Changes

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Changes are natural part of our lives. They provide us with experiences that enable us to enrich ourselves. They offer us new ways of viewing and facing challenges. They also help us in visualizing our dreams and goals and in thinking of ways to attain them. Indeed, changes define a person. Since I have entered high school, many changes have happened to me that have greatly contributed to my well - being. Among these, two have helped me prepare for life in and after college. The two significant events have caused changes in myself, and these are living in a dormitory and becoming the editor in chief of our school paper.

Living in a dormitory. Have you ever slept in a hotel room? Then you probably know how it feels like to stay in a place where many other people before you have slept, ate, and bathed, too. It doesn't stop there. Imagine that you will have to extend your stay due to some delay in your business transaction. And, suddenly all of the hotels in that area get filled up and that you'll have to share your room with someone else. You would have to get along with each other so that there won't be conflicts in using the bathroom or when it comes to one another's schedule. Maybe this is already getting too far but at least, you already have a picture of what life in a dorm is like.

It doesn't stop with adjusting to your roommate's habits. You would also have to get along with your other dorm mates in tackling matters such as noise, garbage management and using shared properties such as the building's kitchen, refrigerator and television. Sometimes, the most trivial matters can cause misunderstandings between/among dorm mates like not listening to what he/she is telling you or telling them to back off or keep away from you if you have to study.

Dorm life sharpens your wits. You always have to be on your guard in case someone enters the dorm and starts stealing your things or when a fire breaks out. It helps you in making decisions. Definitely, you will still have to consult your parents regarding major matters but when it comes to everyday struggles and the final say on things, you are really in command because you are on your own.

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Being the editor in chief. Have you ever wondered how an agile acrobat maintains his grace and composure despite distractions? The title editor in chief sounds great, and the job demand is really great! It is indeed a great balancing act leading and guiding co-workers, getting support from school officials and staff, mobilizing and inspiring writers to act and interact, pushing people to work based on schedule of activities.

But life is really like that and instead of looking at the negative, I prefer to look at the positive side. I am simply happy when I hear reactions from readers and I see students reading the finished product of the group's concerted efforts.

Changes are natural part of our lives that should be embraced and cherished, for they will define who we are and what we would become in the years to come.

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Dolomite

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As you know that Dolomite provides a lot of convenience for all agricultural products such as rice fields, perennial plants, decorative plants, vegetable gardens, shrimp farms and fishponds. Basically, it can be used as a very good supplementary for farm crops, and vegetation. It can also help the agricultural cooperation to reduce their cost of production because of its lower price when compared with the chemical fertilizer, which has to be imported from abroad.

Moreover, Dolomite can also be used to enrich soil and generate plant growth in order to get higher standard and quality of products. If we use Dolomite, of course, the users are sure that it has no side effects and free from toxic elements. So all finished products can be safe and best suited for human health. Because of all these basic strengths, the finished products which use Dolomite as a fertilizer, can be re-packed and exported to the European Union (EU) as well as other global markers where tightly concerned on healthy and non-toxic food. So all farmers can enjoy the benefits from a larger market and can also take the whole world as one single market.

Benefits to Human Kind

In term of workplace, we will provide safety in environment and safety equipment such as mask, boots and glove for our employees so that they can be prevented from damage from working in the fields and loss of working hours. We will also arrange and provide good accommodation, food and all facilities, including transportation for them. In addition, we will also provide them with a pick up car, which can serve all staff with round trips routing from downtown and workplace so all employees can have more convenience and feel comfortable to come to work in the morning without any anxiety about traffic congestion. In the future, we have also planned social welfare such as provident funds and life insurance for the employees to make them feel safe and secured when they work with our organization.

Benefit to Community

Dolomite is a supplementary fertilizer. When the agriculturists use it, they can use it with the chemical fertilizer. It will make the agriculturists use less of the others. The agriculturists will produce high quality products, and thus the agriculturists will use less of the other fertilizers because Dolomite can make the plant grow more quickly. Dolomite has the capacity to make soil have more capacity to retain larger amount of water.

Dolomite is used for enriching soil before plantation, then it will be the cause of proportioning plant for growth. It helps the agriculturists to reduce cost of disease killing chemicals because it helps to reduce plant spoilage. When the agriculturists use Dolomite fertilizer, it makes them reduce the chemical fertilizer component by about 50%, and then the agriculturists will have more income and better product.

