Kohlber's levels of moral development

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1. The first of Kohlbergs three levels of moral development is the preconventional level. During this level a person is concerned with the consequences of their actions and it contains two stages. Stage one is avoiding punishment, a child will behave in a way that will not result in punishment. Stage two is satisfying a need. A child will do what it takes to meet a need or want they have.

The second level is the conventional level. It is when a persons descisions are based on societys standards of right and wrong, It contained the next two stages of moral development. The third stage is winning approval, a person will try to gain the approval of others using the standards of right and wrong. A person will do the right thing not for the sake of doing sometihng good but to get the approval of others. The fourth stage judgementsare based on law and order. A person will have respect for authority and try to follow laws as best they can.

The third and final level of moral development is the postconventional level. Stage five judgements are based on personal values. While law and order are still considered important, but if a need is great enough, they will break the law and follow their own values. Sixth stage reasoning is based on universal values like justice, dignity, and life. A person will make descisions heavily based on their values and will not follow laws that they dont agree with.

. As people get older they start to get wrinkles because the skin loses elasticity. The senses can sometimes dull, bones get weaker, reactions get slower. What a person can do to deal with these problems is eating well and exercising regular it helps keeps the body fit and flexible.

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While most people dont experience any significant cognitive problems as they age, some can develop a dementia, a serious loss of cognitive ability. People wih a demential can ahve serious memory loss, speech problems, difficulty concentrating on things, or even performing simple tasks. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. It usually causes severe memory loss and confusion. Researchers do not yet know the exact cause of Alzheimers but there are many theories.

When a person reaches about 65 - 70 they may be forced to retire. Many people looks forward to the freedom of retirment, while others worry about what they will do wth all their free time. When most people first retire, they begin to do the things that they wanted to do, but didnt have time for. However, when they have done all they wanted, or realize what they wanted wasnt as good as they thought, they often join volunteer groups, or get a part time job to occupy their time. Older people often have grandchildren, which they seem to have a better relationship with than their own children as they dont have to bear the responsibility of raising the child, but can still enjoy its company. Many people believe that when a person has retired they either go to a nursing home, live with their children, or move into a condo in a warmer climate, this assumption is false. Most older people stay in their home town because of the familiar surroundings, and they normally own their own home as well.

. When preparing for a test it is important to gether information about it, find out when and where it will be, what type of questions there will be, and what areas should be studied. A student should practice by studying on a regular basis and making up their own test questions to practice with. Group studying can be beneficial. Studying on a regular basis will make sure that a person isnt caught off guard by a pop quiz. It is also important to know how to take a test well. Carefully read all instructions and follow them exactly. Make sure you come prepared with right equiptment for the test be it pens, pencils, scrap paper, a calculator, etc. Getting stressed over a test doesnt help anything; and there are steps that can be taken to avoid this anxiety. Be prepared for the test, study the material on a regular basis instead of cramming the night before. Overlearn the material; when you think you know something, keep reviewing it and you will know it ven better. Think posetive thoughts. Negative thoughts will only make the experience harder, before you even take the test, tell yourself you will pass, higher confidence results in higher performance. When answering an essay question a person should first make sure they completely understand the question so while writing their essay they will not stray off topic. Read the directions, looking for keywords that will guide you in what to do. Before you write the essay make a quick outline to keep your ideas organized. It is important to express your strongest idea first, and the rest of the essay can be support.

4. Health psychology is concerned with the relationship between psychological and physical conditions, and the treatment and prevention of related physical illnesses. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. When a body is stressed, it is stimulated to release steroids, which inhibits the functioning of the immune system, and interferes with the production of antibodies. The most common type of headache is the muscle-tension headache. When a person is stressed, the muscles in the scalp, forehead, shoulders, and neck tend to tighten up. The longer the stress, the longer the muscles stay tense and a feeling of pain sometime accompanied by a feeling of pressure, will set in. Headaches can become a cycle as the headache itself is a source of stress, causing the headache to get worse. There are many causes of heart disease but there are three main stress related causes. Having a Type A personality makes a person more likely to get a heart disease because of all the stress they put themselves into. A constant need to control and repress intense emotions like anger and hostility can be very stressful, and lead to a heart disease. Job strain is also a significant cause. Overtime work, a repetative job, and conflicts in the work place are all stressful, and con contribute to the development of a heart disease. Cancer is yet another disease that stress can worsen. A persons body is subject to cancer cells rather frequently, but the immune system normally destroys them. However, if a person is stressed to the point where their immune system isnt functioning properly than a tumor can start and the cancer can spread. It has also been shown that stress can effect how the cancer will develop.

