Ragged Dick

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This Ragged Dick is myth that people is rewarded if he does his best sincerely. Hero Dick is the poor boy who makes his living by shoeshine. To money, he is very sincere, and his sincerity is trusted by rich man and he achieves to go into rich circle. However, such a myth is an empty dream that is not possible rarely very much. In Japan, the American society is considered to be society with the dream that a chance is given to everybody. However, it is a lie. Isnt it extremely difficult for the person belonging to a social of lower rank ba like this myth to achieve a success? For succeeding, the mans circumstance is important first.

Does the American dream exist in everybody or not? An answer is NO. The United States is connection society in a academic career-oriented society more than Japan. In the society in that mobs has gathered out of the world like the United Stase, personal character and the hidden ability should not be understood by any means in the interview for several minutes. An immaterial thing is made to the object of evaluation in the case everybody is sharing difinite culture. In the society that everybody is not sharing the common cultural base like the United State, the degree depending on a material thing, for example what degree in what grades in what university, and influential persons recommendation, will become large. People who is not a good university graduate and there is also no good connection, even if he has ability, a chance does not turn. Such conversation exists between Dick and the man in a book Dont you ever steal, then? No, I wouldnt. Lots of boys does it, but I wouldnt.(6). I agree he is an honest. But, the present time does the boy of a shoeshine win a great success cause living honestly.

There are many honest persons generaly.

The children of the home beyond a middle class build the home beyond the middle class which receives sufficient education and is again blessed with income. The children of the home below a middle class will re-form the low income earner layer below a middle class again, without the ability receiving sufficient education. And whenever the income gap of both layers runs after a generation, it becomes large. Whether it succeeds or not is effected by the circumstance where the man is born. If he is born in a family with money, it will become advantageous for succeeding. In a reverse case, in order for people who has not maney to be successful, it is necessary to try hard more than ordinary and a possibility of suffering a setback is also high.

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Naomi and Rose: A Journey of Self Discovery

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Most people at some point in their lives undergo a journey of self discovery. Naomi in Obasan and Rose in Simon's Luck both journey through the circle of self discovery by revealing, remembering and reconciling their past experiences, and thus become their true selves. Without completing this journey, they would both remain fragmented personalities and not achieve a peace with themselves concerning all aspects of their lives.

One of the first steps in this journey is to use the knowledge one already has of the past. By remembering experiences and events of the past both Naomi and Rose were able to progress through the circle of their journey. Throughout both stories, these women have helpers that either suggest or force them to realize and deal with their personal histories. One's history is oneself and we cannot be complete without remembering. (Kogawa, 54) Throughout Obasan, Aunt Emily helps Naomi by providing her with pictures, letters and pamphlets which spark memories that Naomi had long since pushed away. The time between the events which Naomi must remember, and the year 17 when her process of self discovery begins, is the solace which allows Naomi to handle the painful process of dealing with memories. On the other hand, Rose is able to begin accepting her past only by separating herself physically from the events. Naomi wished to remain close to her childhood home in Granton, Alberta whereas Rose began to recall her past once she traveled from Kingston to the West Coast and started a new life away from the people and places of her memories.

Remembrance of the past, however, is seldom easy or undertaken willingly. One of the striking similarities between Naomi and Rose is that both struggle to not remember. Naomi's belief is that "Crimes of history… can stay in history" (Kogawa, 44). She states that if she allows herself to remember everything she will be drawn into a downward spiral; thus she must only skirt the edges of her memories. (Kogawa, 57) Contrarily, Rose denies her memories by using her acting abilities to play the roles of different people. She refuses to be her true self, for fear of being unable to keep her memories at bay. (Munro, 154) To their benefit, both characters do recall the memories they wish to avoid. Naomi is able to use the photographs of her family, as well as letters, dreams and mementos of the war. Rose is reunited with a lady from her past whom she initially doesn't remember. Subsequent to their conversation, she recalled not only the people and events of Kingston, but of the many places and people she knew previously. (Munro, 16) Without these helpers neither Naomi nor Rose would have allowed themselves to remember the past. Forgotten memories would linger because "'However much the effort to forget' says one 'there is no forgetfulness.'"(Milton, ) With unresolved memories, both Naomi and Rose would have remained as fragmented persons since neither would have found peace with themselves or a unity with the past.