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Poem Analysis of Dulce

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Wilfred Owen was an officer in the British Army during the times of World War One whereby he deeply opposed the intervention of one nation into another as he believed that sufferings and pain would be set upon the innocent and the helpless ones of both countries. The harsh and negative-to-the-extreme language used may also be due to he being angry at the moment when he was writing the poem.

This poem sparks off at the scene where soldiers are brutally killed by gas bombs in the night as they walk towards their " distant rest ". It is said that Owen composed this poem during his World War I experience, however there is not enough information in the poem to support this. He wrote this anti-war poem to convey his idea or opinion of the horrors of war and death and that war is not worth it, as he speaks against the old lie perpetuated across the world Sweet and fitting it is to die for ones country, exposing the shallowness of the assumption behind this Latin phrase. Owen's main target audience is Jessie Pope, a popular children's writer who glorified the dying for your country in war as a patriotic and honourable act. His poem explains how the British press and public also comforted themselves with the fact that, terrible that this was, all the young men dying in the war were dying noble, heroic deaths. Therefore he also wishes to target this poem at the naïve British civilians at home and everybody else in the world, hoping to bring public awareness that war is hell, not a haven for honour and patriotism.

Emotion-wise, the predominant mood of the poem is negative. Pessimistic, solemn, morbid, grim and angry are some of the major moods present. There is also a change in mood throughout the poem whereby the words used become stronger and harsher from the beginning of the poem to the end of it whereby rhythm movement plays a part too (dealt later on). Through dehumanization and desensitization, the mood changes metaphorically, from white to red, white symbolizing grim and red as in anger. The feelings the poet wishes the readers to have are disgust, shock, horror, a sense of revulsion and sick. Owen wanted to throw the war in the face of the reader to illustrate how vile and inhumane war really is. He achieved this through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors that I would later deal with. Another one of the main emotions that a reader would have is sympathy for the soldiers who are suffering in agony and pain. At first glance, one would probably think that the poem is a bit too exaggerated but upon looking deeper, one would actually realize that it is not the slightest bit exaggerated at all.

Moving on to the craftsmanship of the poem, the poet utilizes a irregular structure in this inverted Shakespearean and Petrachan sonnet (8 and 6 scheme in the first two stanzas and a and 1 scheme in the last two stanzas) , whereby the ABAB structure of the rhyme scheme supports the sonnet like the structure. Sonnets have been

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well-known to be used for poets to express love however this sonnet here is shocking and offending to readers. This clearly shows that the poet's deliberate and ironic use of a sonnet to convey the shock and horror of war and death is highly effective. The intent fracturing of the sonnet structure mirrors the shattering of the "old lie". Before moving on to language, I would like to add another point, which is diction. Owen uses words like cursed in we cursed through sludge. Now, he could have said, walked instead of "cursed" but by using cursed, we know that the advancing was hard and that the soldiers were struggling at their wits' end, desperately unhappy and exhausted. Another obvious evidence of victims being flung into the wagon reveals the urgency and occupation with fighting. The only thing they can do is, toss him into a wagon. The fact one word can add to the meaning of the poem so much shows how the diction of this poem greatly affects its effectiveness. Language-wise, it is not appropriate to the readers as it is offending and harsh to the readers but it is highly effective in serving its purpose. Owen capitalizes greatly on the language by using strong metaphors and similes like "old beggars under sacks", describing the soldiers being so tired they have been brought down to the level of beggars who have not slept in a bed for weeks. These comparisons illustrate the point so vividly that they increase the effectiveness of the poem. Imagery plays a major role in the effectiveness of bringing out the main meaning of the poem as it evokes the emotions of a person to cause him to feel sick. The phrase Come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs can be disturbing and offending to think about as it vividly describes the soldier on the verge of death. " Drunk with fatigue" graphically portrays the picture of these exhausted soldiers, so tired that they ignore the sounds of dropping shells. The movement of the poem ranges from each stanza with stanza one bring slow thus mirroring the fatigue of the soldiers, stanza two being fast with very short syllables to mirror the ecstasy of fumbling as the soldiers tried to put on their masks in time. The third stanza is slow with long syllables and the fourth stanza is slow too, resembling reflections and warnings made by the poet to the reader. Onomatopoeia like "gargling", alliteration and assonance are also used to bring out the feeling the poet wants. These are some of the sound types used in the poem.

In summary, the poem is very successful as a work of art, being unsophisticated and crude, extremely effective as an anti-war poem, making war seem absolutely horrid and revolting, just as the author wanted it to. Owens use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument against the old lie that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country and that in reality the soldiers were dying obscene and terrifying deaths.

