Kids kill parent

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The title of the article being summarized is called is AWitness says police suffocated friend,@ by Jim Mckinnon. The article is based on a man who said he witnessed his friend being suffocated by police. His friend died two days later.

The article further explains that the witness, Errol Manghom accompanied the victim, Charles Dixon, to the Dec. party held at the volunteer Fire Department banquet hall, in Mount Oliver. Dixon who defied the officers= orders to surrender, was attacked and knocked to the floor by the officers.

Mangham further explained that Dixon was held in a choke while another officer placed his hands over Dixon=s nose and mouth. Dixon died two days later. The author went on to state that a photographer, who was contracted to the party, testified that he saw an officer squirt a steady stream of pepper spray into Dixon=s face, while Dixon was subdued.

Next, the article states that the cause of death is still unknown, while the question of whether or not the officers had training in positional asphyxia is being asked. The officers however testified that they do know that a facedown suspect could suffocate if enough weight were to be placed on him for a long time. Dr. Ed Krenzlok, of the Pittsburgh Poison Center, explained that pepper spray could contribute to his suffocation, but that the substance in and of itself is not lethal.

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Also a representative of the Pittsburgh chapter of the NAACP and a retired police officer, stated that the killing could have been avoided and that it is the norm for black people to die while under police custody.

In my speculations, I believe the victim=s friend was a hapless bystander/witness. Just putting myself in the place of the two black men in the midst of a crowd of white officers, there is really little that could have been done. If an attempt to help had been made by Mr. Mangham, he could have been beaten to death the same way his friend was basically strangled to death. Then there would be no witness, as Adead men tell no tales.

Please note that this sample paper on kids kill parent is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on kids kill parent, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on kids kill parent will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever

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The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides is a coming of age story which demonstrates the memories that some adolescents remember at a later point in their lives, and the effect

that these memories have on them. In this case, some boys come in contact with the Lisbon

sisters, as adolescents. These girls intrigue the boys, and their story is tragic, which makes it all the more memorable for the boys as well as the reader. Another theme in the novel is the fact that sometimes, the more some people see of life, the less they would rather be living.

This is true in the case of the girls.

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The point of view is in first person plural ("we"). The story is told when the narrators are grown men, which makes some of their memories faded, and some not in order. These men loved the Lisbon sisters and were deeply affected by their suicides. They, at many times in the novel, attempt to make sense of their deaths.

The Virgin Suicides is written in past tense. It occurs around the 160's or 170's, in a middle-class suburb in Wayne County, on the outskirts of a deteriorating city. The memories that the boys have span over a thirteen month period, from June to the following August.

The novel begins with Mary Lisbon's death. The EMS truck drives up as it usually does, as if it were a common occurrence. The boys across the street observe, and recall the first suicide attempt, by Cecilia, over a year ago. After this attempt, her parents sent her to get

psychiatric help from Dr. Hornicker. He did not understand why she would try to commit suicide, and concluded that she only did it as a "cry for help" (pg 1). He suggested that

Cecilia would benefit from more socializing, and Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon decided to throw the only party of the girls' lives. Cecilia sat in a chair most of the party, until finally asking to be excused. After a few minutes, "We heard the wet sound of her body falling onto the fence that

ran alongside the house." (pg 0) Everyone ran upstairs and saw Mr. Lisbon, carefully trying to lift her off of the fence.

In chapter , The paramedics return to the Lisbon house. They cut the fence stake below Cecilias body, and take her away on a stretcher, with the fence post holding up the blanket. Cecilia's death comes during the sixth week of the cemetery workers strike. After an awkward tour of possible burying grounds, Mr. Lisbon decides on a public nondenominational cemetery, where Cecilia will be given her last rights before being taken to the mortuary freezer

to await burial. Cecilia's sisters file by the body, dazed, and silent. The neighbors later claim that the sisters lack of grief was a sure sign that they were planning to join Cecilia. Her death only makes the boys more curious about the girls. They get her diary from the plumber's

assistant, who found it in the bathroom. The boys become fascinated by the fact that Cecilia describes her sisters and herself as one entity.

In Chapter , the community attempts to reach out to the Lisbon household. Some of the men remove the fence that Cecilia fell on. Afterwards, they help in cleaning up the Lisbon residence. Mr. Lisbon comes out to thank them. Returning inside, as he will tell the boys years later, Mr. Lisbon finds Cecilias window still open, attended by her ghost. Rushing to close the window, he realizes that the ghost is only his daughter, Bonnie, who says, "Don't

worry, they took the fence out."

When school starts, the remaining four Lisbon sisters act as if nothing had happened, and keep to themselves. One day, Trip Fontaine, the school stud, runs into Lux Lisbon. One look, and Trip falls in love. He later went to the Lisbon residence to watch TV, and the whole

family watched his every move during his visit. Afterwards, he sat in his car, somewhat depressed. Suddenly, Lux appeared in her pajamas and started to desperately kiss Trip, and after a few minutes, flees back into her house.

Trip convinces Mrs. Lisbon to allow him to take Lux to Prom. He also finds dates for the other girls. It was allowed; the rules being that they all return home by 11 P.M. and Mr. Lisbon, as chaperone, would ensure that the couples only went to the dance. The girls act perfectly normal during the dance. Mary tells one boy that she is having the best time of her life. That one statement alone foreshadows the fact that they have such short lives.

After the dance, Trip and Lux disappear. Years later, Trip explains that he persuaded Lux to go out onto the football field, where they made love on the goal line. Then Trip abandoned her to walk home. He claimed that at that particular moment he "just got sick of her." At 10 A.M. on that same night, the other boys decided to drive past the Lisbon house. They saw a single light in the bedroom window which suddenly went out. Deep down, they

realize that something went very wrong.

