Country comparison

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Canada's economic performance compared to the United States is closely similar. Canada is one of the best nations for its economic performance, it exceeds the amount of effort needed to make the country a better place to live. Although the United States is a more powerful country, economy wise, it can still compare with the United States. A countries economy can perform better through increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation, while at the same time decreasing unemployment in the country.

The GDP for the United States has a greater value of 5401, 0 for year 001 then Canada has at 60, 0. Therefore the united states are producing more goods and services causing a more money flow for the states economy.

Canada has a smaller increase in inflation with 1. % then the United States with a .5 % increase that averages from 5 years, 17 001. These increases help prove that Canada has a smaller change in price and services of goods.

The unemployment rate per year for Canada is 7. % while the United States stands at a remarkable 4.8% for year 001. These percentages prove that the United States has a bigger work force, therefore causing the country as a hole to produce more money.

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In conclusion the united states over power the Canadians in economical well being. Although the U.S. makes more money then Canada, Canada spends less on goods and services, therefore evening their economies well being a little more. Although Canada might be at a lower raking then U.S. in economical well being, Canada still ranks as one of the best.

Bibliography

Comparative Table Labour force and Inflation, URL http//www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/compr_inter/pdf/chomage-ang.pdf ,00

Comparative Table - Gross Domestic Product (GDP), URL http//www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/compr_inter/pdf/pib-ang.pdf ,00

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Supplier selection - Case study

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The launch of 000X series of personal computers is a major milestone in the history of Computron Systems Corporation (CSC). The successful launch of this product will add another feather in the cap for CSC and enhance its product portfolio. More importantly this launch marks the transition of CSC from a PC component manufacturer to an integrated PC manufacturer. This launch will not only redefine the way CSC does and conducts its business in future but will also pit CSC against some of the well entrenched competitors such as Dell, Compaq and Gateway. In order to gain a foothold and subsequently gain market share in this product segment, the company has decided to adopt an aggressive strategy of selling high quality computers at affordable cost.

Business Strategy

In order to sustain a high quality low cost product it has been decided to adopt, build to order manufacturing, JIT component inventories, direct sales, and top it off with excellent customer service and technical support. In order to implement the above the company has decided to outsource some essential product components. By outsourcing we aim to capitalize on the technological innovations and the manufacturing expertise offered by outside suppliers and incorporate them into our products to be a strong first mover in the market. Computron's build to order and sell-direct strategy, popularly coined as the Dell strategy, will lead to minimum in-house stock of completed products and inventories. JIT component inventories are very much essential to support the build to order production model being pursued by Computron. The JIT inventory practices that we want to implement at CSC for the production of 000X series will yield major cost advantages and shorten the time for CSC to get new generations of its computer models into the market place. In the same breath we would also like to caution the management of the company that the component suppliers in the PC industry are notorious for the shortages of certain key components that occur from time to time which might drive up the prices. Hence we propose to maintain some units in component inventory yet adopt the JIT component inventories strategy to save cost on manufacturing and pass on this saving to the customers in terms of low product prices.

Supplier Sourcing Strategy

Help with essay on Supplier selection - Case studyMajor emphasis was laid upon the above mentioned business strategies in qualifying the vendors for the DVD drives. This recommendation for supplier selection has taken into account the ability of the supplier to adjust and align their business strategy with that of Computron's. The on time launch of the 000X series, which will be introduced in the market, will bear the seal of Computron. These PC's will not only carry the reputation but also the credibility of CSC as a manufacturer of high quality products with on time customer delivery. Hence major emphasis were laid on factors such as

1.Product quality . Delivery performance. . Cost competitiveness.

4. Responsiveness to needs. 5. Financial condition. 6. Technical and Process capability. 6. Communication and finally long-term partnership potential. 7. Volume capacity.

In order to objectively evaluate the suppliers on the above-mentioned factors a comprehensive evaluation was performed with the help of the following tools such as.

1. Financial risk analysis.

. Total cost analysis.

. Supplier Evaluation & Selection analysis

Detailed quantitative and qualitative data and relevant discussions can be found in appendices 1 .

