"Huckleberry Finn"

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The main theme of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is adventure. The adventures of Huck show different emotions and the different roads of life. Mark Twain, the author, uses setting, theme, imagery, satire, characterization, and other elements.

Satire is used of human nature when Huck sees Sherburn shoot Boggs, who everyone knows is harmless. When the angry mob goes to lynch Sherburn, he takes a stand on his porch. Sherburn then himself makes his speech. He accuses the men of being cowards. He says that no one really wants to be there and everyone is afraid. He goes on to say that they failed to bring a true man, someone to follow who is brave and has a purpose. After the end of the speech, the crowd disperses. The speech was so powerful that it made Huck think, I could a staid, if Id wanted to, but I didnt want to. Twain uses Sherburns speech to satirize the average man. Huck learns from this experience about the average man and his limitations. This is a constant theme throughout the book as Huck is always learning and playing on the nature of humans. Through the killing, the speech, and Huck's emotion, Twain used satire to portray all the details to create an astonishing way for Huck to show his thinking.

Characterization is an element that Twain used strongly to show what type of person Huck really was. In the beginning of the story, Huck had no aversion to slavery. In the middle he meets a slave and helps him escape to freedom. In the end, Huck has a totally different view of blacks. The slave's name is Jim. Huck's characterization is showed when Huck's teacher talks to both Huck and Jim and therefore creates the difference in the way Huck and Jim talk. This gives Huck character. In the book it is from pages two to five. Huck grows and matures while learning things through Jim. Huck discovers the evils of society, but also discovers his own moral values. Twain shows Huck's characterization through the story by Huck's changes. Huck becomes more mature while taking the steps into manhood.

The setting is a very important element used in this story. The novel is set it St. Petersburg, Missouri, a town on the Mississippi River. The setting is natural meaning it's in a real town, not a fictional spot made up just for the story. Twain uses setting to bring out the bittersweet reality of the town. During this time racism is still strong and present, however it isn't as bad as it was in the previous history. Twain makes the town create the strong feeling of voice through the way people talk and their actions done. The setting of when and where the story takes place makes all the other aspects of the story come true. Help with essay on "Huckleberry Finn"Mark Twain used basic element to create a masterpiece. Twain used characterization, satires, and setting very strongly throughout the whole book. The elements made the story what it really is. I would recommend this book to anyone who likes reading about people's life and their adventures. It was a great book and made me feel like I needed to go out and learn more through others.

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Human relation

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¡°Maria Simmons is Director of Human Resources in a large metropolitan bank. Shi is 54 years of age and has achieved her position, after years with firm, through hard work starting at the very bottom level in the bank as a service clerk. Maria has a Bachelor of Commerce degree, majoring in economics and accounting.¡± (Peter, 00)

As we know, Maria is a very nice lady; she has enough experience in her career. She loves her job; she works very long hours and weekends. Maria likes to work with her colleagues and her subordinates. She also has a strong personality such as smart, conscientiousness, hardworking, optimistic and good communication skills. She has a good relationship with her bosses colleagues and subordinates. However, she is not a perfect people; Maria still has some disadvantages in her job and personality. She is too subjective and bigotry sometimes, she has too many stresses when the bank became more hierarchical and bureaucratic and she has lots of bifurcations with the new CEO of this bank. Because of these bifurcations, she has become negative, stressful. Furthermore, she wants to change another job which she never used to do. Therefore, Maria still needs to improve her behavior and personality in her job.