In Chapter 4, Mrs. Lisbon takes the girls out of school and confines them to the house. The boys are shocked by the severity of punishment for Lux breaking curfew. Mrs. Lisbon later explained to the boys that she believed the girls needed time by themselves to recover from Cecilias death. Later, Mrs. Lisbon forces Lux to destroy her rock records.

Soon, the boys began to notice Lux on the roof of the Lisbon house having sex with random men. Somehow she managed to meet men and sneak them on the roof at night

without her parents knowing. Some of them talked to the boys, telling them stories of being led through a dark house full of rotting food and empty cans, which was a clear indication that Mrs. Lisbon had stopped cooking and cleaning entirely. The full deterioration of the

house also hints that the end is near for the girls.

Three weeks later, the ambulance appears at the Lisbon house. Lux claimed to be suffering from a burst appendix, when really she needed a pregnancy test. In the end, Lux is not pregnant, and tells her parents that it was a bad case of indigestion. Dr. Hornicker, the psychiatrist, concludes that Lux is in deep denial of Cecilias death. Dr. Hornicker writes a report on the Lisbon girls, diagnosing the remaining sisters with post-traumatic stress

disorder and warning that suicide can repeat itself in a single family. Because of this report, the community begins to think of suicide as a contagious disease and blames Cecilia for infecting her sisters. No one even bothers asking how Cecilia caught the "suicide virus" in the

first place.

Soon, Mr. Lisbon resigns, and the Lisbon house seems completely empty. No one ever leaves, the lights rarely go on, and the grocer stops delivering groceries. Before dawn, Bonnie appears to recite the rosary. Soon the boys begin to smell disgusting things coming from the

house. The boys try to, but cannot judge how bad the Lisbon girls lives may actually be, which later haunts them in their old age.

One day, Old Mrs. Karafilis, grandmother of neighborhood boy, took interest in the Lisbon girls. She was never surprised by their story, and said, "We Greeks are a moody people. Suicide makes sense to us. Putting up Christmas lights after your own daughter does it - that makes no sense. What I could never understand about America was why everyone pretended to be happy all the time." (pg 175)

The newspapers, later described the girls as "creatures so barely alive that their deaths came as little change." (pg 176) They claimed that Lux had liked an album by the band Cruel Crux, who had a song entitled "Virgin Suicide" - in which sexual conquest is referred to as a virgin suicide. The boys, reading this article, were outraged, and believed that describing

them as doomed from the beginning was unfair.

Soon, various notes are found left from the girls, and the boys feel that the girls want to talk. They decide to phone the girls, they play a song in to the phone, leave their phone number, and hang up. The next day, they get a phone call playing a song. This continually happened. Years later, the boys are not able to remember the exact songs played, only that they played love songs while the girls played folk songs. Finally, in a burst of intimacy, the

girls played David Gates Make It With You, and the line went dead.

On June 14, a note appears in the boys mailbox saying Tomorrow. Midnight. Wait for our signal. On the night of June 15, the boys proceed over to the Lisbon house. They meet Lux in the house. She claims the other girls are not done packing yet, and tells them to wait

in the living room for her sisters while she goes to the car.

Soon, the boys begin to wander around. They enter the basement, and come upon Bonnie, hanging dead from a beam. The boys run out of there, completely forgetting that Lux was in the car. After this, they realize that Bonnie died while they waited in the living room, that Therese was dead by sleeping pills before they entered, and that they missed Mary with her head in the oven. Luxs death by carbon monoxide poisoning occurred after they left. The

boys then realized how Lux stalled them, giving herself and her sisters time to die in peace.

In Chapter 5, The paramedics arrive for the fourth time. Lux, Bonnie, and Therese are dead, and only Mary is alive. Dr. Hornicker, realizing that his diagnosis of post-traumatic stress does not explain Cecilias suicide, suggests that the sisters suffered from a chemical

imbalance of serotonin. Many rumours go around the neighbourhood about the deaths, most not true. The boys soon realize that they are alone. Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon move out, and the house gets cleaned out. Any trash thrown onto the street is analyzed by the boys. They keep

some of these artifacts in their tree house.

A chemical spill causes the air to become thick with a rotten stench and because of this, the O'Conner's decide to have an "Asphyxiation" themed party for their daughter. The boys attend the party to try and forget the Lisbon girls. As they return home, they see the

ambulance one final time at the Lisbon house. Mary took sleeping pills and died. Coincidentally, the cemetery workers strike is settled on the day of Marys death. All five sisters can now be buried. Soon, Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon move away. Their house is sold to a couple, who begin to renovate, and remove all evidence of the girls.

The boys grow older, leave, but then come back. They notice that their memories of the Lisbon girls are fading away, much like some of the articles they collected from the Lisbon household have started to rot and decay. Even as grown men, the boys still cannot get the girls out of their heads. They do not understand, and realize that they never did understand the girls.

In the final paragraph of the book, the boys comment on the girls for the final time. "The girls took into their own hands decisions better left to God. They became too powerful to live among us, too self-concerned, visionary, too blind. What lingered after them was not life, which always overcomes natural death, but the most trivial list of mundane facts a clock ticking on a wall, a room dim at noon, and the outrageousness of a human being thinking only of herself. Her brain going dim to all else, but flaming up in precise points of pain, personal injury, lost dreams.... They made us participate in their own madness, because we couldn't help but retrace their steps, rethink their thoughts, and see that none of them led to

us.... It didn't matter in the end how old they had been, or that they were girls, but only that we had loved them, and that they hadn't heard us calling, still do not hear us, up here in the tree house, with our thinning hair and soft bellies, calling them out of those rooms where they

went to be alone for all time, alone in suicide, which is deeper than death, and where we will never find the pieces to put them back together." (pg 48)

The boys are the narrators of the novel. There was no mention of how many there were. During the novel, they are in high school, live across from the Lisbons, and have always

been fascinated by the Lisbon girls. They look back on the suicides as they are older men. At

this point, they still feel haunted by the girls deaths. They constantly attempt to make sense

of the girls actions, motives, and desires over the course of their final year of life.