We have decided upon implementing a two DVD drive supplier strategy in order to offset any risks that might arise in the widely fluctuating demand and supply scenarios and to reduce overall supply base risk. The overall advantages associated with adopting multi sourcing outweigh the financial implications that CSC would bear in the long run, given our anticipated sales and profit margins. CSC being a new player in the PC industry and due to the continuous innovation and technology development that is going on in this sector, where typically a new generation of DVD drives are launched every two years the team would like to impress upon the management to assign medium term contracts for a period of years to each of the individual suppliers and impress upon them the merits of a long term contracts from CSC as long as they maintained their leadership in technology, performance, and quality. This also enables CSC to further evaluate the suppliers over a two year period before a long term contracts are awarded. We would also like to propose that a strategy of variable pricing be adopted in the contract of each of these suppliers because of the decreasing trends in the unit prices for these components depending upon the market demand and supply. For more detailed analysis of the pros and cons of single sourcing versus multi sourcing, awarding long term versus short term contracts please refer to the appendix A. The transportation costs for the finished products will be borne by CSC from the supplier site to CSCs assembly plants but CSC will not assume ownership of the inventory at the supplier's site. We recommend that this clause be added into the contract of the selected suppliers.

Supplier Qualification

Based on our qualitative and quantitative evaluation of each supplier based on the above-mentioned factors (Please refer to attached appendixes 1- & A for detailed information) we have decided to recommend two DVD drive component suppliers. We recommend qualifying and accepting TechLine as our primary DVD component supplier and D-drive as our secondary component supplier. Before going into the reasons for recommending the above two suppliers the team would like to discuss and present our case as to why the other two vendors were rejected.

Nagachi technologies and Park technologies both located in Asia are two large and reputable manufacturers of the DVD drives though both offered competitive prices and carry a reputation for high quality products they were side stepped in favor of the two selected customers because of such findings of the team.

Nagachi Tech already is running at near full capacity and also the team observed that Nagachi is a big player in the DVD drive market and caters to most of CSC's competition and market leaders in the PC industry. The team had doubts about how Nagachi would align itself to the business strategies and requirements of a newcomer such as CSC. According to current market trends and forecasts, CSC's requirements for DVD drives is typically around 500,000 units for the first year and a marginal growth there after, amounting to $75 million which seemed very unattractive to Nagachi Tech because of its business model suited to being a high volume supplier. The financial health of the company with respect to the other suppliers also caused some concerns among us. (Appendix1). On the other hand Park Technologies was rejected due to higher total cost (Appendix) and longer lead times when compared to the suppliers in the group.

The physical location of the manufacturing sites of both the above mentioned companies and other barriers such as communication which will come into play when CSC will require technical support especially in a built to order strategy being implemented at CSC weighed heavily against both these companies.

We evaluated all the DVD drive suppliers under the assumption that a long term strategic partnership can be developed between CSC and them, under current circumstances and situations mentioned above we believe that the above two suppliers will not add any strategic value to CSC's launch and success of the 000X series of PC's.

We very strongly believe that the two selected suppliers D-Drive and Techline will add value to the lean supply chain system being implemented at CSC and recommends that these companies be pursued by CSC to build a long term strategic partnership as CSC's DVD drive suppliers as long as they maintain their market leadership, quality, invest in R&D and deliver on costs. One on the main reasons for both these companies, Techline and D-Drive being selected is their physical proximity to the manufacturing plants of CSC. This heavily favored into their side because this would enable CSC to implement its JIT component inventories and build to order strategy. Also the physical proximity and the absence of any language issue will help us in providing and getting greater technical assistance and support from both these companies and help CSC better serve its customers. Over all the management and personnel of both these companies impressed upon us that they were willing to align themselves according to CSCs business strategy in launching the 000x series. The team was impressed by the quality of the products and their leadership in innovation and their commitment to technology development in the DVD drive industry. The team was also impressed on evaluation of the fiscal health (Appendix1) and the manufacturing capabilities of both these companies. The lower total cost being offered by both these companies favored them in being selected as CSC's suppliers. The high volume ramp up time and product lead time for both these suppliers are in line for the time period at which CSC plans to introduce the 000X series of PCs into the market.