Although it was impossible for Naomi and Rose to truly forget their memories, neither could have completed the journey of self discovery without additional information that was necessary to push them towards the point of reconciliation with their past. Throughout Obasan, Naomi was struggling with the death of her uncle and her acceptance of the treatment of Japanese Canadians during WWII. In addition, a reoccurring theme concerned that of her missing mother. Naomi's mother had returned to Japan at the beginning of the war and was caught in the bombing of Nagasaki. She wasn't killed but suffered the horrible effects of radiation and remained there until her eventual death. Naomi's mother did not wish for her children to discover her whereabouts since in Japanese culture painful and emotional events were rarely discussed (Kogawa, 64). Without this information however, Naomi's questions regarding her mother remained unanswered and the full effects of the war on her life would not be realized. Given the intense bond children have with their mothers, and especially since her mother became the focal point of Naomi's world, she could not complete the cycle of self knowledge without this information. (Woodward, ) As Naomi said "Beneath the hiding I am there with you" (Kogawa, 65) and despite her lack of knowledge, in her heart she was still connected to her mother. She often spoke to her absent mother and asked her for help. (Kogawa, 64) This was her way of looking inside herself and finding the will to advance her journey toward accepting the effects of the past on her life. Through the unforgiving facts of the documents, letters and family journals kept by Aunt Emily, Naomi was able to discover the life of her mother, reconstruct her own past and become her true self. (Milton, 1)

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The knowledge Rose needed however, was not something she was searching for or wanted to uncover. She discovered in passing from a previous acquaintance that Simon had died. Simon, whom she had once been romantically involved with, prompted her decision to leave Kingston. At this stage, Rose was still unwilling to come to terms with her past. She used her skill as an actress to hide behind different personalities, and Simon's death struck Rose as a disruption. She thought it unfair that she had not been told of his death earlier and she still thought of herself as the only person that could lack control over life. (Munro, 170) Rose was not seeking information, nor was she consciously undertaking this journey to self-knowledge. Instead, this newly acquired information forced Rose to look at her past and begin to sort through and reconcile her previous decisions and actions.

The discoveries made by both characters, although not sought after and painful to acquire, were necessary in order to forgive not only the people who caused the pain, but also to strive for the forgiveness of self. As a result, they could move forward into the final phase of their self-discovery cycle.

After the painful process of remembering and discovering has taken place, the act of emotionally and mentally reconstructing ones true person may begin. This aspect of the journey must be consciously undertaken, as the spark of hope begins to burn and true forward motion to self discovery is initiated. In both Obasan and Simon's Luck the reader wasn't taken through this process with the characters, but was left with the knowledge that self-actualization does occur and reconciliation with the past is reached. Naomi is unwilling to live with disorder and internal chaos especially when it concerns herself and is not content with who she is currently. (Kogawa, 5) After remembering and gaining prior information, she is able and willing, to put to rights her past and become the person she is meant to be.

Rose, in contrast has not been eager to follow this path throughout the entire journey. She is upset when she realizes she is not incapable as once believed, but rather she is the one in charge. She doesn't suddenly become empowered with self-realization however as she believes this knowledge has come too late. (Smith, 1) Simon's Luck leaves Rose with the potential to still complete this journey and it is through other stories of Rose that the reader realizes she does undergo the resolution of her past actions.

The act of reconciliation is the most important step of this journey to self-discovery. Although new information and the re-discovery of forgotten memories is necessary to begin the acceptance of the past, to become one's true self an understanding of how and why these events have effected you is necessary.

A journey of self discovery is not restricted to those with circumstances similar to Naomi and Rose such as strange and difficult pasts, or unbalanced personalities. Far from being uncommon, many people will undergo such a journey at some point in their lives. Only during this journey will a person be able to become whom she is truly meant to be, and develop a peace with oneself regarding the events, actions and decisions of ones past.-

Works Cited

Feng, Pin-Chia and Lui, Kate. "Joy Kogawa; Obasan". World Literatures in English. 000. http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/canada/kogawa-past.html

Kogawa, Joy. Obasan. Toronto Penguin Books. 181.

Milton, Edith. "Unnecessary Precautions". The New York Times. September 5, 18.

http//www.princeton.edu/~howarth/557/obasan.html

Munro, Alice. "Simon's Luck". Selected Stories. Toronto McClelland & Stewart. 16.

Smith, Wendy. "Alice Munro Selected Stories". Wendy Smith Book Reviews. 16.

http//mrlloyd.shuckandjive.com/wen/munro.htm

Woodward, Mariann T. "Obasan by Joy Kogawa". Under the Covers. April 4, 1.

http//silcom.com/~manatee/kogawa_obasan.html

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Two Tales of Oppression

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TWO TALES OF OPPRESSION

To be oppressed is to be kept down by severe and unjust use of force or authority, and the arbitrary and cruel exercise of power is what we call oppression. Anyway one words it, to be weighted down in mind and in body is cruel and unjust. As Florynce R. Kennedy puts it, "There can be no really pervasive system of oppression… without the consent of the oppressed". The book The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood, and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's short story "I Only Came to Use the Phone" are two places where this quote is prominent in the lives of two women denoted in each of the stories. Both of these stories encompass the motif of oppression first through stripping the women of their identities, then through limiting their interaction with the outside world, and finally by forcing them to conform to new, and different norms.

The Handmaid's Tale is a set between the 180's, and 10's in the futuristic Republic of Gilead. After conservative Christians shoot the president and all of congress, they take over the United States and establish a dictatorship. Most women have become infertile due to prolonged exposure to nuclear waste and leakages from chemical weapons that were used in the overthrow of the government, and are deemed "Un-Women". These such woman are sent off to camps to help with clean up.

