Beauracrativ stucture and personality

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This document examines the structure of bureaucracy and attempts to explain why it dysfunctions. Based on secondary sources, Robert K. Merton tries to show that bureaucracy can not be very effective in practice as it creates over-conformity and trained incapacity. The personalities of people clash with the bureaucratic structure and so the ideal bureaucracy can not exist. Merton brings to light the sources of over conformity, so in view of this, another aim of the article would be for us to come up with its possible solution.

Bureaucracy comprises of a formal, rationally organised social structure with a hierarchy and clear-cut divisions governed by rules, to efficiently achieve the goals of an organisation. The formality within the organisation reduces private conflicts and stabilises interactions between different departments.

The bureaucrats are appointed and they command the authority and privileges associated with their office, to carry out specific duties.

Bureaucracies control the bureaucrats by providing the tools by which people need to work and live, which bureaucrats no longer own. Therefore, long tenures of bureaucratic offices is expected regardless of external factors.

For bureaucracy to succeed, discipline of following routines is necessary. However, overstressing the importance of discipline displaces the actual goal, whereby the discipline becomes the end itself rather than the means to the end. This leads to rigidity, or the inability to adapt to changes in reality. Veblen calls this "trained incapacity".

Incentives given by the organisation, for adherence to rules and motivating employees, can be a structural source of over conformity. Employees develop the sense of common destiny by working together, which decreases in-group conflicts. Pride of craft is another source, which resists change.

Relationship with the public is depersonalised in bureaucracy, and individual cases are categorised. This results in conflicts between the client and bureaucrat. The client sees the bureaucrat as representative of the whole organisation regardless of his position in the hierarchy. Within the bureaucratic structure, conflicts occur when differentiation in the performance of employees occur. The failure to conform to the norms, is viewed in disapproving light.

In order to prove that bureaucracy dysfunctions, Merton uses secondary data. He does not conduct any interviews or questionnaires himself, but builds upon other peoples' theories. He uses Veblen's concept of "trained incapacity" and Dewey's notion of "occupational psychosis" to back up his idea that goals are displaced by means.

He uses other people's empirical findings to illustrate this further. For example, Bernt Balchen didn't meet the criteria for American citizenship, due to the fact that he was not deemed to be on American soil even when he was out of the country on an American expedition. This demonstrates that so much importance was placed on the rules that, the end itself was lost.

Merton brings forward the thought that depersonalisation of relationships with the public contributes to trained incapacity. Here again he has built upon a credible theory to put forward his own ideas, so that they can be appreciated!

He defines different sources of over conformity. Sources, which include, incentives given by organisations for adherence to rules, pride of craft, sense of common destiny etc. This is another theoretical finding of the article.

Merton argues that bureaucracy is inherently problematic as it takes people and creates in them "trained incapacity". Its structure produces rigid personalities, which cause it to dysfunction. The goals of the organisation are lost while concentrating on the means. I believe that even though bureaucracy has a few problems, it is still a necessity for organisations to function. As without it, there would be chaos. However, to some extent, I do agree with Robert K. Merton. The human factor in bureaucracies brings about an uncertainty to the outcomes which were intended. Our sentiments govern our actions and take over our rational thinking. We tend to ignore the rule as it gives us a sense of power and resistance. We like to be our own boss. This does not fit the hierarchical structure of bureaucracy and so our personalities clash with this structure.

Rules need to be changed as time goes on. If they are not changed then trained incapacity is created within us. This is another reason why I find that the authors arguments are convincing and the concept of trained incapacity is valid.

Bureaucracy also restricts innovation and new ideas, and so as world markets change, the concept of 'Ideal Bureaucracy'

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Managing in a foreign environment

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Managing from a global perspective requires managers to pay close attention to factors in the external environment which may affect an organizations success. It may be however that factors in the internal environment will also influence success in a global environment. Discuss.