We intend to offset risk of maintaining low inventories and a lean supply chain by having supplier contracts with two reliable component suppliers. By giving a percentage of CSCs DVD drive requirements to both the suppliers, CSC will be assured of getting the volume of components it needs on a timely basis even when the overall market demand for a particular component temporarily exceeds the overall market supply. On the assumptions based on the projected sale of 1.1 million PC units at an average cost of $1500 and an industry profit margin of 5% the team estimates the a profit of $80 million. The approximate cost for two suppliers is estimated at an additional $4 million, which includes tooling, quality non-conformance, volume-price adjustment and vendor management costs. We believe that these costs incurred by CSC are reasonable for given sales & profit margins and are essential to offset the risk for the supply chain strategy that CSC intends to employ at the launch of 000X series of PCs.

We intend to buy the volumes of first two months completely from Techline and then phase in D-drive gradually after that considering the ramp up and lead time requirements at D-Drive. This will allow the launch of the 000X series without a hitch. We believe that a 70% of our inventory order be given to TechLine systems because of their proven track record in on time delivery product quality and their efforts to implement a JIT production system. On the same note we also propose that the remaining proportion of inventory order be given to D-Drive to get this company onboard as one of the suppliers. The team has been impressed by the product quality, technological innovations, their R&D efforts and their management's commitment to align themselves with CSCs strategy. Yet D drive is small company and we believe that this company might still have to fine-tune their manufacturing abilities to meet the demands of the CSCs order. The team believes that by striking a strategic partnership with D drive in terms of improving their production capabilities and product quality CSC might benefit in the long run. We believe that by investing in a strategic partnership with D drive and using them as a second source of DVD drives CSC can micro manage the risk of having a JIT inventory and lean supply chain. The threat of second supplier will also check the actions of Techline and keep them from making any business decision such as costs that might adversely affect CSC.

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Police are to harsh

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Police are to harsh on Car Modifications

Its every guys Dream to own a car, and because of petrol prices are constantly on the rise most guys are opting for the lest powerful 4 Cylinder models instead of the larger and more powerful V6 or V8s

But still wanting the same amount of power those guys have begun to modify there engines to create more power, even up to times the amount of power as the same model that hasn't been modified

Because of the power to weight ratio these smaller capacity engines don't need to produce as much power to be as quick off the mark

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police are constantly pulling modified cars over to see if the modifications are up to standard, if not police will defect the car and the car will need to have the modifications removed

But because the police aren't specially trained to inspect these modification most of the time the cars that have been modified and are up to standard are still defected

Some of the reasons police defect these cars has to do with the environment

This would be understandable if it was true but it is practically imposable because the smaller capacity engines burn less fuel then the larger engines or older style carburetor engines this is also imposable because to produce those larger amount of power those cars need to run on a leaner fuel which also creates less pollution

Some modifications are designed to stiffen the chase and lower the center of gravity

These are done to make the car safer to drive they have nothing to do with the performance of the car but still police pull these cars over and slap on a defect

The last type of modification has to do with the appearance and aerodynamics of the car

Things like front and rear bars, side skirts and rear wings all improve the aerodynamics of the car and like mentioned before make the car safer to drive because of down force created helps the car hold the road better

Anyone that drives a car that falls into that category and is pulled over

Is Guilty until proven innocent I doesn't matter if the modification are done to Australian standards but if the police officer doesn't agree he will defect your car

it can be fought out in court and most of the time you will be proven innocent because as police officers don't have enough training in that department and most of the time just make a judgment on the spot

I hope you will now understand that police have been to harsh on people that modify there cars and with your support maybe 1 day it will be corrected and those people will be treated fairly

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Commodity exchanges

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on commodity exchanges. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality commodity exchanges paper right on time.

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Futures

Are contracts to buy or sell a fixed quantity and quality of a particular commodity for delivery at a fixed date in the future at a fixed price.