Mr. Lisbon and Mrs. Lisbon were the girls' parents. Mr. Lisbon was a high school math

teacher described as thin, retiring man with a high, boyish voice. He loved his daughters with

all of his heart, but upon being interviewed by the boys, he confessed that he found them to

be complete strangers. As the novel becomes more tragic, Mr. Lisbon withdraws further into

his private world , and his hold on reality begins to slip. Mrs. Lisbon is incredibly domineering

and is basically the head of the Lisbon household. She was described as plump with brutally

cut steel-wool hair and librarians glasses. She is incredibly Catholic, and many of her rules

for the girls no makeup, no even slightly revealing clothes, and no rock music, reflect her

strictness. She does not trust the outside world, and believes that girls are happiest at home

under her watchful eye. Her weakness lies within the fact that she was unable to attend to

her daughters suffering, taking to her bed for weeks after Cecilias death. Her housekeeping,

which was normal at the beginning of the novel, slowly deteriorates after the first suicide.

Trip Fontaine was the high school stud. He takes good care of his appearance,

strutting down the school hallways and sunning himself daily in his pool, but could care less

about school. He constantly does and deals drugs. When Trip meets Lux, he has no idea how

to go after her, because he was always used to being the wanted one. As a boy, Trip is one of

the most popular boys in school, but as an adult, he is in rehab, recovering from his past

mistakes.

Cecilia is the youngest of the five girls, at age 1. Cecilia is described as very saintly,

pale, sick, precocious, shy, and known even by her older sisters as the weird one of the

family. Cecilia wears a vintage 10's wedding gown. In her first suicide attempt, she slits her

wrists when she is taking a bath, and is the spark of the Lisbon tragedies. Her second suicide

attempt was successful; she jumped out of her window onto a spiked fence.

Lux is the second youngest of the five girls, at age 14. She is described as very

beautiful, slim, mischievous, and eventually promiscuous. She is a secret smoker since the

age of twelve. Luxs adventures have consequences for her sisters lives - it was Luxs failure

to make curfew that same night that resulted in the sisters being taken from school, and

confined to the house, with disastrous consequences. Lux dies on the night of June fifteenth

from carbon monoxide poisoning.

Bonnie is the middle child and is 15 years old. She is described as ascetic, very quiet,

skittish, and having a sallow complexion. She was a foot taller than any of her sisters, with a

sharp nose and long neck. It seemed that each day she would grow thinner. Bonnie hangs

herself and dies on the night of June fifteenth.

Mary Lisbon is the second oldest of the Lisbon girls, at age 16. She is described as

prim, proper, poised, and spending many hours in front of the mirror. Her hair is the darkest

of the sisters, and she has a slight mustache and a widows peak. As the house decays, she

attempts to keep herself looking good, and wears bright sweaters to collect the mail. After her

unsuccessful suicide attempt by sticking her head in the gas oven, on the night of June

fifteenth, Mary spends a month sleeping and obsessively showering. She dies in July by

taking sleeping pills.

Therese Lisbon is the oldest of the Lisbon girls, at age 17. She is described as intellectual, studious, and very much into science. She reads many textbooks, attends

science conventions, grows seahorses, uses a ham radio, and plans to go to an Ivy League

college. Physically, she is not as appealing as her sisters, and is described as having a heavy

face, the eyes of a cow, and two left feet. Therese dies on the night of June fifteenth from a

combination of sleeping pills and gin.

The Virgin Suicides was brilliantly written, and is one that will stay in the readers' memory for years. Throughout the novel, one is able to feel sympathy for the girls and understand that they could not cope in this world. Although it is mentioned at the beginning

that all the girls die, it still seems a surprise, and you still want to continue reading. The boys fascination was understandable. During adolescence, some do have obsessional love, and do ask many questions. In all, this was found to be a beautiful book, cleverly written - with some irony in the title, and incredibly fascinating.

Please note that this sample paper on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Virgin Suicides Essay, Analysis, Whatever will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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School

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One of his early actos, Los Vendidos, has been adopted for a television special. His Teatro has also made a film based on I am Joaquin, the epic poem by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales.

Among his many dramatic works are Actos, Bernab , The Shrunken Head of Pancho Villa, and numerous others. He is author of several theatrical reviews and literary articles. For the last two years he has conducted theatre workshops for teatro groups from all over the United States and Latin America.

Los Vendidos dramatizes the tactics and acts of intimidation that grape growers and farmers employed on Chicano grape pickers during the huelgas in Delano, California. It is a play that displays the dramatists knowledge and training of classical and contemporary theatre. To convey his message of social injustice against the Chicano laborer, Valdez makes effective use of theatrical techniques used in the Greek mime and contemporary agitprop theatres. Also quite obvious in this play is the abundance of Chicano music, dance, and language, ingredients so prevalent in the Spanish theatre of genero chico. Combined together, these ingredients make Los Vendidos one of the best Chicano plays ever to depict the Chicano struggle for survival in a rural society.

Summary Chicano stereotypes are skewered in this acerbic viñeta (skit) performed by members of El Teatro Campesino, the farmworkers theater of the universe. The sketch is framed by sequences in which the actors, drawing on history, myth and contemporary realities, offer an overview of their improvisational work. Los Vendidos (The Sellouts) is set in the showroom of Honest Sancho, a salesman intent on satisfying the urgent need of Mrs. Jimenez, an assimilated Chicana, to place a token Chicano in the governors administration. Sancho proudly directs his customer to the stores fine collection of used Mexicans the lethargic peon, the migrant family farm laborer special, an urban streamlined low-riding survival model, and a 144 East L.A. zoot suiter. Unimpressed, Mrs. Jimenez demands something more traditional, and is delighted when Sancho emerges from the storeroom with Eric, a 17 Mexican-American, acculturated, bilingual and with the perfect skin tone. In the skits subversive conclusion, the stereotypes discard their socially manufactured guises and confiscate the money earned by their salesman. Relegating Sancho (a robot) to the storeroom for repairs, they pointedly ask, Who will be the next Mexican American?