Maria likes to talk with her colleagues and subordinates, she has very good human relations with people, this is an effective human relations and it consists of nine guidelines ¡°be optimistic, be positive, be genuinely interested in other people, smile and develop a sense of humor, call people by name, listen to people, help others, think before you act and create win-win situations.¡±(Robert, 001) Through these nine guidelines, she can know her colleagues and subordinates' thinking, their ideas, their job satisfaction and also she can help them to solve their work problems. Therefore, Maria could create a win-win situation for the relationship between her and her subordinates. In addition, Maria likes to communicate especially face to face with her subordinates about their suggestions for possible ways to improve work procedures. This is very necessary to make mutual understanding between bosses and employees. Through this kind of communication, Maria can know the disadvantages of the work process, the positive or negative performance of the employees. After the talking, Maria can find solutions to motive, to improve the work process or employees' behavior to achieve a new level. Even there are some problems in the workplace; Maria tries to look at it from a variety of perspective with a view toward meeting the needs of other people (Peter, 00). She will not have the simplex view to look at the problems, she will have a group work to discuss and analyze the problems. Through these kinds of group focus, it could be more united and the problems can be solved easily. Maria has a Type A personality, which is characterized ¡°as fast moving, hard driving, time conscious, competitive, impatient, and preoccupied with work.¡± (Robert, 001).She signed the work contract, which only covers 40hours per-week. However, she works very long hours and weekends voluntarily, and she told her friends that the most important thing is being a well-respected and professional Director. Why does she work a long time and think the most important thing she could do is her job? The family problems maybe are the most direct causes in her life. She has no close family ties now and she had been divorced. Consequently, the job is the only thing she could do. For instance, lots of women could give up the very good jobs because of their family, their children. However, Maria is unmarried and has no children; she could not compare the import between family and career. That is just the possible reason why she works long hours without salary. Maria is very forthright director, she told her a colleague that she was a lot happier now as a manager of other people than she was as a service clerk (Peter, 00). That looks she is very pretension. Nevertheless in my opinion, she is a forthright lady; her speech may motivate other people's behavior. When you have a good, step by step work performance, everyone can get a good career; Maria is the good example.

However, Maria still has some problems in her personality such as bigotry, subjective, pretension; she is not a perfect people. ¡°When she hires new service clerks, she tends to prefer hiring younger people who have a Bachelor of Commerce degree with a major in accounting.¡±(Peter, 00).She has got the same degree of accounting, thus Maria want to employ people who have got the same degree because she is a successful example. She is too subjective. Different people have different personality, different attitude and different intention. Nowadays, a lot of young people have absolutely different thinking, and also we suspect their professional knowledge. Furthermore, when some problems were found, she would like to find solutions but not accepted others' methods because she takes a long time to produce them (Peter, 00). Another problem of Maria is pretension. She had been nominated for professional award as a quality mentor for women in human resource management roles by a women's leadership group (Peter, 00). However, Maria said she don't want to get the nomination and award because it is her responsibility. It will have a negative effect for other women. Another problem of her pretension was the inadvertent mistake which she hired a dishonest employee. Someone suggested that she should redesign the selection processes, but her response was pretension. Though she has a very effective human relation with her colleagues, but it still will cause some relation problems in the workplace. Nowadays, as the bank becomes larger and larger, a new CEO came into this bank, and he requires that managers and directors should direct and stick to the process of the work (Peter, 00). This sudden changing causes lots of problems, especially Maria's work environment. As mentioned above, Maria likes to work with her colleagues and subordinates. However, this work method is absolutely different with the new CEO's. She has spoken and explained to the CEO about the group works' effect for the bank, but it does not work. ¡°After three months later, Maria has been losing weight, looks constantly tired, is short-tempered and emotionally fragile and is taking more and more about looking for another job; things she never used to do.¡±(Peter, 00).In addition, Maria has avoided meeting the CEO on some meetings. She has too much negative stress about the work environment. ¡°Too much stress affects personal health, morale, productivity, organizational efficiency, absenteeism, medical costs, and profitability.¡±(Robert, 001).we can see Maria has all the characteristics of the stress; loses weight, looks tired, low morale and absenteeism. Why this could be happened? Because the organizational climate has been changed, the management behavior has been replaced, the degree of job satisfaction has been weakened. Maria has lost interest in and motivation to do her work because of the work environment stress. Her work behavior is very dangerous. She should adjust her behavior, and there are some advices for Maria to decrease stress. She can do some exercises and relaxations such as watch a movie, take a walk, have some fun and laugh. She has to have some nutrition like breakfast. The most important things Maria should do are positive thinking and talking to her friends. She need to think about the CEO said and try it, maybe it will more effective or not, maybe after two or three months later, the CEO will change his mind. Do not always think his require is useless, Maria should learn how to change her work environment.