Forward contract

The seller undertakes to provide the client with a fixed amount of a commodity on a fixed future date at a fixed price. Help with essay on commodity exchangesDifference between futures and forward contract

The former is a once-only deal (while futures contracts are standardized contracts), which cannot be closed out by a matching transaction.

Need for future trading

•To improve the price discovery process in the commodity.

More transparency because now farmers will have complete access to information and hence will get a better price for their produce

No monopoly because more no. of players would be involved in the trading

•To facilitate the management of risk which can lead to efficient management of resources

Preconditions for future trading

•A stable and credible currency,

•Reliable credit markets,

•Existence of financial institutions,

•A system that can enforce repayment rules and provisions for liquidation in cases of bankruptcy.

Prerequisites for commodity market

•Storage and delivery facilities

•Quality control systems and agencies Clearing House

•Facility for trading

•Large number of participants

•Team of surveyor and assessors

•Dissemination of information relating to trading

Benefits of commodity exchange

Economic benefits by

•Price discovery and hedging

•Improved Export Competitiveness

•Reduced processing margin risks

•Indirect benefit to farmers

•Facilitates access to credit

•Improved product standards

Benefits to traders, farmers and banks

•Traders Inventories to trading instruments, lower cost of credit, shorter supply chain

•Farmers Storage, Loans, Reduced risks

•Banks Reduced risk in Loans, More business

Online trading mechanism

•Transparency in governance and functioning of the exchange.

•Information dissemination without delay to the offerors and the bidders simultaneously.

•Convergence of all the offers and bids emanating from all over the country in a Single Electronic Order Book of the Exchange

About the exchange

•Incorporated in December 001 to meet the challenges of globalization

to link the system so that trading could be conducted from any part in the country. The system has a central database and a trading sub-system.

•A clearing and risk-detecting mechanism is built into it.

•It provides efficient trading, clearing and settlement facilities

•Target turnover 1500 crore

Main promoters

•Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC),

•National Agricultural Co op. Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED),

•Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation Limited (GAICL),

•National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM),

•Gujarat State Agricultural Marketing Board (GSAMB) and

•Neptune Overseas Limited

CWC Warehouse receipt system

•Warehouse receipt system Established to boost the trading activity in the commodities, delivery in the underlying commodities.

•Warehouse Receipt issued by a Warehouse Man to a person depositing goods in the warehouse.

•CWC, Other potential warehouses complying with modern and standard requirements for preservation of standardized / graded commodities as may be guided by CWC

Features of the exchange

•Convergence of all the offers and bids emanating from all over the country in a Single Electronic Order Book of the Exchange ensuring equal access to all intermediaries.

•Participation of diverse interests like Importers, Exporters, Growers, Brokers, Traders, etc., using an electronic training system providing a fair, efficient and transparent commodities market. ( Exhibit-1)

•Fair Trading Practice ensured through checks and balances built-in in the System.

•Virtual Trading Environment using the-state-of- art information technology through an appropriate communication networking.

•Efficient, Guaranteed Clearing, Settlement & System enabling book entry settlement.

•Warehouse Receipt System based Delivery of Underlying Commodities meeting the current international standards, its endeavor is to fulfill its mission in letter and spirit.

•Real Time Price & Trade Data Dissemination

Commodities traded

•Cotton, castor, Safflower, Groundnut, Rape, mustard, Sunflower, cotton, sesame, Copra, Coconut, sugar, Crude palm oil, Soybean, vanaspati, rubber.

•Seeds, oil, Oil cakes

Regulation

•Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act 15

•The Essential Commodities Act - to control the production, supply and distribution of essential commodities. All agricultural commodities fall under the provisions of this Act.

Trading at NMCEIL

•Order driven Traders submit orders, matched against the existing orders in the order book

•Trading on anonymous basis without disclosing the counterparty.

•This provides transparency to the trading system.

•Trading members identify the clients on whose behalf the orders are placed or else the orders are accounted to their own account.

•Trading systems provides a time stamp for each order entered and trades executed.