5. The main biological treatment of psychological disorders is drug treatment. It generally works quite well for many disorders. Antianxiety drugs help people deal with anxiety disorders and serious distress in their lives. The drug works by reducing the nervous systems activity, lowering the heart and breathing rates, and decreasing the stressed feelings. While the drugs can temporarily dela with the symptoms they will not cure the disorder, so the drugs are usually used for just a short period of time. The most common side effect of these drugs is fatigue, people may also develop a dependence for the drug. Antidepressant drugs are used to treat people with major depression, and sometimes they are used for eating disorders and panic disorders. Anti depressants increase the amounts of noradrenaline and/or serotonin. They increase activity and reduce the symptoms of depression, the drugs need time to build up in the system to be properly effective, it can take days or weeks. Some studies have shown that antidepressants are no more effective than cognitive therapy, and since cognitive therapy has no side effects, and helps a person deal with the problem on their own, many experts believe that antidepressants should be reserved only for people who dont respond to cognitive therapy. Antidepressants also have the side effects of increased heart rate and weight gain. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder, it isnt understood exactly how it works but it flattens out a persons mania and depression cycles. The main side effects of lithium are impaired memory, shakiness, and excessive thirst. Antipsychotic drugs treat people with schizophrenia. They reduce levels of agitation, delusions and hallucinations. With the use of this drug, people who would normally have to live in a mental hospital, can now live relatively normal lives. The side effects are balance and coordination problems, tremors, and twitching, but these only appear after prolonged use.

Electroconvulsive Therapy, also known as ECT, is a method now used rarely, and only for people who dont respond to less extreme measures. A patient is knocked unconcious with an anisthetic, and an electrical current is passed through the brain, it causes violent involuntary convulsions. It is known to help severely depressed people who didnt respond to drug therapy. The ECT treatment is very controversial because it is not understood how it works, and it has severe side effects like memory loss.

A method even more controversial than ECT is psychosurgery. It is brain surgery to treat psychological disorders. The most common technique is prefrontal lobotomy, it is used to reduce violence and agitation in a person. The procedure involves cutting the nerve connections in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus. This treatment has severe side effects such as overeating, reduced learning ability, seizures, apathy, social withdrawl, distractability, reduced creativity, and sometimes death.

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Marie Curie

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I chose Marie Curie because she was a great asset to science. She discovered Radium and polonium. Without her we could not be able to cure people with cancer or even take a simple x-ray. Everyday she lives on through the items she made. It was great to learn about her since she did so much for everyone. She made it possible for them to do heart surgery on me and not hurt me because of the x-ray they took. I wanted to do my project on her since she helped keep me alive. Plus she sacrificed herself to do it. She was a major contribution to the medical world. It was very cool to learn all about her and her life. The rest of this paper is all about what she did in life and her contributions to the world we know.

Marie Curie was born on November 7th 1867 in Warsaw Poland. Her name before she was married and was changed to English was Marya Sklodowsha. Marie was the youngest of five children. Marie was born right in their apartment on Freta Street. She was the child of Bronislawa and Wladysaw. Marie's mother Bronislawa was a schoolteacher and the head mistress of one of Warsaw's better girl's schools plus she ran the big household of five kids and a husband. Marie's father Wladysaw ran several schools including a reformatory school. Marie's Father also studied Biology at the university of Warsaw. He never missed out on an opportunity to teach his kids something.

When Marie was four Wladysaw's brother came to live with them for a little while. Little did anyone know he was infected with Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a deadly flu that is carried in the air. There was no cure for it back then. Bronislawa because of this got infected with Tuberculosis. Bronislawa would often go with Marie's oldest sister Zosia to a warmer climate for a cure. When Bronislawa was home she isolated from the kids in another room. When Marie was nine Bronislawa died. This was the first tragedy in Marie's life. Marie got depressed and wouldn't stop crying for a long time. This got Marie on her first track to being a scientist. Marie and her sisters would often play doctor that would find out the magical cure.