Almost any organisation in the world today, has some kind of vertical hierarchy, where one person (or group of people) is placed higher and endowed with more power that the others. Such a person is the manager. The manager's job is to guide and direct the people below him in the hierarchy (his subordinates) towards a certain objective in order to eventually achieve an organizational goal. Today, more than ever managers find themselves working outside their home country- this is referred to as global management. So how does a manager cope with an increasingly global business environment? And, indeed, in order to succeed in such an environment, what are the challenges faced by the management of corporations today?

Indeed, managing from a global perspective requires managers to acknowledge and understand the factors in the external environment, which may affect an organizations success. As Helms states in the encyclopedia of Management (p41) " the successful global manger must understand many diverse cultural preferences and must be able to communicate this understanding in a positive way". The manager of today must keep in mind the range of backgrounds of the people being managed, and adjust his or her actions accordingly. Thus, the leadership and communication style of the manager have changed to reflect and accommodate the multi-racial constitution of the work force.

To succeed in global environment, it is imperative that mangers posses a geocentric attitude- a world orientated view focusing on using the best approaches and people from around the globe. (Robbins 17) Understanding and awareness of an organizations external environment is extremely important to managers of today. Their external environment can be divided into two segments mega (general) environment and task environment. The mega environment includes three major elements economic, legal-political, and socio-cultural. Being able to deal with these three different environments as well as using the analytical framework makes a competent manager of a foreign environment. Because socio-cultural aspect changes, mangers must monitor trends for new opportunities or threats. Socio-cultural trends mean demand can shift for some product type.

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Some countries have a history of unstable governments. For example, some South American countries have had up to 6 new governments within one year, each one with their own set of rules and goals. Authors Robbins, Bergman, Stag and Coulter ( 001) contend that " mangers need to recognize [the different legal-political environment] if they are to understand the constraints under which they operate and the opportunities that exist." In order to succeed, managers must also make themselves aware of laws on issues such as trade restraints, working conditions, the right of privacy and the right of workers differ between nations.

A global manager faces some economic concerns such as fluctuating currency rates, inflation and diverse tax policies which single country mangers do not. Bergman et al (001) states that " a global firm's profits can alter dramatically depending on the strength of its home currency and the currency of the country in which it operates". For example, the weakening of the Australian dollar in comparison with the New Zealand dollar has affected the New Zealand companies exporting goods to Australia. Managers need to be aware that such a change in currency rates may affect pricing, sales volumes and makes predicting budgets and sales estimates very difficult. Inflation rates make the manager aware of prices needed to be charged for their goods whilst knowledge of the tax system helps mangers minimise their cooperation's tax obligations.

A nation's culture-their quality of life, their belief in individualism (looking out for ones best interest) or collectivism (looking out for each other) has an impact on their work related values and attitudes. Having awareness of the national culture can create communication and increase the co-operations effectiveness. For example, Japan has a collectivistic culture, whereas the USA has an individualistic culture (Hofstede, 180, 11). The differences in national cultures may aid in explaining why organizations of these two nations are characterized as having different perspectives.

Hofstede, G., 180, Cultures Consequences, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.

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The United State's immigration policy has undergone great change

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Many changes occured in american immigration. the policies changed and so did the attitudes of the americans. immigration was important to america. it helped it expand and grow. without it, we wouldnt be the country we are today. 188 there wasnt the need for Chinese workers and American attitudes changed toward these immigrants. there were also many other changes. other changes included making laws that requirwe people to pass literacy tests to get into the country, and other things. This is so stupid. i bet no one will read this. Ha Ha. How many words is this? Im sick of doing this. crap. I hate it when theyt maek u regiester. i cant type either. notice the spelling mistakes? if youre an english teacher, u probably will. All data submitted becomes the property of findfreeessays.com and you give up all legal rights to it! We only accept original papers, do not submit copyrighted material! I hate essays! Thats not original. I got five due on friday. how many do u have due? I hate work. Senior year sucks. So does my ap history class. Bye, see ya later. Im so bored, is this two hundred fifty words yert? I just pressed subit sand it still says that this essay muct be 50 words. Is a counted as a word? Is the counted as a word? Even if you use it a lot? I hate essays. Have i mentioned that? If you agree to all of the above then click Register Whatever. Blog. Schoiol. Life. House. Look. Book. Pool.