(1000 words)

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Macbeth

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The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare includes many themes that are not only relevant to audiences of the past but also relevant to audiences of today. The most relevant theme in the play is the effect of ambition on people. There are many examples of this theme presented in the play. Some of the other major themes that are presented in Macbeth are the conflict between good and evil, that appearances often hide reality so things aren't always what they seem and Reversal of values "fair is foul and foul is fair".

The most powerful theme that is portrayed throughout the play is the effect of ambition on people. Both Macbeth and Banquo are shown to be ambitious right from the beginning of the play, but their ambitions were very different towards the witch's prophecies. The witch's prophecies told of Macbeth becoming king and Banquo's sons becoming kings in the future. When Banquo heard this he just laughed it off and thought nothing of it. Banquo stayed true to what he believed in unlike Macbeth who was affected by the prophecies. When the witches told Macbeth he would become king he was stunned and excited. Ambition took over him as he planned to get rid of anything that stood in his way. Lady Macbeth was also affected by the ambition as she pursued her goals, in the excitement of Macbeth becoming king, with greater determination then Macbeth. Lady Macbeth would often pressure Macbeth into going through with things that he was unsure about. This theme still has relevance today as many people can be often over taken by ambition. An example of someone in modern day that this applies to is some prime ministers/ presidents.

Another theme that is present in Macbeth is good and evil. Both good and evil are present in humans. Throughout the play it is often difficult to say whether the characters are good or evil. When Lady Macbeth pushed Macbeth to murder Duncan her 'evil' side was conquering his 'good' side, therefore 'evil' prevailed over 'good'. At times in the play it's obvious to say that Macbeth and his wife are evil, but throughout the whole play Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are going through a constant struggle between the good and the evil within themselves. Macbeth's good side is shown when he is described as being a brave man "brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name." Macduff is built up throughout the play as a figure of goodness, but as with the other characters, evilness soon prevails in him. As after the death of Duncan Macduff flees to England, abandoning his family leaving them defenceless.

The theme good and evil is still relevant to audiences today as human nature has not changed. Everyone has good and evil inside them. Most people are usually good but can turn evil when given the wrong information to go from. An example of good and evil in today's society is terrorists. Help with essay on MacbethAppearances often hide reality is also another major theme in Macbeth. This is when words are used in once sense while meaning the opposite in order to deliberately to mislead or confuse someone. This theme is presented in the play when Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to "look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under't" (Act 1, scene 5, Lines 65-66). This is said just before king Duncan's arrival at their castle. Lady Macbeth wanted Macbeth to look sweet and innocent in order to hide his real motives of evil in his heart. Another instant in the play where this happens is when Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth "Away, and mock the time with fairest show, false face must hide what the false heart doth know" (Act 1, Scene 7, lines 81-8). By saying this he means that they should go to a feast with the king and pretend to be the king's loving subjects, even though they plan to kill him that night. By acting loving they are hiding their real motives and feelings from the king. This shows that appearances cannot always be trusted as the truth is often disguised or hidden.

Appearances often hide reality is relevant to audiences of the past and today as people will often act happy and put on an act when inside they are feeling a lot of pain. Humans often use their appearance to hide things they don't want others to see. This can be used as a protection method for the person. People use it in different circumstances to hide there motives from others and mislead them.

Another theme that is portrayed in Macbeth is reversal of values. This is represented early in the play when the witches state that "Fair is foul and foul is fair" (Act 1, scene 1, line 10) When Macbeth and Banquo first meet the witches they are horrified by their hideous appearances. After Macbeth started talking to the witches and hearing of their prophecies, Macbeth considered the witches to be 'fair' when in reality their intentions where 'foul'. Another example is how Macbeth advanced in life. Macbeth became the Thane of Glamis by his father Sinel's death, he became Throne of Cowder when the former namesake was executed for treason, and he was acclaimed king of Scotland after murdering the venerable Duncan. As one can see from this Macbeth's advances in life to 'fair' rolls were often come about by 'foul' means. Another example is from Duncan's statement "there's no art to the minds of construction in the face" (Act1, Scene 4, lines 11-1) Although Macbeth has the look of the friendly and kind host ('Fair') he is secretly plotting Duncan's death ('Foul').