In the 170's the polish resistance began. This is when Russia, Prussia and Austria invaded and took over Poland. The section where Marie and her family lived Russia controlled. They split Poland up between the countries. Wladysaw did not participate in armed revolt against the countries but he did participate in the passive resistance. Passive resistance is when teachers continued to teach polish curriculum when Russian authorities weren't around. When Russian authorities were around they read Russian passages. Since Marie was the best student in the class often she would have to read Russian passages out loud in Russian. At 10 Marie was transferred to a Russian controlled school where they only spoke Russian in class and were only taught Russian curriculum. This didn't bother Marie to much just made her work harder. Marie and her family had to move to student borders since Marie's father lost his job because the way he ran his school the passive resistance way. His job was given to a Russian. At fifteen Marie graduated and was valevictorian. After all the hard work Marie went through she suffered from depression because of it. Marie's Father then sent Marie and Helena off to their rich uncles house so they could relax.

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After relaxing for a bit Bronia and Marie came up with a plan for both of them to get money to go to college in Paris. They could not go to college at the University of Warsaw because Russian rule said women could not go to college. Marie would go and work as a governess and support Bronia while she went to college in Paris at Sorbonne for medical school.. Marie while she was a governess she attended the "Flying University". The Flying University was a secret academy that taught college coerces to women who couldn't move. These were taught by college professors at houses museums. Marie attended science classes during the week and then performed labs at her cousins lab on weekends on her own.

While she was a governess she fell in love with her employers son Kazimierz. They often talked about marriage but their parents rejected her. They rejected her because of her family's financial situation. This made her work even harder. This is When she chose to study mathematics and physics. All hope for Kazimierz and her was gone when she left for college.

In 181 Marie finally got to go to Sorbonne in Paris. When she started college she moved in with her sister Bronia and her husband also named Kazimierz. Marie liked it for a while having people stop by that were friends of Kazimierz that were polish socialists that loved to talk about politics. When she got serious about school though it got a little to crowded. Kazimierz had clients during the day and the ran a free clinic in the evening. This is when Marie moved to the sixth floor of the Latin Quarter on the left bank of Paris.

In 18 Marie graduated first in her class in Physics. Even after this she kept on studying at Sorbonne. She finished her masters in mathematics one year later this time second in her class. During the spring she was at a friends house and met a guy named Pierre Curie. A few months after this Pierre and Marie were engaged. They were both very different Marie would always go after go after what she wanted. Pierre was a drop out and had a learning disability. At age 18 Pierre got his masters degree. After this he worked with his brother studying crystals. There research resulted in the discovery of piezo-electricity when he was 1. Pierre never wrote up a thesis to finish his decorate. When Pierre decided to win Marie over. This is when Pierre wrote up his thesis for his decorate. Marie and Pierre were married on July 6th 185.

For the next fourteen years her and Pierre would collaborate together in radioactivity. Marie played chemist and Pierre was to work on the physics of it. Marie's thesis was to find more radioactive elements like Uranium. Becquerel discovered uranium one year before. Pierre got her a lab to work for courtesy of EPCI where Pierre worked. The labatory wasn't all that great to work in. Marie also relied on a instrument that Pierre built called piezo-electrical that measures radioactive particles. Marie came up with the idea that radioactivity was caused by atoms. In 10 Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity.

To produce radium from uranium takes a long time and was very time consuming. One mole of radium had a mass of 6 grams. It is guessed that she was exposed to 1 rem (unit of radiation) a week. Now .0 rem is considered dangerous. After all the press got there word in Radium was considered the miracle drug. Marie kept a glass vial of radium salts by her bed at home. In the dark it would produce a blue glow. Marie and Pierre both had scars on there fingers and constantly hurt because of holding radioactive samples. The Curie's and Becquerel had all accidental burns on them from radium salts. Marie was always tired without being ill and she also lost 15 pounds. After her first child Irene who was born on September 1th 187 she had a miscarriage to her second child due to radiation exposure. What the Curies did not know is radium gives off what they call gamma rays. Gamma rays are very dangerous and destroy tissue and will destroy anything but lead. In December 10 the Curies were to sick to receive there nd Nobel Prizes. Their doctors could find nothing wrong with them.