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Responding to Poetry

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October , 00

Responding to Poetry

"Theme For English B" by Langston Hughes

1.) In the poem, Langston Hughes describes the piece's origin; Hughes was given a homework assignment by his college professor for English B. He describes the assignment and his response to it. The work was supposed to be a descriptive poem embodying the author. The work develops from confusing, to specific, to symbolic, to personal, to universal, then back to the addressing the assignment at hand. The poem takes own a natural progression of emotional involvement on behalf of the author.Do my essay on Responding to Poetry CHEAP !

.) A main theme presented it the work is racism. The author identifies himself as black and his professor as white. The assignment was to have the work "become you," and Hughes observes that the paper cannot be black, as he is. The work will start out as Hughes but then become a part of the professor as well when he reads it. So therefore, the poem itself cannot be identified by race as its author so often is. The author also suggests social segregation (due to race.) This is made obvious to the reader when Hughes states this about their integration through the poem "Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be apart of me. Nor do I often want to be apart of you." Hughes also brings up the point that his race makes him no different than any other.

.) "Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be apart of me. Nor do I often want to be apart of you."

This quote from the passage is an important part of the poem, and it brings about many different feelings, depending upon who is reading it. When I first read the part where Hughes say he does not want to be apart of the professor, he is not specifically referring to the professor, but to all white people. My first reaction is to be offended, however, in Hughes experience, I am sure that he has been stereotyped and put down by white people. Why would one want to be apart of that? As I explore the quote deeper, I begin to appreciate Hughes lack of stereotyping for his professor. He does not say that the professor will not want to be apart of Hughes because of their race, but instead his is passive, and more accurate in saying "Sometimes perhaps…

4.) In my Literature class in high school, I can recall reading this poem the first day of class, and my teacher telling us all to go home with the same assignment that Hughes was given. Other than the assignment being rather presumptuous for high school students to imitate Hughes' work, it was a good exercise for getting to know your fellow classmates. I remember trying to match the rhythm of my work to Hughes'. I would love to identify some major social significance to my work, but I can only recall stating that I was "born in a city of wind," referring, of course, to Chicago. The teacher loved my work and still uses it as an example for the assignment for her classes.

5.) The theme in the poem is reflected in the poem's assignment, the poem became apart of Hughes. He was able to open up his mind and let the reader in. He expressed himself. His views on racism, social segregation and stereotyping, and on America itself were strong and hopeful. He suggests that we are all apart of each other. We may ignore it or deny it, but we are the same.

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Sino-Soviet Split

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The Sino-Soviet split was an increase in tensions between the China and USSR relations, particularly strong during the late 150s. Salisbury writes, "The Sino-Soviet split [was] the deepest, most serious confrontation yet to arise in the Communist world…", caused primarily by the differences in ideologies of how the two countries viewed communism. They were formed independently of each other, had different attitudes towards imperialist countries, were under different technological circumstances, and ultimately had different approaches towards communist revolutions and ideas. The basic views and understandings of communism that formed in the two countries dissimilar set of circumstances are what eventually led to their disapproving view of each other and each other's beliefs, causing the split. They are both equal in blame.

Firstly, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came to power without any Soviet assistance. Mao Tse-tung, leader of the CCP, defeated the Kuomintang (KMT) with his communist army and created his own communist revolution. The People's Republic of China in 14 was completely Mao's doing. However Mao realised that China desperately needed economic aid, best accessible through the Soviet Union. Mao and Stalin were not in best terms Mao had defied recommendations from Moscow again and again, and Stalin called the Chinese Revolution "a fake". But the Sino-Soviet Alliance was established, under which the Chinese placed their armed forces at Stalin's service in exchange for Soviet aid and equipment. It seemed appropriate, as China and Russia were natural brother countries, but China did not want to become one of the USSR's controlled satellites with inferior status. In 156, three years after Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev, the new Soviet Communist leader, denounced the Stalin regime in what became known as his "secret speech". This offended the Chinese because, in their opinion, it downgraded them through not being informed ahead of time of this major change in international communist policy. This is what really marked the beginning of the Sino-Soviet split.