As a result of reversal of values, what appears to be good or innocent to some of the characters in the play is often evil or corrupt. This leads to a great deal of confusion among the characters. The moral has been turned upside down and nothing is as it seems to be. This theme has relevance to contemporary audiences of today as well as the past as things aren't always what they seem. Things can seem to be good but often have hidden weaknesses that your not meant to see. Someone may seem to always have good meaning behind their actions when infact there good actions may be linked to evil.

One can see that the tragedy Macbeth has relevance to audiences of the past as well as contemporary audiences. Human nature has not changed so the themes represented in Macbeth still have relevance to people today. Many of the themes represented in Macbeth are portrayed in our ordinary day-to-day life.

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Computers

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Commerce Assignment

Part 1- The scene

i)

•Bottled Water kg -To drink water until stream is found and to collect water.

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•1st aid kit 1kg In case injuries occurs.

•Knife and Axe 1kg To hunt, cut down trees, etc.

•Matches and Kerosene 500 g To be able to light a fire for cooking and warmth.

•Kerosene lamp 1kg For light at night.

•Various cans of food kg To eat for food until food is found.

•Blanket 1kg To keep warm at night.

• person tent kg For shelter at night.

•A sun screening hat 500g For shelter

ii)Because they are luxury items and are not necessarily needed for survival, for example game boy and games are luxury items, and some items just can't be used on the island like for the coins there's no place to spend it at and electrical items need plug points.

iii)Yes I think you can survive with these items until alternatives are found, for example you could eat the cans of food until it runs out then you could start hunting for food.

Part

•A fresh water stream can be used to drink water from and to have an occasional wash.

•You could cut the branches from the bamboo trees using the axe and make a small hut by sticking the bamboo together with the sticky mud.

Commerce Assignment

Part continued……

•For food you could hunt the wild goose and rabbit by setting a trap up by digging a hole in the ground and covering it with leaves and branches so that when the animal falls in they can't get out (but you will have to mention the trap to others). Then you could cut them up and cook it over a fire. The bananas and cocoanuts can also be used as food. You could also drink out of the coconuts and then use the empty shells as pots, plates or storage containers. The potatoes from the potatoes plants can also be eaten.

•The small rounded rocks can be rubbed against each other to make fire and the large rounded rock can be used as a seat.

•The lilies can also be used as shelter from rain and used for clothing.

Commerce Assignment

Part

i)Advantages

•With money there is no need for bartering things and the problems associated with bartering wouldn't exist.

•It's not time consuming because like barter you don't have to find someone that has the good you want.

•

•It has a world wide value which means you can use it anywhere in the world.

Disadvantages

•It's hard earning it, you have to work hard (i.e. doing a job)

•It cost a lot to produce, which is actually manufacturing the money.

ii) The thing that could be used as a medium of exchange is the conch shells and it also fits in with the characteristics for money. It is scarce because it has to be found and its not just any shell it a special type, It is divisible because different sized shells could be different value, its portable because it can be carried around, its acceptable if it made sure it is a medium of exchange it will be accepted on the island, it's durable being the fact it won't break that easily.

Please note that this sample paper on computers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on computers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on computers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Atlantis: We Will Never Know

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Fantasy is a tough sell in the twentieth century. The world has been fully discovered and fully mapped. Popular media has effectively minimized the legend and the fantastic rumor, though to make up for this it has generated falsities not as lavish but just as interesting. Satellites have mapped and studied the earth, leaving only a space frontier that is as yet unreachable. But standing out is a charming fantasy the modern world has yet to verify or condemn the lost continent of Atlantis. The father of the modern worlds perception of Atlantis is Plato (circa 48-circa 47 b.c.). The Greek philosopher spoke in his works Timaeus and Critias of a continent in the Atlantic ocean larger than Africa and Asia Minor combined which rivaled Athens as the most advanced in the world. According to the legend surrounding Platos dialogues, the island of Atlantis was violently thrown into the sea by the forces of nature, and its few survivors managed to swim ashore and relate their story. There the legend was passed by word of mouth until an Egyptian priest related the story to Solon, a character in Timaeus. The priest admired the achievements of prehistoric Athenians, because when the rulers of Atlantis threatened to invade all of Europe and Asia the Athenians, on behalf of all Greeks, defeated the Atlanteans to avoid enslavement.