Please note that this sample paper on school is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on school, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on school will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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To kill a mockingbird

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Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

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Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Tom Robinson is another example of a mockingbird. Like Arthur, Tom never harms anything or anyone. The only mistake Tom made was to help Mayella and chop wood for her. Mayella accused Tom of raping her. When asked if Tom was the man who raped her, she replied and said that he "most certainly is" (pg. 1). He is clearly innocent, but still, those around him must sin and kill this mockingbird. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed" (pg. 47). He was also a dead mockingbird.

Chopping wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinson's only crime. The readers know Robinson is innocent, but they also know that he will be killed. Just like Boo Radley, Tom never harmed a soul. He risked his own safety by helping Mayella, and he did it because someone needed him. It was like a mockingbird being shot down when Robinson was accused of raping Mayella. In the moment that she accused him, he was a dead man.

Please note that this sample paper on to kill a mockingbird is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on to kill a mockingbird, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on to kill a mockingbird will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Minimalist Program and Syntactic linearity

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Minimalist Program and Syntactic linearity

What drives the evolution of generative grammar from Government Binding theory (GB) into Minimalist Program (MP)? The constraint of the variation of parameters is an important driving force now that GB does not define clearly the parameter setting, which leads to many theoretical problems. Minimalist Program rises up to the occasion by confining parameter variation to LF and PF, thus, overcoming the previous deficiency and bringing a series of modification to Generative Grammar.

1.Steps toward Minimalism

In spite of its radically different analyses, the Minimalist Program is a progression rather than a complete U-turn. The overall aim continues the tradition of making statements about human language that are as simple and general as possible; ¡®From the early 160s its ¡®generative grammar' central objective was to abstract general principles from the complex rule systems devised for particular languages, leaving rules that are simple, constrained in their operation by these UG principles' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 88). The minimalist framework continues this drive for simplification. In particular it draws on concepts from Chomsky's late 180s papers, such as Full Interpretation and Economy of representation and derivation.

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The principle of Full Interpretation claims that there are no redundant elements in the structure of the sentence each element plays some role, whether semantic, syntactic, or phonological, and must be interpreted in some way. The Principle of Economy is more general requirement that all representations and processes used to drive them be as economical as possible.

How does the Principle of Economy lead to minimalism? If the linguistic system needs to be as economical as possible, in terms of both how it represents and generates structures, clearly the smallest possible set of devices to account for language phenomena should be used ¨C the defining characteristic of the Minimalist Program. Economy of representation requires that representations of syntactic structure contain no more than the required elements (the principle of full Interpretation may be a consequence of this condition). But it was a general requirement with no implication about the number of levels involved.

The linguistic system has been assumed to use two external interface levels, which are interpreted by the semantic and phonetic components, LF and PF, and an internal level that represents basic lexical information, D-structure. These three levels are connected by a single level of representation S-structure. These combine to form the well-known (upside-down)T-model.(1)

The Minimalist Program questions whether al these levels of representation are really necessary. In the minimalist framework, only LF and PF are really necessary and there is the possibility of doing away with D-structure and S-structure. Of course there must still be a lexicon and a ¡®computational system' which forms LF and PF representations from lexical information. Hence the ideal minimalist design would be something like

Lexicon

PF ¨C(phonetic component)

LF

Where the lines represent the computations that form the LF and PF representations, drawing from the lexicon.

Developments in some areas of the GB theory caused tensions for other areas which had long been taken as crucial to the whole theory. Something had to give the result was that in the Minimalist Program, the A-and A-bar-positions are no longer taken to be basic, their effects stemming from more fundamental principles concerning how the computational system works.

A second GB problem is the concept of government, which, despite having considerable empirical motivation, is nonetheless an ¡®arbitrary syntactic relation' (Lasnik, 1, p.). Moreover there are many different notions of government, some working better than others for certain phenomena; fortunately, no version is perfect for all purposes. Take the following government relation as an example

= governs ß if and only if

(1)= is a governor (e.g. N, V, P, A, etc)

() = and ß mutually c-command each other

() if = governs ß, then = governs the specifier of ß

This was chosen mainly because of its relative simplicity, but it allows too wide a range of relationships for it to be considered perfect.

A more serious problem is that, under these assumptions, AGR governs, and therefore can assign Case to, the specifier of TP. If this is so, there needs to be an explanation why the subject moves into the specifier of AGRP to receive Nominative Case instead of staying in the specifier of TP. Whatever solution we give to this problem takes us further away from pure explanation as it clears up a problem caused by an imperfect definition of government rather than by the nature of grammar itself ideally, the answer might be expected to lie in the definition of government rather than in patching it up with yet more stipulation.

The minimalist solution to the problem is to abandon government as a fundamental notion of the theory. Of course, this is a radical move.

Other developments within GB theory itself also paves the way for the development of the Minimalist Program. One recurrent theme since the work of Pollock (18) has been the distinction between languages that raise Verbs to the inflectional nodes, such as French, and those that seem unable to move main Verbs out of the VP, such as English. In the latter case, there is the problem of how Verbs which do not move get their inflections, the usual solution being that, at least at some level of representation, the inflectional elements themselves lower onto the Verb. It expressly goes against the Empty Category Principle, which says that the trace of a moved element must be properly governed. Moving a head to a lower position in a tree means, if anything, the trace will govern the moved head rather than the other way round.

The solution is to assume that Verbs are given their inflectional properties and forms in the lexicon; an already ¡®inflected' Verb is inserted into its base position in the VP and so does not have to move anywhere to become inflected. The inflectional nodes, instead of adding inflections to a bare Verb, perform the function of checking that the inserted Verb has the appropriate features when it moves into them.