The second big difference in the two countries ideas was their attitudes towards foreign and, in particular, imperialist countries. During the period of the Alliance, the USSR felt less threatened by imperialism, both internally and externally, and wanted to trade with the West. However, China, which was less established than Russia, felt very intimidated by the prospects of imperialism taking control of the country. For this reason, Mao plainly believed that the United States were not to be trusted, despite President Truman's attempts to make a friendship between China and America. Khrushchev on the other hand was looking to soften the effects of the Cold War and the isolation policy of imperialism, putting aside whatever that meant for the governments and Communist Parties relying on Soviet support. This approach by the Soviet Union was extremely threatening to the Chinese. Not only was the possibility of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang regaining power but also a vast American army building up in Korea and Vietnam. The Chinese economy was especially backward at this time and with the threat of imperialism so close, Mao was obviously not pleased with Khrushchev's actions in this matter.

China and Russia not only had large ideological differences, but were also under different circumstances physically. China was a very backward country and the USSR's economy was excelling. This was Mao's main reason for the treaty between them, as he needed the economic assistance from Russia to get started. However, building up China's economy still wasn't easy. Severe measures were needed to check inflation, restore communications, and re-establish the domestic order necessary for economic development. The USSR always looked down on China as inferior to them for this reason. China disagreed with this idea. Soon after Khrushchev's "secret speech", China began to stress with renewed vitality that Russia had corrupted communism and being too soft in relations with the capitalist world. Accusations between communist parties at this time were "levelled against the leaders of a fraternal party as being 'the biggest revisionists of our time,' who are in 'collusion with U.S. imperialism,' and 'throw wide open the gates for the restoration of capitalism,'" the split was obvious. Affairs worsened and in 160 Russia withdrew all of it's technical advisers from China, refusing to help China develop it's own nuclear weapons. This was interpreted by China as a deliberate hindrance to any industrial progress and an attempt to keep China in an inferior position.

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Another big difference in the approaches the two countries took was that of their revolutions. These were two very different circumstances.

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Snow Falling on Cedars

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Literature aims to entertain and inform, discuss this quotation with reference to a novel you have studied.

The aim of literature is to entertain and inform. We see this in the novel 'Snow Falling on Cedars' by David Guterson. Guterson uses stylistic language techniques to capture the reader and involve them in the text. By integrating flash backs into the murder mystery genre, the characters are made three dimensional, and the reader becomes involved. The story informs the reader by integrating important themes into the text.

Literature aims to entertain. 'Snow Falling on Cedars' is entertaining because it is written in such a way that the reader becomes involved with the characters. Guterson uses metaphors of the surrounding area, to give insight into the characters. For example, the radiator in the courtroom is sluggish and slow to get started, and is in a state of disrepair. This is a metaphor for the townsfolk, and by using it, Guterson has made the reader link the two together. Through using descriptive metaphors in the early stages of the book, when the same character traits are brought up later, they already feel familiar to the reader. The book is well written in the murder mystery genre, which creates suspense. The plot draws and captivates the reader. Guterson integrates flashbacks from different character perspectives, which make the murder mystery more intriguing. These flashbacks hold in them vital clues and insights to the plot and the reader is forced to think. The layers of plot are gradually built up, giving the book a three dimensional quality. Subtle clues given by the author create a question about Kabuo's innocence. This question creates curiosity in the mind of the reader, who is entertained by the suspense and drama, and finally the conclusion.

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Literature also aims to inform. Through different characters experiences in 'Snow Falling in Cedars', Guterson subtly informs the reader of several strong themes. The rising snowstorm is a metaphor for the building tension between the two communities on the island, and through this and Ishmael and Hatsue's relationship we are shown racial tension. Through Carl and Kabuo's lost friendship, Ishmael's missing arm, Whaley's personality, and the racial prejudice shown by the townsfolk, we are shown the impacts of war, both on communities and individuals. These are the prominent themes in the book, although Guterson weaves several others in as well. Through the suggested incompetence of the lawyers and law enforcers, and the run down courtroom, Guterson questions the human ability to pass judgement accuracy. Ishmael's phantom pains in his missing arm are a metaphor for his heart, which still aches for Hatsue, even though she is long gone. This and the comparison between Ishmael and Carl highlights the theme that we need to learn and move on. These themes are interlaced and layered throughout the text unobtrusively, but in such a way that at the end of the book, the reader subconsciously takes away a new understanding of people and their cultures.