The works of Plato opened the floodgates to endless speculation on whether the continent described was fact or fiction. Atlantis has since been placed in Spain, Mongolia, Palestine, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Brazil, Sweden, Greenland and Yucatan. Every nook and cranny of the globe has been hypothesized; mountain peaks, desert lands, the ocean floor and even the barren wasteland of Antarctica have been mentioned in theories. While some of these theories are compatible with Platos works and are within relative reason, numerous crackpot theories have been developed using the lost continent as a basis. One of these theories, posted on the computer internet where it has access to over fifteen million people, talks in twenty-one pages of pre-historical lands with names like Oz and Luxor. These world wide web pages list over two hundred separate articles of proof for the existence of Atlantis, as in the following

Most all ancient civilizations believed in the TITANS, the race of giant humans that inhabited Earth long ago. Different races knew them by different names. These 7 to 1 foot humanoids were thought to be legendary until the excavation of over a dozen skeletons 8 to 1 feet tall, around the world, shocked archeologists. These skeletons were positively human. Some of these skeletal remains are on Maui in lava caves near Ulupalakua and Olowalu. The Spanish Conquistadors left diaries of wild blond-haired, blue-eyed 8 to 1 foot high men running around in the Andes during the conquest of the Incas. A couple were reportedly captured but died en route to Europe. If giant animals (dinosaurs) were possible then why not giant men? And why are these goliaths populating both Eurasia and the Americas? Only on a land bridge created by the vast continent of Antarctica can there be a sufficient bridge for the spread of these giants.

This text, written by self-proclaimed Atlantologist Steve Omar, represents Platos text taken to the extreme- using his ideas as a basis for outlandish and unfounded ideas.

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These unverified fantasies make a dubious complement to the other dark side of the Atlantean fantasy hoaxes. Atlantis has been discovered many times, but most notably in the fall of 11 by Dr. Paul Schliemann. Schliemann introduced himself as the grandson of the famous Heinrich Schliemann, the archeologist who discovered the ruins of ancient Troy in 187.

His discovery made front page news (The New York American, October 11.) and boasted of an advanced civilization with aircraft, power-driven boats and the like. Schliemann said his grandfather told him on his deathbed of the familys secret the location of Atlantis. Schliemanns claims made waves, but didnt hold water; when pressed for details, Schliemann was unresponsive and eventually disappeared from public view.

Unfortunately, the falsities concerning Atlantis frequently overshadow the possibilities. The subject has gathered its share of honest journalists as well. Ignatius Donnelly wrote the first extensive study of the possibility of existence in 188, and his views have not been found to be false with twentieth century technology. Donnelly believed in Atlantis, but believed it to be worldly; his reasons for Atlantiss existence are unable to be proven, but make sense. Some examples -There is nothing improbable in Platos narrative; it describes rich, cultured and educated people but doesnt mention things of fantasy like giants, hobgoblins etc.

Plato speaks of hot and cold springs in the center of Atlantis, a feature common to islands with volcanic activity. Chances are Plato didnt know this -Plato says in his stories that the Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, is always seen on a chariot with horses because he was originally the god of Atlantis, where horses were domesticated. But when Atlantis fell to the sea, the Greeks believed Poseidon brought his horses with him. Responding partly to Donnelleys theories and partly to the urge to discover, some 0th century archeologists have used twentieth century technology to look for Atlantis. But many have dismissed Atlantis as glorified myths of volcanic eruptions in the island of Thera in 1450 b.c. The eruption may have destroyed that island and caused a small earthquake and tsunamis that ruined the civilization of Crete, but didnt sink a continent. Therefore, none of Donnelleys theories can be proved without the actual discovery of the continent. The legend of Atlantis is only a huge collection of theories and guesses, but theories and guesses also led to the discovery of the lost Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, discovered after being buried and preserved by the volcanic ash of nearby Mt. Vesuvius. Because of this, the mystery of Atlantiss existence will tantalize the world until the continent is either proven or disproven.

Please note that this sample paper on Atlantis: We Will Never Know is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Atlantis: We Will Never Know, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Atlantis: We Will Never Know will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Investigating plant pigments

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Investigating Plant Pigments

Abstract

Pigments are coloured molecules which absorb specific wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum. The colour of an object represents those wavelengths which are reflected or transmitted by the pigment. Leaves are green because their chloroplasts contain large amounts of chlorophyll, which absorbs the wavelengths blue and red and reflects the green wavelengths. These wavelengths can be plotted as an absorption spectrum. The array of the wavelengths absorbed by photosynthetic pigments situated in the thylakoids is further increased because the pigments are noncovalently linked with a mixture of different polypeptides. The pigments where separated by a process call paper chromatography. The separated pigments where analysed using a spectrophotometer.