The remaining fertile women are taken to separate camps and trained to be "Handmaids", or birth-mothers for the upper-class "Wives" who are infertile. Households are created that include a "Commander", a Wife, a Handmaid, and a "Martha", who serves the Commander and his Wife as a house servant. In this newly created dystopia, being openly sexual is not permitted, as sex in Gilead is only allowed between the Commander and his Handmaid strictly for reproduction. Do my essay on Two Tales of Oppression CHEAP !

Women are no longer allowed to read or write, and are for the most part confined to their Commander's houses. Handmaids are allowed out only with another Handmaid to do chores, and they are required to wear large, concealing red dresses and white head pieces. Martha's are only to wear green dresses equally as un-flattering as those of the Handmaids.

This story is narrated by a Handmaid called Offred, named because she is "of Fred", the name of her Commander. The Handmaids Tale gives a detailed account of Offreds struggle within her head against a totalitarianistic society, and entails her recollections of happiness in "The Old Time", including memory's of her husband, daughter, and best friend.

There are several ways of taking away one's identity; one of them being the alteration of clothing. Offred, of The Handmaid's Tale must strip herself of the liberal garb that she is used to wearing, and step into drastically different and modest attire. At the beginning of the book, she comments about her clothing. "I get up out of the chair, advance my feet into the sunlight, in their red shoes, flat-heeled to save the spine and not for dancing. The red gloves are lying on the bed. I pick them up, pull them onto my hands, finger by finger. Everything except the wings around my face is red the color of blood, which defines us. The skirt is ankle-length, full, gathered to a flat yoke that extends over the breasts, the sleeves are full. The white wings too are prescribed issue; they are to keep us from seeing, but also from being seen." The draconian leaders of Gilead use restrictive clothing as a way of making one undistinguishable from the next. Individual identity is lost, and the label of "mass" is gained.

In Gilead, human interaction is not protocol. It is seen as punishable for a Handmaid to be caught talking to, or looking at someone unnecessarily. While routinely walking to purchase groceries, Offred sneaks a look at a Guardian checking a pass that allows her to leave the confines of her home. "It's an event, a small defiance of rule, so small as to be undetectable, but such moments are the rewards I hold out for myself, like the candy I horded, as a child, at the back of a drawer. Such moments are possibilities, tiny peepholes." Offred's natural instincts beg her to disobey strict rules, but it is usually only a quick, risky turn of the head to glance at another Handmaid, or passerby. This is a dangerous ploy to pull, as it is culpable by torture, or death.

Sexual intercourse every three weeks in Gilead is the new "norm" of reproduction. Commanders partake in vapid, insipid intercourse with his Handmaid, and the event is witnessed by his Wife. Sex is no longer used as an expression of love, or a means to feel good, but as a way to benefit a new society. Offred's comments show her feelings toward this new ritual. "I used to think of my body as an instrument of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will…Now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping." Offred is contrasting the way she used to look at her body, and the way she looks at under rule of Gilead. She feels that she is only good for producing children, and has completely lost her sense of self. Her comment connotes her internalized Gileadian attitude of women as objects.

"I Only Came to Use the Phone" is about a woman's despondency in a mental health center. Maria is mistakenly placed there after her rental car breaks down on a desolate highway, and she is picked up by a bus going to a mental hospital. Unknowingly, she boards the bus and explains to the dignitary that she just needs to use the phone to call her husband who is expecting her.

When the bus arrives at the hospital, she is guided in among the others, and somehow assumed to be a patient. After being admitted, Maria has a breakdown when she realizes that she has been deemed crazy and must stay in the hospital.

After two months of being treated for her "illness" Maria finally gains access to a phone and calls her husband, who has reputed his wife as a cheater after not hearing from her for months. Unexpected to Maria, her husband yells "Whore!" into the phone and hangs up.

Later, her husband is contacted by an attendant at the hospital, and he finally visits Maria. Upon his arrival the doctor tells Maria's husband that she is in poor mental health and must continue treatment at the hospital. When she learns that her husband, Saturno has not come to bring her home, Maria shuts him out despite his efforts to convince her that he will return when she is well. Maria continues her stay at the hospital, never to be heard of again by her husband, who later moves away.

"That same afternoon Maria was admitted to the asylum with a serial number and a few superficial comments concerning the enigma of where she had come from and the doubts surrounding her identity. In the margin the director had written an assessment in his own hand; "agitated."", an adjective that is read as "crazy" and subsequently condemns her to life of imprisonment in the asylum. This example from the text describes how quickly Maria's identity was taken away from her. Her name is replaced with a number, and she is forced to wear a "serge gown" that blends her in with the rest of the woman at the hospital. Her identity as Maria de la Luz Cervantes has vanished and been replaced with a label of "mental patient" that supersedes that of what she really is.