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Comparing the Effects of Pain Coping Interventions on Functioning and Quality of Life: A Quasi-Experiment

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Comparing the Effects of Pain Coping Interventions on Functioning and Quality of Life

A Quasi-Experiment

Abstract

Objective To determine the extent to which an intervention aimed at increasing client participation in their own care (?) improves outcomes in the treatment of recalcitrant chronic pain.

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Participants Participants have experienced a variety of other treatments without success. They are referred by physicians to the "experimental" arm (Arm I), which is funded by public insurers; or to the "control arm (Arm II), which is not. Treatment is cognitive-behavioural therapy (?) in both arms; but Arm I also involves ….. (?)

Methodology Quasi-experimental design, pre-and-post study. Referrers are blinded as to differences in intervention style. Data collection is at enrolment, at discharge, and 6 months post-discharge. Data are entered into SPSS and compared using Student=s t-test or repeated measures ANOVA as appropriate. Variables include demographics, health status (SF-1), depression level (CES-D), a variety of pain management scales, employment status.

Outcome Measures Changes in health status, in limitations and level of activity, as indicated by the short for of the Medical Outcomes Survey (SF-1). Changes in use of pain relief techniques, as indicated by the Pain Relief Log (PRL). Degree of disability, as indicated by the Pain Disability Index b(PDI). Health services utilization. All data are collected at enrolment, discharge, and 6 months post-discharge

Results N=6; 58% male; mean age 46.1. By follow-up, there was a trend toward decreased use of emergency rooms for pain management (NS) in both arms. PDI declined from 4.7 to 6. in Arm I, and from 45.8 to 44.1 in Arm II. PRL declined from 16 to 11 in Arm I, and increased from 1 to 16 in Arm II; similarly, mental component scale scores from the SF-1 improved from 0.1 to 6.4 in Arm I and declined from 8.4 to .5 in Arm II. The Sf-1's physical component scale scores improved from 8.5 to 5.0 in Arm I and from 8.5 to 1.4 in Arm II.

Conclusion These results indicate that, even though clients= pain levels do not change, their abilities to function improve more substantially in the "experimental" arm. Thus, the intervention appears to produce the desired outcomes, and may merit further study.

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Unnecessary Ob-Gyn Procedures

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Reprint of Article seen on

HealthNewsDigest.com

NEW BOOK EXPOSES PROBLEM OF UNNECESSARY

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OB-GYN PROCEDURES

When a physician discovers pre-cancerous or dysplastic cells in a female

patient, the immediate recommendation is often invasive and sometimes

aggressive; the better-safe-than-sorry philosophy usually secures patient

agreement. But, according to the author of the new book Dysplasia, women

would be wise to think twice before conceding to the wisdom of their

OB-GYN.

The discovery of gynecological, pre-cancerous conditions in women prompts

understandable fear, says Brad Lewis, author of Dysplasia. The result can

be costly, unnecessary procedures completed by overly-aggressive

physicians.

Lewis claims a financial incentive drives doctors to recommend procedures

to resolve conditions which often pose no immediate health threat, and

which may be mitigated naturally or via less intrusive means. OB-GYN

physicians, faced with extensive overhead and investments in costly medical

equipment, hastily recommend procedures which appease the emotions of the

patient, but which can be medically unnecessary.

Dysplasia, a medical thriller, provides an in-depth look at the

inner-workings of a renowned OB-GYN practice, and probes sensitive medical

issues including the unethical and unsavory practices of some physicians.

Lewis, who relied on his own medical training and extensive research for

Dysplasia, hopes his entertaining novel will also serve as a real-life

wake-up call to women.

Dysplasia is reality-based fiction, he notes. Important information can

sometimes best be relayed and accepted when it is presented in a

non-threatening manner.

The bottom line Women need to be aware of aggressive male doctors whose

recommendations should not be taken as gospel, adds Lewis.

There are various types of pre-cancerous conditions; patient education and

second opinions can prevent the stress, discomfort and danger of

unnecessary procedures. The best and simplest approach between patient and

doctor is for the patient to be advised of exactly what the doctor knows,

and then let the patient decide whats next. There are tremendous

variations in what is considered normal vs. atypical. Dont jump to surgery

until you and your doctor are sure.