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This is a picture of an absorption spectrum for several photosynthetic pigments. As you can see chlorophyll a (yellow-green) absorbs mostly violet-blue and red wavelengths, chlorophyll b (green-blue) also absorbs blue and red wavelengths, while carotene (yellow-orange) absorbs mostly blue-green and green wavelengths. In my results pigment one chlorophyll a, absorbs mostly violent-blue. Pigment two chlorophyll b, absorbs mostly blue. Pigment three and four xanthophylls (a type of carotene) and carotene absorb mostly blue-green and green.

Aim

The aim of this experiment was to separate, analyse and identify the wavelengths which are absorbed by the pigments found in plants.

Hypothesis

I predict that chlorophyll a, will absorb mostly red because the colour that is reflected is yellow-green and red it at the other end of the spectrum. Chlorophyll b, will also absorb red because it reflects the colour blue-green and again red it at the other end of the spectrum. Carotene and xanthophylls will absorb mostly blue-violet because they reflect orange-yellow and blue-violet is at the other end of the spectrum.

Method

Extracting Pigments from Leaves

The extracting pigment from the leave section of the procedure was not preformed by us but by the science assistant.

Separating the Pigments by Paper Chromatography

•A strip of chromatography paper approximately 1-cm wide and 10-15cm long was obtained.

•A pencil line across the paper cm from the bottom was drawn.

•The toothpick was dipped into the pigment solution and placed in the middle of the pencil line on the paper.

•The spot was let dry and another spot in the same spot applied.

•This was repeated approximately 15 times.

•The chromatogram was placed on the glass stirring rod with sticky tape.

•The end of the chromatogram was placed in about 15mL of solvent in a jar and left for approximately 15mins

•The chromatogram was removed and the highest point of which the solvent reached was marked with a pencil and measured. And the different spots of pigment where circled.

•The pigment bands where cut out and placed in separate test tubes depending on how far up the chromatograms it was.

The separating of the pigments from the paper using acetone was not preformed by us but by the science assistant.

•The solution of the first pigment was places into the spectrophotometer tube and the spectrophotometer was set to 40nm. The process was repeated for the other pigments and the other wavelengths.

Results

Solvent .4cm

Pigment 1 cm

Pigment 6.cm

Pigment 4.7cm

Pigment 4 .5cm

Rf values for my pigments

Pigment 1 0.6

Pigment 0.66

Pigment 0.5

Pigment 4 0.7

Discussion

In this experiment four pigments where isolated from the spinach leaves.

The pencil was marked at the cm mark so that we knew where the pigment was placed and could accurately measure. The pigment which I believe was the strongest in spinach leaves was chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, because spinach is a green colour and chlorophyll absorbs wavelengths blue and red and reflects green so the plant will appear green. The chlorophyll also travelled the furthest up the paper.

In my hypothesis I predicted that chlorophyll a, will absorb mostly red. In the 00 results chlorophyll a, absorbed mostly violet-blue. So my prediction would have been wrong, for chlorophyll a didn't absorb much red at all. In comparing the 00 results to the 00 results I found that chlorophyll a did absorb a of large amount red wavelengths, yet also absorbed a large amount of blue wavelengths. I predicted that Chlorophyll b, will also absorb red. In the result of 00 it absorbed mostly blue. so my prediction was wrong, because chlorophyll b didn't absorb much red if any. In comparing my results to the 00 results I found that chlorophyll b peaked in blue-violet and red-orange. Carotene and xanthophylls will absorb mostly blue-violet because they reflect orange-yellow. This prediction was not wrong as carotene and xanthophylls did peak in blue-violet and green. In comparing the 00 results to the 00 results I found that carotene and xanthophylls absorbed mostly blue and red. In comparing the two graphs to the abortion spectrum of many photosynthetic pigments I found that the results of 00 where more correct for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, yet when it came to carotene and xanthophylls the results of 00 where more accurate.

In this experiment four pigments where isolated from the spinach leaves.

The pigments absorb colour and also refect colour, the colours that they reflect will be the colour they appear to the human eye.

The data that we calculated was no the most accurate. Errors are expected when doing any experiment. Most of the errors obtained by the group would have come from experimental difficulties, equipment, and the loss of particular pigments.

Experimental difficulties Placing the right amount of pigment solution on the chromatograms. Not putting the chromatograms into the solution to far.

Equipment The spectrophotometer may have been faulty for particular wavelengths. eg. The 40 wavelength.

The experiment was overall done well by the class. We obtained information which contributed to our knowledge on photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis.

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