•Trust based rather than rule based

Clearing and settlement systems

•In house clearing Connected to all the Clearing Members and the Clearing Banks

•surveillance, control, margining and clearing & settlement

•provides guarantee of financial performance of outstanding contracts to its clearing members

Membership

•Individuals, registered firms, corporate bodies and institutions

•Graduation, two years of experience

•Net worth- 50 Lakhs

•Paid up capital- 0 lakh

Rules and regulations

Contract Specifications The Quality specification in terms of Agmark specifications and grades

Price Quotation The units of commodity in which the price will be quoted.

Trading The units of commodity in which it will be traded per contract.(i.e. Price Quotation multiplied by multiplier factor)

Tick size The variation in the price quotation allowed on the Exchange.

Trading cycle example

Base price of the Futures Contracts previous day's closing value of the spot market. and on subsequent trading days will be the daily settlement price of the futures contracts.

Circuit breaker There will be a .5% band above or below the last closing price of the contract, to be extendable after 1 hour subject to receipt of online margin.

Off- Market deals/Negotiated Deals Not permitted in the system.

Password Every trader has a password it has an expiry date.

Every trading member of the Exchange shall be allowed to designate users as approved users

Fee structure

Annual subscription will be Rs.10,000/-

Transaction charges will be paise per Rs. 100/- with a minimum amount of Rs. 5,000/- per month per clearing/trading member.

Maintenance charges for the VSAT Rs. ,500/- per month per VSAT

Functioning of the exchange

DEALS Deals executed on the Exchange are eligible to be cleared and settled through the Exchange and shall be called Admitted Deals'

SETTLEMENT OF DEALS Admitted deals executed on a trading day, shall be cleared and settled on a netted basis, at the end of each day, as prescribed under the relevant regulation.

SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE Payment into the Exchange shall be made on the net of contracts and liabilities into the settlement account maintained by the Exchange before the commencement of the trading of the next day.

Pay-outs shall be made by the Exchange the same day.

Daily settlement price shall be the closing price of the commodity Futures Contracts of the trading day. Initially the closing price for each commodity futures contract shall be calculated as the weighted average of last 5 trades during last half an hour for that commodity futures contract

Final settlement price shall be the closing price the series of the commodity on the last trading day of the futures contract.

Base Capital

Minimum Base Capital

A Member is required to meet with the Minimum Base Capital requirements prescribed by the Exchange before activation as a Member.

Additional Base capital

As the initial security deposit is too low to cover the potential exposure of the Member, those Member who are willing to take higher exposure limits, can provide further security to the Exchange by way of cash, fixed deposit receipt, bank guarantee and pledge of securities

Initial Margins

Amount a trader should place with his broker at the time he places an order to buy or sell a futures contract

Various kinds of trading markets at the exchange

•Ready delivery market

Cash trade Same day settlement

Spot Trades Settled on third day

Weekly trades 6th day settlement

•Specific delivery market

Delivery obligation maturing beyond a period of 11 days

Counter party is known

•Futures Market

•All contracts are settled on daily basis at the daily settlement price till the final delivery of commodity on the expiry date.

•Auction Market to close out the positions of the members who have failed to pay-in their obligations

Other exchange associations in India

•In all there are around 18 such associations

•Only one association is recognized in a city or region for forward contracts in any single commodity group, with the view to minimize competition between associations.

•They have to apply for recognition from the Central Government

Their user composition

•Similar to western exchanges Nearly half of the trade is estimated to be speculative, conducted by day-traders contributing to the liquidity

•Rest is hedging with traders being the most active

•Farmers in India rarely use futures markets directly co-operatives, intermediaries, traders.

•Operate in regulated markets.

•Commission agents provide information and intermediating risk management transactions.

•Regulatory barriers prevent co-operatives from using commodity exchanges.

•Traders- very little share- poor access to credit

•Exporters- low exchange liquidity

•Brokers are most active

Other online exchanges

•London FOX London Commodity Exchange (LCE) cocoa, coffee, sugar, rubber, potatoes and grain

•CBOT- Chicago board of Trade maize, soya beans, crude soya bean oil, soya bean meal, oats

•Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange (CSCE)

Agmarknet

•It provides prompt and reliable information about what is happening in the market, what quantities are arriving and what prices are quoted

•It will enable farmers to take market based decisions and benefit other market users as well.