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Jesus and Contemporary Christology

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For many Christians, the concept of social justice is linked to Christology in that if detached from its origins it becomes merely a human endeavour. Many of the principles of contemporary Social Justice movements are inextricably linked to Christianity by way of Jesus and his message.

The Salvation Army is a Christian organisation that aims to help the poor in our society, those who cannot help themselves. Their official position on social justice is that Jesus Christ is the answer to humanities deepest need, and that Christians should apply his teachings of love and compassion to all human beings, especially those in need.

Caritas is a Catholic social Justice organisation which utilises the message of Jesus in terms of its' Social Justice mission. The Caritas slogan Compassion in Action, clearly shows the link between the organisation and the principle teachings of Jesus, namely Compassion, as does their vision statement, which includes the bible quotation

The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor.

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He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind,

To let the oppressed go free, to proclaim the year of the Lords favour."

(Luke 4 16-1)

These organisations along with many other social justice movements aim to practise compassion and perpetuate equality regardless of social stigma, and it is this endeavour that they are inextricably linked to the teachings of Jesus, but is it Jesus the Christ of Faith or the Jesus of History which inspire these movements?

Jesus in his time, the Jesus of History, was a Jew who lived in First Century Jewish Palestine, which was ruled indirectly by the Roman empire. To Judea in the South, a circle of religious Jewish aristocratic elites collaborated with the Romans, while Rome ruled in the North, Galilee, through Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great.

There were three main societal systems in this era, the hierarchical system, the peasant and the purity system. The hierarchical system was characterised by the dominance of males in society. The purity system was instituted by the temple leaders and excluded portions of society, including the poor and women, due to 'ritual uncleanliness'. The table on the overhead shows the characteristics of the purity system. The purity system created deep inequalities within Jesus' society, inequalities which he sought to eradicate. The third system of the society was the peasant system, which created a wide gulf between the rich and the poor, the worthy and the unworthy. Although there were three social systems in Jesus' time, the most socially unjust was the purity system, and it is this system which I will discuss in terms Jesus and Social Justice.

The main message Jesus was preaching was that of compassion and love to all humans, which is basically summed up in John 1 4-5 where Jesus says;

"I now give you a new commandment Love on another just as I have loved you, so you must love on another."

This main ideal of compassion and love meant, in the context of Jesus' message, that these principles should be practised in spite of the social stigmas, such as the purity system, which might have prevented the practise of compassion and love.

This idea of "compassion in action" is shown throughout the gospels, both in parables and Jesus' actions, but it is most clearly defined in these three examples; the good Samaritan parable, the story of the menstruating woman and the examples of Jesus healing the 'impure'.

The good Samaritan parable was when a traveller lay injured on the road, left for dead by many , including Jewish religious leaders, until a Samaritan traveller helped him and payed for him to stay at an inn, or hostel. On the surface this story appears to be about compassion and love to strangers, which it is, but it also has a deeper two-fold message. Under the purity system, both Samaritans and corpses were considered to be 'impure'. The first message of the parable criticises the Jewish leaders and people who did not help the injured traveller, who looked like a corpse, hence advocating compassion over social structures such as the purity system. By showing the Samaritan acting compassionately, the parable is directly criticizing the purity system as under the purity system Samaritans were considered to be unclean, and hence second rate citizens.

The story of the menstruating woman again shows Jesus' advocacy of compassion over purity. The story says that a woman who had been bleeding for 1 years secretly touched Jesus in a crowd to be healed. When Jesus noticed this he addressed the woman and healed her directly. To understand the significance of this action, it must be understood that blood and bleeding women were considered ritually unclean. Upon discovering himself touched by an impure person, Jesus should have, according to his society, gone to a cleansing bath and ritually cleansed himself. By not doing this, and healing the woman from her affliction, Jesus is clearly advocating compassion over social conventions, such as the purity system.

At the time of Jesus, all the maimed ill and diseased were considered to be ritually impure. As well as suffering their afflictions, these people suffered from the social stigma of 'impurity' which excluded them from many aspects of daily life, including religious life. Jesus in his life absolved these people from impurity by healing them, which is accounted in such gospel passages as Luke, which says

"As the sun was setting, all those who had people sick with various diseases brought them to him. He would lay his hands on each one of them and cure them."