The first night that Maria spent in the hospital, she was given a sedative that put her to sleep. When she woke, "she was tied to the metal bars of the bed by her wrists and ankles. She shouted, but no one came." She is confused by this, and later upon speaking to a doctor, she is refused use of the phone. Maria also is forced to sleep in the guardroom with the night matron who sexually abuses her. These examples show the ways in which life in the hospital restricts her interaction with the rest of the world. She is forced to comply with what the hospital's authority tells her.

After two months of living in the hospital, Maria finally figures how to fulfill her desire for cigarettes by making artificial flowers for money. With the money that she earns, she is able to buy cigarettes from another patient for "the price of gold". In this new sub-culture of a sanatorium, Maria is forced to conform to it's norms by learning how to function within new monetary and trade systems.

The Handmaid's tale, and "I Only Came to Use the Phone" use several examples of oppression to show how pervasive, restricting, and hierarchical it can be. By divesting someone of their identity, controlling their contact with the outside world, and forcing them to comply with new norms, a dominant group has the power to define and name reality, and determine what is normal, real, or correct. The writing in both of these stories make the reader empathetic to the main character by exhibiting many qualities that abide with the overall theme of oppression.

Please note that this sample paper on Two Tales of Oppression is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Two Tales of Oppression, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Two Tales of Oppression will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Kohlber's levels of moral development

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1. The first of Kohlbergs three levels of moral development is the preconventional level. During this level a person is concerned with the consequences of their actions and it contains two stages. Stage one is avoiding punishment, a child will behave in a way that will not result in punishment. Stage two is satisfying a need. A child will do what it takes to meet a need or want they have.

The second level is the conventional level. It is when a persons descisions are based on societys standards of right and wrong, It contained the next two stages of moral development. The third stage is winning approval, a person will try to gain the approval of others using the standards of right and wrong. A person will do the right thing not for the sake of doing sometihng good but to get the approval of others. The fourth stage judgementsare based on law and order. A person will have respect for authority and try to follow laws as best they can.

The third and final level of moral development is the postconventional level. Stage five judgements are based on personal values. While law and order are still considered important, but if a need is great enough, they will break the law and follow their own values. Sixth stage reasoning is based on universal values like justice, dignity, and life. A person will make descisions heavily based on their values and will not follow laws that they dont agree with.

. As people get older they start to get wrinkles because the skin loses elasticity. The senses can sometimes dull, bones get weaker, reactions get slower. What a person can do to deal with these problems is eating well and exercising regular it helps keeps the body fit and flexible.

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While most people dont experience any significant cognitive problems as they age, some can develop a dementia, a serious loss of cognitive ability. People wih a demential can ahve serious memory loss, speech problems, difficulty concentrating on things, or even performing simple tasks. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. It usually causes severe memory loss and confusion. Researchers do not yet know the exact cause of Alzheimers but there are many theories.

When a person reaches about 65 - 70 they may be forced to retire. Many people looks forward to the freedom of retirment, while others worry about what they will do wth all their free time. When most people first retire, they begin to do the things that they wanted to do, but didnt have time for. However, when they have done all they wanted, or realize what they wanted wasnt as good as they thought, they often join volunteer groups, or get a part time job to occupy their time. Older people often have grandchildren, which they seem to have a better relationship with than their own children as they dont have to bear the responsibility of raising the child, but can still enjoy its company. Many people believe that when a person has retired they either go to a nursing home, live with their children, or move into a condo in a warmer climate, this assumption is false. Most older people stay in their home town because of the familiar surroundings, and they normally own their own home as well.

. When preparing for a test it is important to gether information about it, find out when and where it will be, what type of questions there will be, and what areas should be studied. A student should practice by studying on a regular basis and making up their own test questions to practice with. Group studying can be beneficial. Studying on a regular basis will make sure that a person isnt caught off guard by a pop quiz. It is also important to know how to take a test well. Carefully read all instructions and follow them exactly. Make sure you come prepared with right equiptment for the test be it pens, pencils, scrap paper, a calculator, etc. Getting stressed over a test doesnt help anything; and there are steps that can be taken to avoid this anxiety. Be prepared for the test, study the material on a regular basis instead of cramming the night before. Overlearn the material; when you think you know something, keep reviewing it and you will know it ven better. Think posetive thoughts. Negative thoughts will only make the experience harder, before you even take the test, tell yourself you will pass, higher confidence results in higher performance. When answering an essay question a person should first make sure they completely understand the question so while writing their essay they will not stray off topic. Read the directions, looking for keywords that will guide you in what to do. Before you write the essay make a quick outline to keep your ideas organized. It is important to express your strongest idea first, and the rest of the essay can be support.