In December 104 they had their second child Eve. Three years later Pierre was getting really sick and was having back problems. Marie was also getting sick. Marie was now spending less time at the lab. Eve was now getting sick. On April 1th 106 Pierre died by opening his umbrella on the way into a street. A car then hit him. After Pierre's death Sorbonne University appointed Marie as professor of Physics. In 10 they started construction on a lab that was promised to Pierre called the Radium Institute. In 110 Marie started to see Paul Langevin a fellow scientist. This affair almost lost Marie her Job. Paul was married with four children. Marie wrote letters to Paul trying to get him to leave his wife for her. Jeanne (Pauls wife) intercepted the letters and blackmailed Marie by saying shed publish them. Marie gave her 5,00 francs. Parts of her letters were still published and protestors surrounded her house and lab. Marie won another Nobel prize for discovering polonium another radioactive element earlier that year. She was asked not to come because of the scandal but did anyway.

Marie now went under kidney surgery. Her kidneys had been scared from TB and got infected years later. Her recovery took about a year and she barely got to see her kids. During ww1 Marie And Irene developed the x-ray machine and trained doctors to use it. Teaching them how to find and remove bullets. Irene followed in her mom's footsteps studying radioactive elements. When Irene was 8 she married Frederick Joliot and became a research team just like Marie and Pierre. The Curie-Joliot team one a Nobel Prize for artificial Radiation.

When Marie was sick she would still go to work and do her daily rounds trying to give help to her researchers anyway she could. She would check their research and give any help necessary. Marie then came down with cataracts in her eyes and needed surgery. She came down with tittinitus and also the pains that Pierre and many scientists came down with from radiation poisoning. On July 4th 14 Marie died of leukemia. It is now known that she died of radiation exposure. She had more exposure then anyone ever. Marie's ashes were buried in a crypt in the Pantheon witch is dedicated to heroes.

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This is my smart essay

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well if you do one thing then do the other thing it will happen but if you do no then nothing happens yes i am funny no you are not funny i am very smart and yes basic english content this has no repetition no spelling errors nothing is wrong with this essay i have enough words in it too come on please i need this done because it is in the morning and i have an essay due tommorrow 1st hour it is the biggest grade of the year i will give you guys one of my essays another day but i am running out of time and i need this so please just let me pass i am very smart english is a smart class math is for the math students gym is for the athletic students history is for the historical people i have spellcheck i can check spelling and grammar on my computer this website gives you free essays most websites you must pay for them i cant go to another website i need this now and fast like i said its due tommorrow and its in the morning and my class is 1st hour that i need it for and i also told you that ill give you an essay some other day after i do one so please just let this 1 pass

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of sugar water on a potato after 4 hours. Three different solutions were given to perform this experiment, distilled water, 0% water 10% sugar solution, and 80% water 0% sugar solution.

My hypothesis, that within 4 hours, I think that the potato core with the most sugar in its solution would turn out to be the biggest because of the density of the sugar, the potato core in the distilled water would turn out smallest, was correct. I know this because my hypothesis was tested in our experiment.

On the first day of this experiment, all of the potato cores were matching in size, mass, diameter, and volume. They were 5 millimeters in length, 1 millimeters in diameter, 4 milliliters in volume, and 4. grams in mass. On the second day, Core A stayed the same on all measurements except for its mass, changing by .7 is now grams in mass. Core B gained millimeters in its length, 1 millimeter in its diameter, and it had lost 1.5 grams in its mass. its new measurements were 7 millimeters in length, 14 millimeters in diameter, 4 milliliters in volume, and 4. grams in mass. Core C gained 5 mm in its length, 1 mm in its diameter, 1 milliliters in volume, and it had lost .7 g in mass. Its new measurements are 0 millimeters length, 5 millimeters diameter, 5 milliliters volume, and 5 grams mass.

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Many things could have caused errors in this experiment. On the first day of the lab, after removing the cores from the potato, the cores were very moist, and after measuring the mass of the cores, much of that moisture could have evaporated into the air and the cores could have gotten much lighter. The solutions could have been too shallow for the cores and the cores would have not been fully exposed to it. If any of the water in the solutions had evaporated before being placed into the cup, they would not have stayed at the correct ratio of water and sugar which would then lead to incorrect data.

