments for Identifiable Intangible Assets, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Accounting Treatments for Identifiable Intangible Assets will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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