4. Health psychology is concerned with the relationship between psychological and physical conditions, and the treatment and prevention of related physical illnesses. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. When a body is stressed, it is stimulated to release steroids, which inhibits the functioning of the immune system, and interferes with the production of antibodies. The most common type of headache is the muscle-tension headache. When a person is stressed, the muscles in the scalp, forehead, shoulders, and neck tend to tighten up. The longer the stress, the longer the muscles stay tense and a feeling of pain sometime accompanied by a feeling of pressure, will set in. Headaches can become a cycle as the headache itself is a source of stress, causing the headache to get worse. There are many causes of heart disease but there are three main stress related causes. Having a Type A personality makes a person more likely to get a heart disease because of all the stress they put themselves into. A constant need to control and repress intense emotions like anger and hostility can be very stressful, and lead to a heart disease. Job strain is also a significant cause. Overtime work, a repetative job, and conflicts in the work place are all stressful, and con contribute to the development of a heart disease. Cancer is yet another disease that stress can worsen. A persons body is subject to cancer cells rather frequently, but the immune system normally destroys them. However, if a person is stressed to the point where their immune system isnt functioning properly than a tumor can start and the cancer can spread. It has also been shown that stress can effect how the cancer will develop.

5. The main biological treatment of psychological disorders is drug treatment. It generally works quite well for many disorders. Antianxiety drugs help people deal with anxiety disorders and serious distress in their lives. The drug works by reducing the nervous systems activity, lowering the heart and breathing rates, and decreasing the stressed feelings. While the drugs can temporarily dela with the symptoms they will not cure the disorder, so the drugs are usually used for just a short period of time. The most common side effect of these drugs is fatigue, people may also develop a dependence for the drug. Antidepressant drugs are used to treat people with major depression, and sometimes they are used for eating disorders and panic disorders. Anti depressants increase the amounts of noradrenaline and/or serotonin. They increase activity and reduce the symptoms of depression, the drugs need time to build up in the system to be properly effective, it can take days or weeks. Some studies have shown that antidepressants are no more effective than cognitive therapy, and since cognitive therapy has no side effects, and helps a person deal with the problem on their own, many experts believe that antidepressants should be reserved only for people who dont respond to cognitive therapy. Antidepressants also have the side effects of increased heart rate and weight gain. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder, it isnt understood exactly how it works but it flattens out a persons mania and depression cycles. The main side effects of lithium are impaired memory, shakiness, and excessive thirst. Antipsychotic drugs treat people with schizophrenia. They reduce levels of agitation, delusions and hallucinations. With the use of this drug, people who would normally have to live in a mental hospital, can now live relatively normal lives. The side effects are balance and coordination problems, tremors, and twitching, but these only appear after prolonged use.

Electroconvulsive Therapy, also known as ECT, is a method now used rarely, and only for people who dont respond to less extreme measures. A patient is knocked unconcious with an anisthetic, and an electrical current is passed through the brain, it causes violent involuntary convulsions. It is known to help severely depressed people who didnt respond to drug therapy. The ECT treatment is very controversial because it is not understood how it works, and it has severe side effects like memory loss.

A method even more controversial than ECT is psychosurgery. It is brain surgery to treat psychological disorders. The most common technique is prefrontal lobotomy, it is used to reduce violence and agitation in a person. The procedure involves cutting the nerve connections in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus. This treatment has severe side effects such as overeating, reduced learning ability, seizures, apathy, social withdrawl, distractability, reduced creativity, and sometimes death.

Please note that this sample paper on Kohlber's levels of moral development is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Kohlber's levels of moral development, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Kohlber's levels of moral development will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Marie Curie

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Marie Curie. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Marie Curie paper right on time.

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I chose Marie Curie because she was a great asset to science. She discovered Radium and polonium. Without her we could not be able to cure people with cancer or even take a simple x-ray. Everyday she lives on through the items she made. It was great to learn about her since she did so much for everyone. She made it possible for them to do heart surgery on me and not hurt me because of the x-ray they took. I wanted to do my project on her since she helped keep me alive. Plus she sacrificed herself to do it. She was a major contribution to the medical world. It was very cool to learn all about her and her life. The rest of this paper is all about what she did in life and her contributions to the world we know.

Marie Curie was born on November 7th 1867 in Warsaw Poland. Her name before she was married and was changed to English was Marya Sklodowsha. Marie was the youngest of five children. Marie was born right in their apartment on Freta Street. She was the child of Bronislawa and Wladysaw. Marie's mother Bronislawa was a schoolteacher and the head mistress of one of Warsaw's better girl's schools plus she ran the big household of five kids and a husband. Marie's father Wladysaw ran several schools including a reformatory school. Marie's Father also studied Biology at the university of Warsaw. He never missed out on an opportunity to teach his kids something.

When Marie was four Wladysaw's brother came to live with them for a little while. Little did anyone know he was infected with Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a deadly flu that is carried in the air. There was no cure for it back then. Bronislawa because of this got infected with Tuberculosis. Bronislawa would often go with Marie's oldest sister Zosia to a warmer climate for a cure. When Bronislawa was home she isolated from the kids in another room. When Marie was nine Bronislawa died. This was the first tragedy in Marie's life. Marie got depressed and wouldn't stop crying for a long time. This got Marie on her first track to being a scientist. Marie and her sisters would often play doctor that would find out the magical cure.