Please note that this sample paper on this is my smart essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on this is my smart essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on this is my smart essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Derivatives

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According to Peter Coy of the International Swap & Derivative Association, the estimated derivative market worldwide encompasses over150 trillion dollars. This is in far excess of the yearly Gross National Product of the entire United States!

But what exactly are derivatives? Derivatives are financial contracts in which two or more parties take opposite positions as to how a price, index, or interest and currency rates are going change. They, in effect, "derive" their value based on an underlying asset. According to Arnold J. Pattler, these measurable values are based on common stocks and bonds, commodities such gold and oil, broad based indexes, and rates. According to the Federal Reserve Bulletin, derivatives can be classified as forwards and futures, which are agreements to buy or sell something at a specific price and at a specific date, and options which allows the holder of the derivative the opportunity to sell or buy something at a specific price. Basically, derivatives are used to better manage business and revenue risk through hedging, although they are also used for arbitrage and speculation purposes. Peter Coy explains that derivatives primary purpose is to transfer the risk from people that do not want it to speculators who are willing to expose themselves to it in order to generate a profit (as in hedging). As mentioned before, the market for derivatives is and will continue to be immense, and one of the primary concerns was how to properly record the derivatives in the financial statements and how make them easier to understand.

Prior to the issuance and implementation of the Financial Accounting Statement (FAS) 1 "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities", the accounting procedures to record derivatives was unclear and imprecise. According to Angela Hwang and John S. Patouhas, under FAS 80 "Accounting for Futures Contracts," which preceded FAS 1, many companies did not properly record their derivatives and/or their hedging gain and losses. In addition, they comment that people who relied on the derivatives information did not received any guidance from auditors of how treat hedge accounting. Financial users and CPA's often didn't thoroughly understood how to handle derivatives. Another problem before the implementation of FAS 1 is that commodity industries did not considered their contracts on the sale or purchase of gold, oil and other commodities as derivatives. Instead they consider them as a normal sale or purchase contract.

Statement 1 was issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) in June 18 and became effective in June 15, 000. FAS 1 stipulates the following rules regarding derivatives and the effects upon the financial statements.

1.Derivatives are contracts that creates' rights and obligations that meet the definition of assets and liabilities.

.Fair value is the only relevant measure of reporting derivatives.

.Only assets and liabilities should be reported on the balance sheet.

4.Gains and losses on derivatives must be reported currently in earnings, except in specific situations where they are reported in Other Comprehensive Income. Special hedge accounting may offset those earnings based on gains or losses by the hedged item.

Some of the items that should be considered as derivatives are commodity and futures contracts, certain loan commitments, forwards, some equity warrants, and options contracts on private companies. This new standard allows the hedging transactions to be more "transparent in the financial statements". In addition, this statement applies to all types of entities, both private and non-private, profit and non-profit organizations.

But the reasoning behind the creation of FAS 1 wasn't based only on the previous inconsistencies established within FAS 80. The 10's saw unprecedented losses by both financial and non-financial institutions with regard to derivative trading. Most notably was the collapse of Barings, a British bank that suffered a total loss in excess of $1 billion, all due to the trading of Nick Leeson, who made large bets on the direction of the Nikkei 5 (Japan) index. The Japanese bank, Sumitomo, suffered nearly $ billion in losses in the copper spot, futures, and options market. Domestically, Orange County treasurer Robert Citron also lost $ billion by speculating on interest rates, thus sending the county into bankruptcy. Scores of other companies also saw dramatic losses through the use of improper derivative trading, and were often perpetrated by a lone individual with unlimited trading power within the company. As regulators of accounting standards, it was clear that FASB had to take further steps toward dictating how derivatives must be reported in order to stop much of the careless risks that many companies were willing to accept.

Many have been critical of FAS 1, mainly due to the excessive costs and resources companies have incurred in implementing them. For some large companies with significant hedging activities, training in excess of 1 months for FAS 1 is not unusual. But, an incalculable benefit to the requirements of FAS 1 is that more information about a companies hedging program will be revealed to investors, and a more thorough understanding of hedging practices is now needed. For companies to justify their use of hedge accounting, they must now prove that their fair value and cash flow hedges are "highly effective." In addition to the more detailed requirements, companies will also have to provide an expanded description of its risk management philosophies and strategies. From this, investors and analysts will now be able to better determine if critical financial exposures are being hedged effectively or not. In the long run the market will reward those companies with prudent hedging programs.