Procrastinate plays a large part in explaining the different Verb movement properties of French and English and states that movement operations should be delayed for as long as possible. So in English, where the Verb is not raised until LF, we can see that Verb movement accords with Procrastinate. The analysis allows us to assume that some movements actually take place later at LF rather than occurring to other cases, diminishing the role of S-structure almost to nothing.. This paves the way for the Minimalist Program to reduce the levels of structural representation to the bare minimum, LF and PF, and it demonstrates once more how the Minimalist Program develops directly out of the GB approach.

.A Brief Sketch of the Minimalist Framework

So the theory attempts to reduce the grammar to its minimum, reconstructing the effects of the grammatical mechanisms that it abandons on the basis of more fundamental, and therefore more explanatory, considerations. What remains are the bare essentials that necessarily have to be assumed given that languages have meaning and form, it is not possible to dispense with the interface between the grammar and semantics (LF) or with that between the grammar and phonetics (PF). Furthermore, there has to be some syntactic mechanism that forms the structures that appear at the interface levels, i.e. a computational system of some kind. Finally, there will be considerations of what constitutes a legitimate object at each representational level, which possibly have their foundations in the interpretative components themselves. Ideally, the grammar should consist of only the bare minimum.

One important difference between minimalism and GB is that, in the former, structures are built up piecemeal. In GB, D-structure was presented as a complete structure and not much was said about the internal process of how it was formed it was an ¡® ¡°all-at-once¡± operation' (Chomsky, 1, p.1)

The Minimalist Program is transformational and so a movement operation is part of the computational system. As well as actually building trees, the computational system also moves elements about in the trees. This may indeed be part of the tree formation process as elements may be moved into structural positions created by the process itself. For example, consider the position where the AGR system has just been added to a partially formed tree with the subject still inside the VP, presented here in a simplified tree

AGRP

AGR'

AGR TP

T VP

DPV'

John

V DP

Loves Mary

As it stands here, AGRP has no specifier position. So, for the subject John to move into AGR, the specifier position will need to be created and then the subject moved into it, forming the tree

AGRP

DP AGR'

John

AGRTP

T VP

DP V'

t

V DP

LovesMary

The operation which moves elements about is called simply Move. The tree building process is thus made up of two basic operations¡ªMerge and Move.

As to how the computational system is constrained, it is obvious that the constraint offered by the convergence condition at the interface levels seems inadequate. As is well known, movement is not an unconstrained operation; in particular movement needs to be kept local. Following the basic observation of Relativized Minimality, Chomsky proposes that movements are constrained by a Minimal Link Condition that only accepts movement into the nearest relevant position ¡®= must make the ¡°shortest move¡±¡­' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 401). The other two major constraints on the Move operation, one is Procrastinate which delays movement for as long as possible, the other one is called ¡®Greed', which allows movement of an element only if it satisfies some property of the moved element ¨Cmovement cannot be made to satisfy the properties of an element that becomes related to the moved element by the movement process ¡®Move raises to = to a position ß only if morphological properties of = itself would not otherwise be satisfies in the derivation' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 400). Their general effect is to cause a derivation to crash if they are not adhered to.

To wrap up, the computation system starts off with a Numeration of the lexical items from which the SD is to be formed. Then, by the operations of Merge and Move, SDs are built up piecemeal, with the Move operation being constrained by the Minimal Link Condition, Procrastinate and Greed. Hence the whole system is in a sense ¡®driven' by the lexical items and their morphology; ¡®operations are driven by morphological necessity certain features must be checked in the checking domain of the head, or the derivation will crash' (Chomsky, 1, p.). This process proceeds to a point at which the derivation splits into phonetically relevant and semantically relevant information Spell-out. From here two separate representations are formed. The computational system continues to form structures after Spell-out, but, if the end points of these operations do not conform to a Full Interpretation condition, the derivation crashes. If these conditions are met at both LF and PF, the derivation converges. We can represent this in the following diagram

Numeration

PF

Spell-Out

LF

In this diagram, the lines represent the workings of the computational system Full Interpretation is applied to both interface representations, but of course differently according to whether semantic or phonetic information is being interpreted.

The thrust of MP is to reduce the grammar down to its bare essentials, with no more stipulation than absolutely necessary. Everything is cut out but the interface levels and the minimum of operations. If successful, the Minimalist Program accounted for by a very small number of assumptions about the structure of the grammar, most of which are necessary for any grammar. It's not appropriate to come to a hasty conclusion how successful the Minimalist Program will be in pursuing its goal. As Chomsky puts it, ¡°We are left with hard and challenging questions, of a new order of depth, and prospects for a theory of language with properties that are quite surprising' (Chomsky, 15b, p. 44). But we can never ignore MP due to the fame and popularity of the guru, Chomsky.

.Application of MP in syntactic linearity of Simultaneous Interpretation

In Yang Chengshu (00)'s ¡®Syntactic Linearity in Simultaneous Interpretation ¨C An Exploration Study of its Operation through the Use of the Minimalist Program', theoretic research developed in modern linguistics on the natural language generative process is used to explore both the process of language derivation and the governing principles of language operation during simultaneous interpretation. Furthermore, that paper tests the validity of the principle and methods of syntactic linearity.

The paper was triggered by the fantasy that interpretation performance will be improved greatly if interpretation reformulation/derivation coincides the production way of natural language.

Natural language derivation is concept-driven so the ideal interpretation process goes like this the interpreter transforms the received phonetic information of the source discourse into Concept, and then to Words, and finally derive/generate grammatical sentence in equivalent words or phrases according to the connotation of the concept.

The study and application of Economy Theory may provide solutions to problems in Simultaneous interpreting and facilitate operation of simultaneous interpretation derivation/reformulation.