Survey

The survey was conducted by means of personal and online interviews by means of a questionnaire (Exhibit- ) to get an idea about how the trading and pricing decisions are made by them, the various factors being taken into consideration etc. A sample size of 10 was taken for the purpose.

The following were the various factors identified through the survey, which help traders in taking decisions about the pricing of the commodities

•crop seasons, harvest time

•When new crop is expected to come in mandi

•what is the crop estimation

•Festival season

•Time and trends of world markets.

•Factors influencing the decision of bidding.

•time of the year

•crop variety

•international trends

•natural calamities

The information is collected by the following means

•Information is all based on local level and on net where the international markets Trends can be seen and also consultants (market experts).

•Past trends of the commodity available on net or through journals or just being vigilant

•Fluctuations in the environment

Further suggestions

•Grading is one aspect which was emphasized by almost all the respondents, i.e. the commodities being traded must be available in graded form such the traders can take better decisions about the pricing and also will be more sure about the kind of quality they are going to get.

•Technical difficulties are faced by the traders who trade online. Because they are not very well verse with the computers and also the whole VSAT system being used.

Please note that this sample paper on commodity exchanges is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on commodity exchanges, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on commodity exchanges will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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College Essay- the most important person in my family

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When I had to write about the most important person in my family, I didn't even have to think twice about my dad. When I was little, my dad always made time for my volleyball games and activities. My dad is such an inspiration because I know that no matter what happens, he will always be proud. I know my dad will always be by my side pushing me to do my best, with words of encouragement.

I have gone through some difficult times where my dad has given me guidance and has helped me to be more focused on my goals and trying to accomplish what I set out to do. We discuss my problems, try to put them in the right perspective, and deal with them the right way.

He knew the importance of success and helped me get through disappointments I've had with volleyball. What I didn't always realize is that while I may have given up on myself, my dad never did. He always stood by my side supporting and encouraging me. For example, three years ago my dad sacrificed his money and time for me to be in volleyball club. He gave up several hours of work to drive me to practice and games, while staying to watch me play. He never missed one game, and was always been there to back me up and give me motivation.

My dad has worked hard to help my sisters and me succeed in life. When I struggle with things and doubt my ability to get through something, he is always there to guide me to the right path. Even when my dad is exhausted after a long day at work, he makes time for me and lets me know how much he really loves me. These are just a few of the many things me dad does that make him special to me.

Please note that this sample paper on College Essay- the most important person in my family is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on College Essay- the most important person in my family, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on College Essay- the most important person in my family will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Iraq

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Iraq. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Iraq paper right on time.

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IRAQ CRISIS

FOR

I am supportive of the war on Iraq as Saddam Hussein is an evil dictator who should not have being able to gain power. What he does to the general public is disgusting and in-humane. Also he is defiant to the U.N. (United Nations) and has failed to destroy "the weapons of mass destruction" which he has in his possession. After years of dispute within the U.N George W Bush pushed for action in Iraq. Finally on the twentieth of March 00 George W Bush and his allies (John Howard and Tony Blaire) issued the attack against Saddam's regime.

The main reason I am for the war is due to the fact that Saddam has the power to kill millions of people, also that he does not treat the people of his country with the respect they deserve. Also to his family and Saddam the law does not exist. An example of that is with his oldest son Suedai who has substantial evidence against him for crimes such as rape, yet no punishment has being dealt to him. This is not away for a law to run. All these problems should be fixed. Help with essay on IraqEvidence for all these problems has being shown in the media. And this is evidence enough for me.

Against

The main and most important reason I am against the war on Iraq is because even with every caution the soldiers take they will still kill innocent Iraqi civilians. Also the war will or may bring terrorism to Australia. The war will also destroy the civilians houses, there work, there schools and there livelihood. This will cause famine and maybe also a civil war between the Iraq's towns and cities. The war may even cause disputes within the U.N and from that World War three could start.