It is essential that companies define ways to limit financial risk. FAS 1 now provides insight into how derivatives may be reported, whether it is used for hedging, speculation, or arbitrage. Tempting as it is to turn a blind eye to those who violated risk limits as long as profits occurred, the new rules will require closer monitoring by company leaders as to how derivatives may be used and whom may trade them. Clearly it should limit the tendency for top management to take unreasonable risks in order to realize greater profits. It has also brought attention to the fact that it is extremely dangerous to try and outguess the market. Liquidity risk should also be on the forefront of every derivative trader. Many exotic and less actively traded derivatives can often times sell at steep discounts to their theoretical value. This is what happened to Long Term Capital Management, whose arbitrage opportunities disappeared when the Russian Bond market collapsed in 18. What appeared as a sure fire way to make money vanished overnight, and the hedge fund was bailed out to the tune of $4 billion. Risk limits will now be set much lower than previously allowed due to the need to recognized derivative liabilities within the balance sheet.

Despite the efforts of the FASB to require companies to report their derivative transactions, there still some companies that dislike derivatives for their inherent risk and think that they should be treated ass off-balance sheet items. In the Securities Litigation & Regulation Report, America's foremost investor Warren Buffet warned called derivatives "financial weapons of mass destruction" because they can bring down profitable industries. Buffet continues to mention that derivatives are contracts with varying durations and that their value is tied to complex variables. In addition, Buffet explains that other drawbacks of the derivative markets is that they generate earnings that are reported in overstated amount, that the risk of the derivatives are concentrated in few dealers, and that it is often difficult to determine their actual value. Parties involved in derivative risk management tend to lie as to how they account for them, and that derivatives have facilitated numerous frauds.

Focusing on certain derivative instruments, the SEC explains that they have been used in structuring off-balance sheet arrangements. Basically, derivatives that are index to stock options and classified as stock holders equity are treated as off-balance sheet arrangements because those derivatives are not transparent to users of the Financial Statements and because since they are classified as equity, any change in the fair value may not be periodically recorded on the Financial Statements (SEC web-site).

Although derivatives are not well understood and arguments about the correct accounting treatment still persist, the FASB has worked hard to ensure proper accounting for them. Statement 1 will help is making audit process more efficient, with derivatives marked to market on the balance sheet, and now more disclose information is required. This will reduce off-balance sheet transactions, and gives a clearer picture of the risk inherent in trading derivatives. To make derivative accounting clearer, FASB issued statement 14 "Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Liabilities and Equities", which is an amendment of FAS 1. The amendments on the issued standard will improve the reporting of derivatives by requiring that contracts with similar characteristics be accounted in the same manner. Further more, it stipulates which contracts meet the characteristics of derivatives, and what components of derivatives require special reporting. This statement will become effective on June 15, 00. It is clear that this issue will continue to be highly controversial within the business world and may never be fully remedied.

Please note that this sample paper on Derivatives is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Derivatives, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Derivatives will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The technological situation in China's publishing industry

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The technological situation

Printing is one of four inventions of ancient China. However, China's printing technology was backward until recently. Since 178 when China started economic reform and opening to the world, China's printing and printing equipment industries have developed impressively. Chinese companies have started to use ¡°color offset printing, electronic color separation, laser phototypesetting, in-line automatic binding¡±, and gradually marched into the era of computerization. By 16 over 0 per cent of typesetting in China was computerized (Drury, 18).

Offset printing has become a dominant process in publication and package printing houses. The total national production of publication printing in 1 is 61.57 million reams (500sheet/ ream), including 50. million reams of books by offset printing, amounting to 8% of the total. Newspapers are completely printed by offset printing (Wu, 001).

On the other hand, China's publishing technology is yet to bridge the large gap to match developed countries (Wu, 001). For instance, the image reproduction process composed of pre-press, press and post-press, still remain in separately operating state; automation and efficiency have to be upgraded; digitalization and the networks integrated system also needs to be developed.Write my Essay on The technological situation in China's publishing industry for me

The quality of most locally made paper is also an important problem. The problem stems from a lack of investment in modern papermaking machinery and controls. Although some plants are being modernized, it will be quite some time before the consistency of Chinese paper is sufficiently good to allow for trouble-free running of large presses and to meet the increasing demand for color printing (Drury, 18).