By healing outside of the purity system and touching and associating with the impure, Jesus was challenging the purity system which said that ritual purity was a matter of observing ritual, one of the core pillars of strength of the temple, and again advocating compassion and love over ritual purity.

It is clear that the strong link between the social justice movements of today and the message of the Jesus of History is the core value of promoting and practising compassion and care to all humans despite social convention regarding the marginalised portions of society, although there is a link also to the Christ of Faith. The Christ of Faith is based on the idea that Jesus is the son of God, and hence his action reflecting the word of God. The Christ of Faith perpetuates the same ideas as the Jesus of History, but with an added authority derived from his divine origins; he is considered to be the Son of God rather than a normal human being. The fact that the religious church is based on the Christ of Faith also means that it is the Christ of Faith who has perpetuated these teachings of equality and justice through history. Pope John Paul the II has also stated in his encyclical, Redemptor Hominis that Jesus Christ, through the Incarnation, "…in a certain way united himself with each man," hence imbuing every human being with a deep personal dignity, which is one of the key principles of Social Justice.

It is clear that Jesus offers all looking for purpose and meaning in life an authentic spiritual experience. Jesus offers insight into universals principles of compassion and love in terms of the personal sphere in that he preached that all should practise compassion and love to their fellow humans. This offers a path more spiritually fulfilling that the 'me centred' one that many choose to take in this modern society. He also offers a deeper meaning to life in his call for society to rebel against the societal norms that may be causes of injustice and inequality.

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Operating systems

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Main developments in operating systems

An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief. The command interface of the DOS operating system (which you can still get to from your Windows operating system) is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived. An intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the non-graphical menu-based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to type in keyboard commands.

MS-DOS

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MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was the Microsoft-marketed version of the first widely installed operating system in personal computers. Most users of either DOS system simply referred to their system as Disk Operating System. Like PC-DOS, MS-DOS was (and still is) a non-graphical line-oriented command-driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not overly friendly user interface. Its prompt to enter a command looks like this

C

The first Microsoft Windows operating system was really an application that ran on top of the MS-DOS operating system. Today, Windows operating systems continue to support DOS (or a DOS-like user interface) for special purposes by emulating the operating system.

WINDOWS X

The windows x systems are all the windows, which begin with . E.g. Windows 5 etc.

Windows 8

Windows 8 (called Memphis during development and previously called Windows 7 based on an earlier schedule) is a widely installed product in Microsofts evolution of the Windows operating system for personal computers. Windows 8 expresses Microsofts belief that users want and should have a global view of their potential resources and that Web technology should be an important part of the user interface. Although building Microsofts own Web browser into the user desktop has been an issue in the U.S. Justice Departments suit, Windows 8 was released as planned with its tightly integrated browser.

In Windows 8, Microsofts Internet Explorer is an integral part of the operating system. Using the Active Desktop of Windows 8, you can view and access desktop objects that reside on the World Wide Web as well as local files and applications. The Windows 8 desktop is, in fact, a Web page with HTML links and features that exploit Microsofts ActiveX control.

With Windows 8 (or with Internet Explorer 4.0 in Windows 5), you can set up news and other content to be push technology to you from specified Web sites.

Windows 000

Previously called Windows NT 5.0, Microsoft emphasizes that Windows 000 is evolutionary and Built on NT Technology. Windows 000 is designed to appeal to small business and professional users as well as to the more technical and larger business market for which the NT was designed.

The Windows 000 product line consists of

·Windows 000 Professional, aimed at individuals and businesses of all sizes. It includes security and mobile use enhancements. It is the most economical choice.

·Windows 000 Server, aimed at small-to-medium size businesses. It can function as a Web server and/or a workgroup (or branch office) server. It can be part of a two-way symmetric multiprocessing system. NT 4.0 servers can be upgraded to this server.

·Windows 000 Advanced Server, aimed at being a network operating system server and/or an application server, including those involving large databases. This server facilitates clustering and load balancing. NT 4.0 servers with up to eight-way SMP can upgrade to this product.