In the 170's the polish resistance began. This is when Russia, Prussia and Austria invaded and took over Poland. The section where Marie and her family lived Russia controlled. They split Poland up between the countries. Wladysaw did not participate in armed revolt against the countries but he did participate in the passive resistance. Passive resistance is when teachers continued to teach polish curriculum when Russian authorities weren't around. When Russian authorities were around they read Russian passages. Since Marie was the best student in the class often she would have to read Russian passages out loud in Russian. At 10 Marie was transferred to a Russian controlled school where they only spoke Russian in class and were only taught Russian curriculum. This didn't bother Marie to much just made her work harder. Marie and her family had to move to student borders since Marie's father lost his job because the way he ran his school the passive resistance way. His job was given to a Russian. At fifteen Marie graduated and was valevictorian. After all the hard work Marie went through she suffered from depression because of it. Marie's Father then sent Marie and Helena off to their rich uncles house so they could relax.

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After relaxing for a bit Bronia and Marie came up with a plan for both of them to get money to go to college in Paris. They could not go to college at the University of Warsaw because Russian rule said women could not go to college. Marie would go and work as a governess and support Bronia while she went to college in Paris at Sorbonne for medical school.. Marie while she was a governess she attended the "Flying University". The Flying University was a secret academy that taught college coerces to women who couldn't move. These were taught by college professors at houses museums. Marie attended science classes during the week and then performed labs at her cousins lab on weekends on her own.

While she was a governess she fell in love with her employers son Kazimierz. They often talked about marriage but their parents rejected her. They rejected her because of her family's financial situation. This made her work even harder. This is When she chose to study mathematics and physics. All hope for Kazimierz and her was gone when she left for college.

In 181 Marie finally got to go to Sorbonne in Paris. When she started college she moved in with her sister Bronia and her husband also named Kazimierz. Marie liked it for a while having people stop by that were friends of Kazimierz that were polish socialists that loved to talk about politics. When she got serious about school though it got a little to crowded. Kazimierz had clients during the day and the ran a free clinic in the evening. This is when Marie moved to the sixth floor of the Latin Quarter on the left bank of Paris.

In 18 Marie graduated first in her class in Physics. Even after this she kept on studying at Sorbonne. She finished her masters in mathematics one year later this time second in her class. During the spring she was at a friends house and met a guy named Pierre Curie. A few months after this Pierre and Marie were engaged. They were both very different Marie would always go after go after what she wanted. Pierre was a drop out and had a learning disability. At age 18 Pierre got his masters degree. After this he worked with his brother studying crystals. There research resulted in the discovery of piezo-electricity when he was 1. Pierre never wrote up a thesis to finish his decorate. When Pierre decided to win Marie over. This is when Pierre wrote up his thesis for his decorate. Marie and Pierre were married on July 6th 185.

For the next fourteen years her and Pierre would collaborate together in radioactivity. Marie played chemist and Pierre was to work on the physics of it. Marie's thesis was to find more radioactive elements like Uranium. Becquerel discovered uranium one year before. Pierre got her a lab to work for courtesy of EPCI where Pierre worked. The labatory wasn't all that great to work in. Marie also relied on a instrument that Pierre built called piezo-electrical that measures radioactive particles. Marie came up with the idea that radioactivity was caused by atoms. In 10 Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity.

To produce radium from uranium takes a long time and was very time consuming. One mole of radium had a mass of 6 grams. It is guessed that she was exposed to 1 rem (unit of radiation) a week. Now .0 rem is considered dangerous. After all the press got there word in Radium was considered the miracle drug. Marie kept a glass vial of radium salts by her bed at home. In the dark it would produce a blue glow. Marie and Pierre both had scars on there fingers and constantly hurt because of holding radioactive samples. The Curie's and Becquerel had all accidental burns on them from radium salts. Marie was always tired without being ill and she also lost 15 pounds. After her first child Irene who was born on September 1th 187 she had a miscarriage to her second child due to radiation exposure. What the Curies did not know is radium gives off what they call gamma rays. Gamma rays are very dangerous and destroy tissue and will destroy anything but lead. In December 10 the Curies were to sick to receive there nd Nobel Prizes. Their doctors could find nothing wrong with them.

In December 104 they had their second child Eve. Three years later Pierre was getting really sick and was having back problems. Marie was also getting sick. Marie was now spending less time at the lab. Eve was now getting sick. On April 1th 106 Pierre died by opening his umbrella on the way into a street. A car then hit him. After Pierre's death Sorbonne University appointed Marie as professor of Physics. In 10 they started construction on a lab that was promised to Pierre called the Radium Institute. In 110 Marie started to see Paul Langevin a fellow scientist. This affair almost lost Marie her Job. Paul was married with four children. Marie wrote letters to Paul trying to get him to leave his wife for her. Jeanne (Pauls wife) intercepted the letters and blackmailed Marie by saying shed publish them. Marie gave her 5,00 francs. Parts of her letters were still published and protestors surrounded her house and lab. Marie won another Nobel prize for discovering polonium another radioactive element earlier that year. She was asked not to come because of the scandal but did anyway.