In 001, the market share for local printing equipment was only 8%. In 001, the printing equipment exported from China only took up 0.1% of the world total volume in the international market. The value of imported printing equipment was up to USD 1,70 million, an increase of 5% over the year of 000. Most high-tech equipments in Chinese market in the field are imported, mainly from West Europe, USA and Japan.

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Germany and Cambodia

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GERMANY

ECONOMY

Germany is the worlds third largest technologically powerful economy in the world. its economic development is based on an alliance of industrial business people with the Prussian aristocracy. Such a strong economy helped to carry them into two world wars and survive largely intact. Between 151-161 GNP (gross national product) was up 8%, while at the same time exports trebled. This was an outstanding event in the history of both west Germany and Europe. While growth picked up by % in 000, unemployment is still a major long term problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are transforming the German economy to meet the challenges of European economic integration and globalization in general.

EDUCATION Help with essay on Germany and CambodiaEducation in Germany is free and mandatory from the ages of six to fourteen. Kindergarten is not a part of the education system there. Before the unification of east and west Germany, east Germany almost had a universal system of child care facilities, but under the treaty of unification the east German public education system was required to conform to the model in use in west Germany.

CAMBODIA

ECONOMY

Cambodia is one of the world's poorest nations with a GDP (gross domestic product) of only .1 billion. The economy is based heavily on agriculture with most of the labor force engaged in rice cultivation and the production of rubber. Consequently they are vulnerable to annual fluctuations caused by the weather and world market prices. Tourism is a fast growing industry in Cambodia, in 000 it was up by 4%.

A fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government are discouraging any foreign investment and are delaying any form of foreign aid.

EDUCATION

Most of Cambodias population lack education and productive skills with 5% of the adult population illiterate. Public education is free and compulsory for the first six years of schooling. Roughly 4% enroll to go on to secondary education and only 1% enrolls to go to university.

PEOPLE

The Khmer Rouge, which makes up most of the population-killed intellectuals, merchants, bureaucrats, members of religious groups and anyone suspected of disagreeing with their party. While having so many Khmer Rouge make up the population creates a strong sense of national identity, from the 170's the number of Europeans declined enormously and many Chinese and Vietnamese immigrated overseas

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Ads

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Advertising is a plague that has swept every medium known to man. Greek tavern owners pioneered the art of advertising using simple relieves to quench any passerby's visual thirst. Since then, advertisements have taken many forms and continue to harass with 000 ads a day, magazine readers, radio listeners, television viewers, and Internet surfers are continuously bombarded with useless advertisements. People are now paying to purchase advertisements, some have become walking billboards promoting popular designers and styles. Television has become polluted with endless commercials, during a half hour segment, nine minutes of your favorite show has been replaced with commercials.

Advertisers use clever ways to trick an audience into purchasing a product. A magazine ad for diapers uses some avant-garde advertising techniques. The use of a popular icon captures the eye of the targeted audience. An icon is a product's mascot, it is a cartoon that humanizes the products and is easily relatable to, the Luvs icon is Barney the Dinosaur, he helps the consumers relate the product with a loveable cartoon that is associated with child care. Barney is synonymous with effeminacy and gentility; who better to promote a product that promises a gentle cloth-like feel.

The advertisers weren't convinced that one technique would suffice their hunger for consumers. The advertisers used positioning as an under-handed way to convince the audience to purchase the product. Positioning is the placement of an object to stimulate thoughts and associate the product with its location. In this advertisement, the product is placed next to a dainty undergarment; this alludes to the diapers cloth-like fabric. The diaper is also set against a blue sky with fluffy clouds; the clouds also advert to the diapers softness and comfortable fabric.

The Luvs advertising campaign is generally targeting young housewives who want their children to be pleased with their diapers. Their children might be reluctant to wear ordinary diapers but ones endorsed by their favorite cartoon will win over their affection. Every mother wants to please her child but she also needs to look after his best interest, in this case it is a cloth-like diaper that helps stop leeks. This advertising campaign is successful and will convince the targeted audience.

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