Major components of Economy Theory in association with syntactic linearity under discussion are

(1)Greed the movement of an element is to satisfy morphological requirement of the moved element;

()Procrastinate any movement should be procrastinated until necessary;

()Fewest step fewest steps should be taken to move an element;

(4)Least effort least effort should be taken in movement;

(5)Shortest link shortest distance should be taken to move an element.

Syntactic linearity is applicable to simultaneous interpreting, sight interpreting and even consecutive interpreting. Being not only an interpreting skill, syntactic linearity is considered operational principle concerning interpretation quality and efficiency in the whole process of source discourse analysis and translation derivation.

If simultaneous interpreter were to adopt the near-natural language derivation way to arrive at interpretation reformulation, he has to

(1)take the phonetic information of the source discourse as words or concepts of natural language;

() spot the information focus of the source discourse;

()reduce the interference of the source language;

(4)decide how to handle the different word order in both source discourse and target discourse;

(5)and then produce interpretation according to principles of natural language derivation.

To eliminate or reduce source language interference, the interpreter should also implement ¡®segmenting (information)', ¡®retaining (the original sentence form)', ¡®moving(elements of the discourse when necessary)', converging(or adjunction)' and ¡®deleting(redundant element)', thus achieving the ultimate goal of syntactic linearity.

Among the above mentioned methods, all except segmenting and retaining are in accordance with MP.

Concrete Examples

1.Please allow me to address some words/ on behalf of / my colleagues of Merck's Executive Board.

Ç ÈÝΠ˵¼¸¾ä °£¬À ú±í£¬µÂ¹úĬ¿Ë¶­Ê á±í ïÎ ÃǵÄÐÄ â¡£

The segment in bold face indicates added part.

.It is an honor for me /to celebrate with you / the 10th anniversary of our company.

±¾ÈË(movement)ºÜÈÙÐ £¬ÄÜ Ú³¡¸÷Πͬ ¶¶È±¾¹ ˾ʮÖÜÄêÇì¡£

4.Looking Ahead

It seems that Chomsky's Minimalist Programme can be applied to syntactic linearity in English-Chinese Interpretation with some modification. Further trail and error test will be implemented in other language combination. And Chomsky is always on the move in his theory, we will have to collect more data to prove the validity of the application and the attempt to provide more efficient solutions to problems in simultaneous interpretation.

Bibliography

Chomsky, N. 15. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press

Cook & Newson, 000. Chomsky's Universal Grammar An Introduction. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

³Ì¹¤£¬18£¬Chomsky×î¼ò·½°¸ÐγɵÄÀíÂÛ¶¯ ò£¬Íâ ï½Ì § о¿£¨×Ü11£

ºÎÏþì¿£¬000£¬Chomsky×î¼ò·½°¸µÄз¢Õ¹£¬Íâ ï½Ì § о¿£¨ µÚÆÚ£

î³ÐÊ磬00£¬ ¡®¾­¼ÃÐ ­ ò'̽ÌÖ¡®Ë³ 'µÄ Ë Ã£¬Öйú·­ £¬£¨µÚ6ÆÚ£

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WHAT DOES WORLD MEANS TO ME

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What does the world of mean to me? Fun. Oh sure, theres a lot more to it than just one word, but if I were to sum it all up with just one word, fun would be it. A yo-yo and a few strings fit right in my pocket, try putting a bowling ball in your pocket.

Its true what Ive read, if you can do a few simple tricks, you can make people smile. What I find to be really great is doing it for little kids; they react like its magic.

Its fun to check out the young on line. So far, everyone Ive met through you- young has been pretty nice. People that Ive met face to face, and on line, have been willing to share what they know. Of course, I check out the on line stores too, as someone once told me, You can never have too many yo-yos. Okay, I said that, but it seems true, doesnt it?

How to classify Three Kings? Is it a war movie? Yes. Is it a comedy? Sometimes. Is it an adventure film? Sure. Its all those things. Its a genre mixed cocktail, and I mean that with best intentions. Its unclassifiable. Do my essay on WHAT DOES WORLD MEANS TO ME CHEAP !

I like the look of the film. The washed-out color really makes the desert look dry and hot. The right actors were cast for the right roles, all three of the leads play very subdued characters, this film would have been entirely different if actors with more over-the-top acting styles were cast. The tone of the film is perfect, it matches its look.

I loved a lot of the writing, for example, when suitcases rip because they are full of gold bars, the former baggage handler announces that these other bags will work because their tinsel strength is high enough. The ending seemed to drag out and get a little heavy-handed, but I can forgive that because the action fits so seemlessly into the story, instead of the other way around. Theres no doubt that this was one of the best movies of 1, but its one that seemingly got shoved under the bed and somehow forgotten. Perhaps it was deemed to be too political.

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"The search for the causes of crime is futile but the opportunities to commit crime can be controlled". Discuss with reference to situational crime prevention.

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"The search for the causes of crime is futile but the opportunities to commit crime can be controlled". Discuss with reference to situational crime prevention.

Introduction.

Ever since criminology was established it has sought to answer as to why some people choose to commit crime. Cessare Lombrosso (185-101) "has been called the father of modern criminology" (Williams p141) known as the first phrenologist, he believed that people were 'born' criminals and destined to a life of crime. Primarily Lombrosso believed that a person's physical appearance and make up were what determined a person's potential criminality, for example "enlarged jaw and cheek bones" (Williams p14). Today we know that every possible theory as to why some choose to live a life of crime has been investigated, and the answer is simple, there will always be reasons such as poverty and drugs, but what about those who simply just choose crime as a way of life, they always have and probably always will.

Finding out what causes crime is futile (pointless, not worthwhile etc.) as people are always going to commit crime, therefore those in control; the Government and the Police, shouldn't concentrate one hundred per cent on trying to find the causes of crime but should concentrate on and investigate more effective ways to control and prevent crime.