Most of my reasons have come from me sitting down and looking at each possible outcome. Even though they might not happen, what if they do, tats another problem with this war there are to many 'what ifs.' And even though America, Britain and Australia are the most powerful in this war but something most likely will go wrong and an example of that would be Saddam being more powerful then they anticipated. Then people will die, heroes to their country will die, and to us they are just people but to others they are friends, brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, fathers, mothers, nephews, nieces or cousins. And only if its one person in the hearts of the loved ones it will be more.

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The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan.

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Many civilizations have formed their own legal systems to ensure justice among their citizens. Law codes are a must for any society that needs to keep the peace among its citizens. They settle conflicts with the goal of preventing feuds between citizens. Two such law codes are those of Hammurabi and the Yuan Dynasty. In both, death remained the number one punishment and was used often for many crimes. Physical punishment was also more popular than repayment. As societies became more civilized, law codes remained barbaric.# Aside from being barbaric there were differences in punishments concerning the different genders. Status differences appear in the law codes as well as gender differences. Women and slaves were treated differently than the free men of the society, although punishments for both men and women were still harsh. Many things are reflected through Hammurabi's Law Code and the Yuan Law Code. The writer's values, legal equality or lack thereof, consumer protections, the differences between pre-meditated and involuntary manslaughter and more, are all apparent within the law codes. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan.

Hammurabi was the sixth Amoritic king of Babylon and he reigned between the Tigris and Euphrates. With a series of military campaigns he extended his control over Sumer, Akkad, and far to the north and northwest of Mesopotamia.# His reign lasted from approximately 17 B.C.E. to 1750 B.C.E. Two reasons for expanding into

Mesopotamia were the need for vital resources and the need for trade.# Because of the Amorites, Mesopotamian society changed. City-states shifted to territorial states, long

Buy cheap The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan. term paper

distant trade relations grew, and Hammurabi changed the social structure in order to support his army.# There were three social classes.# The first class consisted of royalty, high ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, and some artisans and shopkeepers. They were the free, landowners. The second class included dependant farmers and artisans who were legally bound to land that belonged to the king, temple, or elite families. They provided the bulk of the work force for the rural estates and temple complexes. The last is the slave class and they were employed for domestic services. Slaves usually came from mountain tribes and they were either captured in war or sold by slave traders.# There was also another category for slaves which contained people who were unable to pay off a debt. Most information known about Mesopotamian society is biased because the written sources are the product of male scribes and most of the information reflects male elite activities.# There is only limited information on the attitudes towards the roles women played in society. It is assumed that women remained in the homes and raised the children because hunting and farm work required physical labor, which was usually done by men. Because women gave care to the children, anthropologists theorize that women were prevented from gaining the specialized skills of the scribe or artisan.# Society in China, under the Yuan Dynasty, was similar to the Mesopotamian society and the Kubilai Khan reign has many similarities to Hammurabi's.

In 17 China fell under the alien-rule of the Mongols.# Like Hammurabi and the

Amorites, Khubilai Khan and the Mongols were nomadic. The Mongols traveled to different territories, such as China and Japan, to conquer them and to rule over them.

Khubilai's main objective however was to restore the unity of the Chinese realm.# In 165 he made Beijing his new capital and in 171 he declared himself founder of the Yuan Empire.# Both the Mongols, under Khubilai's rule, and the Amorites, under Hammurabi's rule, changed the societies they conquered. In China, all regional regimes were destroyed and the restoration of many features of Chinese government and society were encouraged.# All aspects of life in China changed with the new Mongolian control. The Mongols redistricted China for purposes of census taking and administration and China was organized in to provinces that were much larger than earlier units had been.# Like the Amorites, the Mongols had different social classes. Although the classes were different, they were definitely present. The status of individuals, by law, was dictated by where their ancestors had come from. The highest social rankings belonged to the Mongols and they made up the conquering caste; next in line were the Central Asians and Middle Easterners who held the highly valued political functions of census taking, tax collection, and managing the calendar.# Below the Central Asians and Middle Easterners were the northern Chinese, and finally the southern Chinese.# According to J. J. Saunders, "The resentment of the educated at Mongol rule no doubt explains the policy of racial segregation practiced by the conquerors."# Both the Yuan Law Code as well as Hammurabi's Law Code reflect the societies different social classes as well as the gender differences.