'Snow Falling on Cedars' is a good example of Literature that entertains and informs. The way it is crafted in layers, using a good murder mystery plot with stylistic language makes it entertaining. The subtle integration of theme into this plot gives the reader a better understanding at the end of the story. The reader is captivated and this is what makes it such a good read.

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Double Oppression

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The writings of Harriet Jacobs and Sojourner Truth exemplify that the sufferings of black women were far worst than that of their male counterparts. All slaves were forced to endure the physical and emotional turmoil of bondage, however, for the enslaved woman, race and gender presented a double oppression. Women slaves experienced peculiar wrongs and injustices to which men slaves were not subject. These wrongs included sexual harassment and exploitation, denial of the basic rights and benefits of motherhood, and gender inequalities.

In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs dramatically documents the claim "Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own." Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was a political effort to help other sisters in bondage by exposing the sexual inflictions placed upon slave women. Jacobs fashioned her life story into Linda Brent's first-person account of a heroic slave mother who endured twenty-seven years of slavery. Brent's rational power and strength of personal will helped facilitate her efforts to find strategies for dealing with sexual harassment from her master, maintaining family unity, and for eventually obtaining freedom, both personally and for her children. She devised a plan of action including her choice to have a sexual relationship with a white man, other than her master, to protect herself from further sexual harassment from her owner, Dr. Flint. In doing so, she supported her integrity and moral code by resisting her owner's sexual efforts and choosing who would have access to her body - "It seems less degrading to give one's self, than to submit to compulsion."

Women slaves were also subjected to further cruelty and injustices because they were often denied the basic rights and benefits of motherhood. Women slaves were not allowed a traditional home and could not embrace their children. For at anytime, they could be stripped from their breast and sold. In Ain't I a Woman? Sojourner Truth writes "I have borne thirteen children, and seen them most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me!" This suggests that only Jesus could hear and understand a mother's grief and not even a slave father would experience the same heartache as a mother slave who has had her child/children taken away. Harriet Jacobs' pseudonym Brent gives birth to two children fathered by a white man she calls Mr. Sands, who promises to buy their freedom. Brent later escapes from Dr. Flint and hides at her grandmother's house in a small shed, measuring only nine feet long by seven feet wide. She endures life in a small and dismal hole for nearly seven years, deprived of light and air, and with no space to move her limbs. Year after year, she viewed her children's faces through a small opening, yearning to let them know she was hiding there and to be with them.

Following the partial abolishment of slavery, black men were given some liberties, however, black women continued to endure further injustices. Sojourner Truth's poem Keeping the Thing Going While Things are Stirring addresses the gender inequalities and the beginnings of the black woman suffrage movement. Black men were granted judicial representation, the right to vote, and were paid twice as much as colored women for the doing the same tasks. In the poem, Truth remarks

"There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights,

but not a word about the colored women;

and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs,

you see the colored men will be masters over the women,

and it will be just as bad as it was before."

Truth advocates for equal rights to include not just black men, but also black women. She further asserts that female slaves should be entitled to the same benefits of freedom as their male counterparts, otherwise black women will become enslaved to black men as they were to their previous white masters.

Harriet Jacobs and Sojourner Truth have found their place in history for protesting the abuses perpetrated against slaves. Their writings also extend beyond mere slave narratives and poetry as important feminist documents. The hardships of the black slave women far surpass those of their male counterparts. Both authors illustrate the additional hardships and struggles afflicted upon women slaves. In the poem Ain't I a Woman?, Truth remarks "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!" Slave women in particular have endured and tried to set the world right side up by seeking freedom and equality for all man, and "woman" - kind.

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