Marie now went under kidney surgery. Her kidneys had been scared from TB and got infected years later. Her recovery took about a year and she barely got to see her kids. During ww1 Marie And Irene developed the x-ray machine and trained doctors to use it. Teaching them how to find and remove bullets. Irene followed in her mom's footsteps studying radioactive elements. When Irene was 8 she married Frederick Joliot and became a research team just like Marie and Pierre. The Curie-Joliot team one a Nobel Prize for artificial Radiation.

When Marie was sick she would still go to work and do her daily rounds trying to give help to her researchers anyway she could. She would check their research and give any help necessary. Marie then came down with cataracts in her eyes and needed surgery. She came down with tittinitus and also the pains that Pierre and many scientists came down with from radiation poisoning. On July 4th 14 Marie died of leukemia. It is now known that she died of radiation exposure. She had more exposure then anyone ever. Marie's ashes were buried in a crypt in the Pantheon witch is dedicated to heroes.

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This is my smart essay

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The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of sugar water on a potato after 4 hours. Three different solutions were given to perform this experiment, distilled water, 0% water 10% sugar solution, and 80% water 0% sugar solution.

My hypothesis, that within 4 hours, I think that the potato core with the most sugar in its solution would turn out to be the biggest because of the density of the sugar, the potato core in the distilled water would turn out smallest, was correct. I know this because my hypothesis was tested in our experiment.

On the first day of this experiment, all of the potato cores were matching in size, mass, diameter, and volume. They were 5 millimeters in length, 1 millimeters in diameter, 4 milliliters in volume, and 4. grams in mass. On the second day, Core A stayed the same on all measurements except for its mass, changing by .7 is now grams in mass. Core B gained millimeters in its length, 1 millimeter in its diameter, and it had lost 1.5 grams in its mass. its new measurements were 7 millimeters in length, 14 millimeters in diameter, 4 milliliters in volume, and 4. grams in mass. Core C gained 5 mm in its length, 1 mm in its diameter, 1 milliliters in volume, and it had lost .7 g in mass. Its new measurements are 0 millimeters length, 5 millimeters diameter, 5 milliliters volume, and 5 grams mass.

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Many things could have caused errors in this experiment. On the first day of the lab, after removing the cores from the potato, the cores were very moist, and after measuring the mass of the cores, much of that moisture could have evaporated into the air and the cores could have gotten much lighter. The solutions could have been too shallow for the cores and the cores would have not been fully exposed to it. If any of the water in the solutions had evaporated before being placed into the cup, they would not have stayed at the correct ratio of water and sugar which would then lead to incorrect data.

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Derivatives

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According to Peter Coy of the International Swap & Derivative Association, the estimated derivative market worldwide encompasses over150 trillion dollars. This is in far excess of the yearly Gross National Product of the entire United States!

But what exactly are derivatives? Derivatives are financial contracts in which two or more parties take opposite positions as to how a price, index, or interest and currency rates are going change. They, in effect, "derive" their value based on an underlying asset. According to Arnold J. Pattler, these measurable values are based on common stocks and bonds, commodities such gold and oil, broad based indexes, and rates. According to the Federal Reserve Bulletin, derivatives can be classified as forwards and futures, which are agreements to buy or sell something at a specific price and at a specific date, and options which allows the holder of the derivative the opportunity to sell or buy something at a specific price. Basically, derivatives are used to better manage business and revenue risk through hedging, although they are also used for arbitrage and speculation purposes. Peter Coy explains that derivatives primary purpose is to transfer the risk from people that do not want it to speculators who are willing to expose themselves to it in order to generate a profit (as in hedging). As mentioned before, the market for derivatives is and will continue to be immense, and one of the primary concerns was how to properly record the derivatives in the financial statements and how make them easier to understand.

Prior to the issuance and implementation of the Financial Accounting Statement (FAS) 1 "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities", the accounting procedures to record derivatives was unclear and imprecise. According to Angela Hwang and John S. Patouhas, under FAS 80 "Accounting for Futures Contracts," which preceded FAS 1, many companies did not properly record their derivatives and/or their hedging gain and losses. In addition, they comment that people who relied on the derivatives information did not received any guidance from auditors of how treat hedge accounting. Financial users and CPA's often didn't thoroughly understood how to handle derivatives. Another problem before the implementation of FAS 1 is that commodity industries did not considered their contracts on the sale or purchase of gold, oil and other commodities as derivatives. Instead they consider them as a normal sale or purchase contract.

Statement 1 was issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) in June 18 and became effective in June 15, 000. FAS 1 stipulates the following rules regarding derivatives and the effects upon the financial statements.

1.Derivatives are contracts that creates' rights and obligations that meet the definition of assets and liabilities.

.Fair value is the only relevant measure of reporting derivatives.

.Only assets and liabilities should be reported on the balance sheet.