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"It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them" (Beccaria p11 in Muncie et al). Crime prevention needs to be investigated greater by those in control and also by the individual. It can be very frustrating having you're car broken into, this type of crime is usually opportunistic, for example the offender walks past, sees a mobile phone and decides that he/she would like to steal it, "there are some purely opportunist crimes, where a person responds 'there and then' to a set of attractive environmental cues (e.g. a teenage boy calls at a friend's house, find the back door open and £0 unguarded on the table)" (Bottoms et al p4 in Maguire et al).

Trying to establish what causes this type of crime is pointless as it is never going to stop people from breaking into cars. Car owners should be aware that in today's society car crime is a very big problem, be that opportunist theft of valuable's from inside the car or actually stealing the car itself. Individual car owners should take it upon themselves to employ several crime preventative measures so as to make it as hard as possible for their car to be broken into.

car should always be fitted with an alarm, this won't stop the passenger window being smashed ( the easiest way of breaking into a car) bit with the load alarm being activated it is likely to deter the offender from continuing with the act.

Cars should always be parked somewhere safe, if it was left unattended in a dark side street it would stand a greater chance of being broken into; a car criminals are very good at spotting vulnerable and easy targets such as this, which is why in order to maximise the security of an individual's car they should always leave it in a car park or area which has security.

Valuables should never be left on display, if a car doesn't have an alarm and immobiliser (device that doesn't allow the car to be started without a special key) fitted the offender will be able to notice this by the fact that there will be no flashing light on the dash board. So if a car has been left in an area which could be considered as an unwise decision, has no alarm and has valuables on display, such as a car stereo; the car then becomes very unsafe and a very easy target for the criminal.

Closed Circuit television (CCTV) is a very big part of today's crime prevention tactics employed by the Government, and contrary to popular belief its main objective is not to catch criminals in the act of committing a certain crime but it is actually to deter them from doing so. In 16 the then Home Secretary, Howard, said "I am absolutely convinced that CCTV has a major part to play in helping to detect and reduce crimes and to detect criminals" (Pease p 71 in Maguire et al).

The thought of being watched is a very good crime prevention tactic, but there is an alleged opposite affect that CCTV has; and that is that it pushes crime away to other areas where there is no CCTV, this can be related to what's mentioned above about car crime, a car is more likely to be broken into in a car park that has no CCTV, this is an argument that suggests that CCTV does push crime to other areas, but also shows how it is a good preventative tactic.

Today CCTV is everywhere, "By 14, it was reported that ninety five per cent of local authorities were contemplating the installation of CCTV in city centre locations" (Taylor p11). There are numerous cameras in shops, shopping centres , pubs, night clubs etc. CCTV is never going to answer what the causes of crime are, and it has never asked that question; it's purely and simply a crime control and prevention method. As well as preventing crime it can make people feel more secure, a person walking home at night alone will feel safer if there is CCTV in the area that they are walking.

Usually the only fear that a criminal has is of getting caught. As mentioned above CCTV's primary goal is not to catch criminals but to make them think twice before committing a crime; therefore crime prevention is its main aim and fear of getting caught is in itself a very good crime prevention method without the help of CCTV. With cameras everywhere the criminal stands a greater chance of being arrested and prosecuted if they decide to commit crime in areas with CCTV.

Warehouses and other similar industrial establishments with surveillance are not an easy a target for burglars as those who do not have it, crime prevention comes down to common sense, just in the same way that the individual car owner should employ crime prevention tactics to keep their car free from criminal intervention, so should the warehouse or shopping centre. These businesses shouldn't only rely on CCTV but they should also have visible security such as store detectives as CCTV alone isn't always able to keep track of everybody in the store or by the time the camera operator has tracked an offender they might be at the exit and have the opportunity to make a fast escape.

If CCTV's main objective was to catch criminals then it would all be hidden, for example pin hole cameras and other measures such as plain clothed store detectives, but it isn't; it's usually well advertised with signs saying 'store detectives' and 'CCTV in operation' and 'shop lifters will be prosecuted', all of which prove that CCTV is purely for crime preventative measures, it's only in certain circumstances that it is used in other ways, such as actually identifying offenders who choose to ignore the warnings that CCTV promotes. The same can be said for the other type of CCTV we have in Britain; speed cameras on our roads. Driving faster than the speed limit is against the law and therefore it is a crime; it is also very dangerous, if the aim of the cameras was to catch speeders (those driving faster than the speed limit for that particular road) then the cameras would be hidden, obviously if a driver goes through a speed camera too fast they will be prosecuted, but there main objective is to prevent people from driving too fast and causing accidents. People know what the penalties are for breaking the law so sign saying 'speed cameras ahead' deter people from speeding, therefore preventing them from driving too fast and breaking the law; just in the same way that CCTV in our city centres and shopping centres act as an extremely good crime prevention method.

Being a victim of burglary can be very harrowing, the figures have probably increased but the 18 British Crime Survey revealed "a burglary every minute throughout the country, with a one in forty likelihood of being burgled in a year" (Muncie p in Muncie et al). Questions have been asked as to why somebody would burgle another person's home, is it because of poverty, being addicted to drugs and needing to find money to pay often very high prices for their habit! In the same way as car crime, burglary is often opportunistic (see quote above by Bottoms), for example, a burglar walks past a house and sees a laptop computer on a table and decides that he/she would like to have it! Criminology seeks to answer questions as to why people decide to do these things, but will it ever really find the answers?

What criminology can do is help those is help those who are vulnerable do everything they possible can to protect themselves and their property, as in today's society burglaries are always going to happen to those who are vulnerable. Lowering opportunity is vital to protect one's home "Opportunity is a key factor offending levels can be reduced by taking practical steps to reduce the opportunity for criminal behaviour" (Johns p 17).