Windows XP

Windows XP is the latest version of the Windows desktop operating system for the PC. Microsoft and trade publication writers view Windows XP as the most important version of Windows since Windows 5. Windows XP is built on the Windows 000 kernel but brings a new, more personalized look to the desktop that will also make it easier for users to scan or import images and to acquire music files on the Web and transfer them to portable devices. The new Windows allows different family members to use their own desktop and personal sets of files. In addition to the My Computer and My Documents views provided in Windows 000, Windows XP users see My Music and My Pictures. The Start Menu has been redesigned to make the most-used programs easiest to find. Windows XP comes in a Professional version and a Home Edition version.

There have been other developments in operating systems. A lot of developments have been made to virtual memory management, synchronization and communication, file systems, protection and security, operating system structure and extension techniques.

In a virtual memory (VM) system, the program code deals with virtual addresses. Upon use, the virtual address is translated by the MMU (main memory unit) to obtain a physical address that is used to access physical memory.

Some operating systems can simulate having more memory than is available as main memory, by storing part of the data in backing store, typically on disk. If the page referenced by the virtual address is not currently in main memory, a page fault occurs, triggering an operating system handler that swaps in the page. Some other page might be swapped out to make room.

Each process typically has its own separate virtual address space with its own mappings and protections.

Example of the relationship between the virtual address spaces of two processes, are physical memory, and backing store.

Main purposes of an operating system

There are many purposes for operating systems. I think the three main purposes are as follows

1.To provide a convenient environment for users to execute programs on computer hardware.

.To allocate, fairly and efficiently, the computer resources needed to execute the program safely (without adversely affecting other users or the OS itself).

.To provide a foundation for evolution to future services, while still supporting existing services.

Main types of operating systems

Operating systems is essentially the body of the computer. Every general-purpose computer requires some type of operating system that tells the computer how to operate and how to utilize other software and or hardware that are installed onto the computer. Operating systems can be classified as follows

GUI - Graphical User Interface operating systems are operating systems that have the capability of using a mouse and are graphical. Operating systems that would fall into this category are

1.Windows 5

.Windows 8

.Windows ME

4.Windows NT 4.0

5.Windows 000

6.Windows XP

Windows 000 requirements

Minimum Requirements

Computer/Processor1 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU.

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Hard Disk GB with 1 GB free space. Additional free hard disk space is required if you are installing over a network.

CPU SupportWindows 000 Server supports up to four CPUs on one machine.

DriveCD-ROM or DVD drives.

DisplayVGA or higher resolution monitor.

KeyboardRequired.

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Philosophy paper on Free Will

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Phil Paper

In the City of God, Augustine attempts to reconcile the ideas of a man; he respects very much, Plato, and his faith in the Bible and the word of God. Also, in On Free Choice of the Will Augustine has a series of conversations, which help him explain his ideas on the type of person that he believes God to be. He actually believes that Plato is a great man and he is in awe with the amount of work that came from him that seem to match the teachings of the scriptures. But while Plato does have a lot of ideas that are easily combined with the Bible he also has some that could make it hard for Augustine to use his ideas with his Christian thought. Because Plato is not really a Christian he has some ideas that Augustine finds unsettling and tries hard to reconcile with his own thought.

In On Free Choice of the Will Book I Augustine is having a conversation with Evodius about the virtues that people acquire (or should want to acquire) that make them better people. People better able to understand God. Augustine is trying to explain to Evodius the idea of good will. He believes that good will is the desire that a man should have, will to live upright and honorable lives. (On Free Choice of the Will Book II, p0-1) It is not enough that a man has will it must be good. Because will in and of itself is not good. He develops this idea from the idea of the four cardinal virtues. The four virtues are prudence, temperance, fortitude and justice. They are all virtues that are found in the Bible. It is said that every man should strive to have these characteristics within him. Augustine believes that these virtues are the building blocks of a man's character and these are the ideas that can bring one happiness. He believes that great wealth, goods, or reputation wont bring these things. The four cardinal virtues that Augustine holds up with such great esteem were actually the same virtues that Plato had come up with himself. Plato had this philosophy on these traits that a man should strive to acquire a hundred years before the bible was even ever written. Augustine believes that the will is inherently good because God gives it to us and since god is inherently and completely good our will could be nothing less than that.