4.Gains and losses on derivatives must be reported currently in earnings, except in specific situations where they are reported in Other Comprehensive Income. Special hedge accounting may offset those earnings based on gains or losses by the hedged item.

Some of the items that should be considered as derivatives are commodity and futures contracts, certain loan commitments, forwards, some equity warrants, and options contracts on private companies. This new standard allows the hedging transactions to be more "transparent in the financial statements". In addition, this statement applies to all types of entities, both private and non-private, profit and non-profit organizations.

But the reasoning behind the creation of FAS 1 wasn't based only on the previous inconsistencies established within FAS 80. The 10's saw unprecedented losses by both financial and non-financial institutions with regard to derivative trading. Most notably was the collapse of Barings, a British bank that suffered a total loss in excess of $1 billion, all due to the trading of Nick Leeson, who made large bets on the direction of the Nikkei 5 (Japan) index. The Japanese bank, Sumitomo, suffered nearly $ billion in losses in the copper spot, futures, and options market. Domestically, Orange County treasurer Robert Citron also lost $ billion by speculating on interest rates, thus sending the county into bankruptcy. Scores of other companies also saw dramatic losses through the use of improper derivative trading, and were often perpetrated by a lone individual with unlimited trading power within the company. As regulators of accounting standards, it was clear that FASB had to take further steps toward dictating how derivatives must be reported in order to stop much of the careless risks that many companies were willing to accept.

Many have been critical of FAS 1, mainly due to the excessive costs and resources companies have incurred in implementing them. For some large companies with significant hedging activities, training in excess of 1 months for FAS 1 is not unusual. But, an incalculable benefit to the requirements of FAS 1 is that more information about a companies hedging program will be revealed to investors, and a more thorough understanding of hedging practices is now needed. For companies to justify their use of hedge accounting, they must now prove that their fair value and cash flow hedges are "highly effective." In addition to the more detailed requirements, companies will also have to provide an expanded description of its risk management philosophies and strategies. From this, investors and analysts will now be able to better determine if critical financial exposures are being hedged effectively or not. In the long run the market will reward those companies with prudent hedging programs.

It is essential that companies define ways to limit financial risk. FAS 1 now provides insight into how derivatives may be reported, whether it is used for hedging, speculation, or arbitrage. Tempting as it is to turn a blind eye to those who violated risk limits as long as profits occurred, the new rules will require closer monitoring by company leaders as to how derivatives may be used and whom may trade them. Clearly it should limit the tendency for top management to take unreasonable risks in order to realize greater profits. It has also brought attention to the fact that it is extremely dangerous to try and outguess the market. Liquidity risk should also be on the forefront of every derivative trader. Many exotic and less actively traded derivatives can often times sell at steep discounts to their theoretical value. This is what happened to Long Term Capital Management, whose arbitrage opportunities disappeared when the Russian Bond market collapsed in 18. What appeared as a sure fire way to make money vanished overnight, and the hedge fund was bailed out to the tune of $4 billion. Risk limits will now be set much lower than previously allowed due to the need to recognized derivative liabilities within the balance sheet.

Despite the efforts of the FASB to require companies to report their derivative transactions, there still some companies that dislike derivatives for their inherent risk and think that they should be treated ass off-balance sheet items. In the Securities Litigation & Regulation Report, America's foremost investor Warren Buffet warned called derivatives "financial weapons of mass destruction" because they can bring down profitable industries. Buffet continues to mention that derivatives are contracts with varying durations and that their value is tied to complex variables. In addition, Buffet explains that other drawbacks of the derivative markets is that they generate earnings that are reported in overstated amount, that the risk of the derivatives are concentrated in few dealers, and that it is often difficult to determine their actual value. Parties involved in derivative risk management tend to lie as to how they account for them, and that derivatives have facilitated numerous frauds.

Focusing on certain derivative instruments, the SEC explains that they have been used in structuring off-balance sheet arrangements. Basically, derivatives that are index to stock options and classified as stock holders equity are treated as off-balance sheet arrangements because those derivatives are not transparent to users of the Financial Statements and because since they are classified as equity, any change in the fair value may not be periodically recorded on the Financial Statements (SEC web-site).

Although derivatives are not well understood and arguments about the correct accounting treatment still persist, the FASB has worked hard to ensure proper accounting for them. Statement 1 will help is making audit process more efficient, with derivatives marked to market on the balance sheet, and now more disclose information is required. This will reduce off-balance sheet transactions, and gives a clearer picture of the risk inherent in trading derivatives. To make derivative accounting clearer, FASB issued statement 14 "Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Liabilities and Equities", which is an amendment of FAS 1. The amendments on the issued standard will improve the reporting of derivatives by requiring that contracts with similar characteristics be accounted in the same manner. Further more, it stipulates which contracts meet the characteristics of derivatives, and what components of derivatives require special reporting. This statement will become effective on June 15, 00. It is clear that this issue will continue to be highly controversial within the business world and may never be fully remedied.

Please note that this sample paper on Derivatives is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Derivatives, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Derivatives will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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