Student houses in particular are seen as an easy target by potential burglars; especially if the house has been left empty during the holidays, and even more so if valuables are left in these houses unattended during these holiday periods.

Once again crime prevention comes down to common sense. When living in a high risk area (such as a student house) it is imperative that one has home contents insurance, as it is well known by the criminal society that students bring with them to university high valued electrical goods such as televisions, stereos and computers. Having insurance isn't going to stop a house from being broken into, but at least if it does happen the victim will have the opportunity to have their stolen property replaced.

Having good quality doors and windows very important in protecting a house, double glazing is far more secure than old wooded window frames, the doors and windows should always be shut and locked properly when not in the house.

A persons home doesn't usually have CCTV like a shopping centre has, but that could prove to be a very good security measure if the home owner decided to invest in this type of equipment. Having a burglar alarm fitted and on display to the public is a very good crime deterrent, a house is far more likely to be burgled if it can be done quietly; which is why those who have alarms in their home's should never become complacent and should therefore always set the alarm when they go to sleep, as burglaries are more likely to take place during the night. One final home protection/crime prevention tactic is to make it look like there is somebody at home at all times, a house is more vulnerable if it is empty, a radio should be left playing and the lights should also be left on.

Knowing what the causes of burglary are isn't going to protect a person's home in the same way as taking the above preventative measures, and once again as with the other crimes mentioned, it is imperative to make it as hard as possible for the criminal to commit the crimes mentioned above; which is of course the best type of crime prevention.

The majority of this essay has been about theft and CCTV, the final type of crime going to be discussed is attacks on the person. There are numerous types of personal attacks which a person could have inflicted upon them, ranging from common assault, actual bodily harm, grievous bodily harm all the way to murder; also there a sexual assaults which can happen, these range from indecent assault all the way to full rape (these crimes can happen to men as well as women).

Once again criminology has always sought to find out why these crimes against other people happen, there are numerous theories as to why some choose to commit rape; is it purely through sexual frustration? Or is it due to other reasons such as it gives a rapist a feeling of power over another person when he commits this most horrendous of crimes?

Street violence can often be associated to young men and alcohol, "western cultures usually encourage young single men to socialise widely, and therefore the normal and encouraged lifestyle for this group within society is also one which exposes them to the most risk from street crimes" (Williams p15). Finding the answers as to why street violence and sexual assaults happen is not going to stop those who commit them from carrying on committing these nasty crimes against other people. The best thing to do is to try prevent these harsh crimes being committed upon intervals. The following preventative measures can be related to any type of personal attack (see above) not just rape.

To prevent a personal attack, a person should never go out at night on their own in an area that they are not familiar with, this adds to the risk as not knowing what's round the corner is dangerous, as the potential victim could walk up the wrong street at the wrong time; leaving themselves very vulnerable. When on a night out people should always try to walk home in groups as much as possible, as a group is far less likely to be confronted by potential attackers than an individual. It is not always possible to walk home with friends as people live in different places, if this is the case those on their own should carry a personal attack alarm and have a mobile phone so they can call a friend or the police if they suspect that they are, or have a high chance of being attacked.

Attacks don't just happen at night; it's just that there is a greater risk of being attacked at night, as the darkness acts as good cover for the attacker and also there will be less people around which all adds to the potential risk of being attacked.

If going out alone, the person doing so should inform their family/house mates what time they are going to be home at, so as the third party can notify the authorities if the first person isn't home when they said they were going to be, if they suspect that something has happened!

As with the other types of crimes discussed in this essay, every investigation into why these crimes against other individuals happen is never going to actually stop them from happening. The best thing to do is for individuals to take measures to protect themselves and their property, as the majority of crime prevention measures are pure and simple common sense; don't give the criminal easy opportunities to commit crime!

Conclusion.

The causes of crime are never going to be truly established, quite simply because there are hundreds of criminological theories as to why some people choose to commit crime, but the sad fact is that those who do commit crime; just simply do! Even as early as 1876 when Lombrosso published L'Uomo Delinquente (the criminal man), ideas were being established as to why people choose to live a life of crime.

The only way it is possible to ever establish a true cause of crime is to look into new and better ways of preventing and controlling crime.

It is a fact that the majority of crime is what is known as opportunist crime; for example stealing a purse from an opened handbag, for the criminal it's a simple case of being in the right place at the right time, usually with this type of crime it isn't premeditated (thought about in advance). For the victim it's a case of being at the wrong place at the wrong time!

To conclude the only way to stop crime is to keep one step ahead of the criminals, get more police, get more CCTV, get more industrial security and more schemes like neighbourhood watch, make it as hard as possible for the criminal. Every possible cause of crime has been investigated and that alone does not stop those who commit crime from doing so; in today's society we have criminals, and we shall always have criminals so the only way to stop crime is by trying to control it; the best way for achieving this is for those who are in power (the Government and the Police) employing more of the crime prevention methods discussed in this essay, and for the general public to have a bit of common sense; as stated in the recent television commercial 'don't give them an easy ride'. Bibliography.

Beccaria, C., "On Crimes and Punishment" in Muncie, J., Mclaughlin, E., & Langan, M., (Eds) Criminological Perspectives A Reader. SAGE Publications Ltd. 16

Bottoms, A.E., & Wiles, P., "Environmental Criminology" in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., & Reiner., (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (nd ed) Oxford University Press. 17

Jones, S., Criminology (nd ed) Butterworths. 001

Muncie, J., "The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime" in Muncie, J., & Mclaughlin, E., (Eds) The Problem of Crime. SAGE Publications Ltd. 16

Pease, K., "Crime Prevention" in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., & Reiner,., (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (nd ed) Oxford University Press. 17

Taylor, I., Crime in Context, A Critical Criminology of Market Socities. Polity Press. 1

Williams, K.S., Textbook on Criminology (4th ed) Blackstone Press. 001

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