The main point of Book II deals with Augustine discussing his proofs that there is a god. Augustine has many ideas that he feels help him make his point. The significance of Augustine proving God's existence is that it makes him have to integrate the ideas of metaphysics, and metaphysics is largely a neo-platonic idea. (Dr. Hunt lecture, /7) By being able, to do this Augustine will be able to take the ideas of Plato and the ideas he has about God and Christianity and make them all work with one another.

Three ideas that Augustine has though that help him come to terms with his beliefs are based largely upon the thought that everyone will have the same starting point of the picture of reality. Augustine does look at the world like a Christian and that is a very different mind frame from other philosophers, even Plato himself. In the City of God, Augustine explains that Plato divided philosophy into three distinct parts; moral, natural, and rational. Moral philosophy pertains to action; natural philosophy's purpose is contemplation; and rational philosophy discerns between truth and error. By breaking up philosophy in this manner Augustine believes these ideas allow for certain truths to be known about God in Him is to be found the cause of all being, the reason of all thinking, the rule of all living. (City of God, p117) The first truth is natural, the second rational, and the third is moral. While it is not for sure, whether or not that Plato purposely divided these ideas up this way to help people better understand the idea of good, it helped Augustine and he feels that it also served to help disciples of Plato better understand the nature of God.

In Book III Augustine struggles with the notion, that divine knowledge conflicts with free will. God is suppose to be all knowing and if he can already know what will happen then how can we have the freedom to actually make decisions. Augustine believes in the Principle of Alternate Possibilities, which is to say that a person acts freely in a way that is required of moral responsibility, only if they could have acted otherwise. (Dr. Hunt, /7) Augustine believes that a good deed would not really be so great if people had no other choice but to act moral. If the actions are forced from us, we are not then free. The problem with free will, according to Augustine, is that people abuse the free will they have. Because they are allowed the option to good or bad people will chose to do wrong even thought they know they shouldn't do so.

An issue that Plato has is the idea that if God is good then how can there be evil and why would he allow it to occur. Augustine has rationalized these ideas to himself and doesn't believe that there is anything evil about God because people do bad things. Augustine believes that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. Unfortunately these ideas are what make for more of a problem and I don't Augustine really helped clear anything up with that idea. It makes it harder for people to understand why people can do bad things and bad things happen if God is all of these good things. He even says that if he uses his will to do something evil then he has no one to blame but himself. Because a good god made him he can do nothing but live through his will. (On Free Choice of the Will, p7)

It seems that Augustine is sometimes annoyed that Plato does not seem to be taking a strong enough stance or seems conflicted on certain ideas about God. For example, Augustine points out that while Plato does believe in true religion he seems torn on the idea of monotheism and polytheism in relation to beatitude after death Of course this idea would be hard for Augustine to work around because as a Christian there are not a lot of ideas about the afterlife that Augustine could have. It bothers Augustine that his views on important issues don't seem to be clearly made.

Augustine is also conflicted about Plato's idea of the world soul and that human souls are made from the same things as the earth; fire, water, earth, and air. Augustine believes man's rational soul can not be material. He reasons that since the body, which is seen and judged in the mind of a thinking person, is not material. (City of God, p11) He reasons that the soul then can not be made of material cosmos for then how could God be material Augustine believes that nothing other that God can truly make people happy. This would conflict with thoughts from Plato because he wasn't even fully convinced that there was just one God who was running everything. Plato did leave room for the idea that there was more than one God and that he didn't necessarily know what all was out there.

It would seem that Augustine ability to take parts from Plato's philosophy and integrate them into is Christian ideals makes him better at fully understanding where he really stand as far as his own ideas about God and how he believes God to be. Augustine believes that it is all because of God that Plato could come to a point to be able to manifest his ideas. Even ideas that Augustine doesn't support like Plato feeling that polytheistic worship was o.k. I think that Augustine has done a very good job of these two strands of thought. It also is not as hard as it could be to put these two trains of thought together because the ideas are easy to find points of similarity. Even in the issues that Plato and Augustine conflict serve really to help Augustine become stronger in his faith and his ideals because he has to be able to put these two schools of thought together and be able to defend his own ideas.

Please note that this sample paper on Philosophy paper on Free Will is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Philosophy paper on Free Will, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Philosophy paper on Free Will will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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