Hammurabi's Law Code was inscribed on a big piece of black basalt. It contains

8 laws that deal with court procedures, thefts, slaves, crafts, land tenure, farming, wives, family and domestic life, trade, and consumer protection.# Death was the most

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serious punishment and was used often. Most of the punishments are "eye for an eye" type punishments. Some examples include laws 15-17

"15. If a man strike his father, they shall cut off his hand.

16. If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye.

17. If he break a man's bone, they shall break his bone." #

Under Hammurabi's law code, penalties depended on the class of the offender and the most severe punishments were reserved for the lower classes.# Law 18 states

"If he destroy the eye of a common man or break a bone of a common man, he shall pay one mana of silver."#

In this law the " eye for an eye" assessment doesn't apply. The common man does not get the same treatment as a male member of the free, landowning class. The laws reflect the differences in gender as well as the differences in status. Women are treated as second citizens and they are not treated as equals in the Hammurabi's law code. If, for example, a women claims to hate her husband and she does not want him to have her, her past is questioned. If she does not have a past then she is free of blame and she can take her dowry and live with her father. Her husband receives no punishment for "going out and greatly belittling her" but if she does have a past of "belittling her husband' and if she is not free from sin then she would have been thrown into the water.# Clearly men received better treatment from the law code than women did. In the Yuan Law Code, men also were treated differently than women and there were also different punishments depending on the status of the offender. As well as being bias the Yuan Code is also barbaric like Hammurabi's Law Code.

The Yuan Law Code contains many laws concerning killing and fighting. Almost all of the laws punish killing with the death penalty as well as compensation. If a person

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kills another person they are punishable by death and their family must pay funeral expenses of the murdered.# There are exceptions to this. If a man kills someone who was flirting with his wife then he would have received a punishment one degree less than the death penalty.# The laws from the Yuan Dynasty reflect a violent society where fights and murder occur often. The punishments themselves are also barbaric and if it is not the death penalty then the offender usually receives a set amount of blows. In the Yuan Dynasty women received harsher punishments for crimes than the men did. The laws reflect how women were treated as second citizens as they were in the Mesopotamian society. A father can murder his married daughter, if she has committed a serious offense, and instead of receiving a punishment of death he will only receive 57 blows while the husband of the deceased is entitled to receive a full refund for the amount he paid for her.# Women were treated as if they were just simply pieces of property and the father was punished as if he stole the property. In another example if a father kills his son and happens to kill his daughter in law he will receive only 77 blows and her dowry would have been returned to her parents.# Laws pertaining to slaves were also equally unfair. Slaves ,although not on the same level as women, were treated just as poorly. An example of two laws concerning slaves show that the death of a slave is not as important as the death of a free man

"57. If a person kills his or her slave who has been faultless, he or she will punished by 87 blows. If he or she is in a state of drunkenness when the killing takes place, the punishment will be reduced by one degree.

58. If a person beats to death a slave who is about to gain his or her freedom, the offending person

will be punished by 77 blows."#

The laws were brutal and offensive, especially concerning the treatment of women and

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slaves as if they were property. Both law codes present seemingly inhuman punishments.

The Law Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Law Code are very similar even though there is a difference of four thousand years between the two. Law codes reflect that societies continued to treat women as second citizens as well as slaves. Both Hammurabi and Khubilai Khan were nomadic and they both expanded their territory into larger regions of land. In order to keep their control over their new expansions they formed law codes to govern the citizens and maintain justice. The different social structures from both civilizations are revealed in the law codes. There are wealthy land owning classes, lower working classes that work for the king, common men, and slaves. Each of these different social standings are punished differently and the fairness of punishment decreases as the class of men decreases.

Bibliography

Bottero, Jean. Mesopotamia Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1.

Bulliet, Richard W., Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth And It's Peoples A Global History. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 001.

Oppenheim, A. Leo, Ancient Mesopotamia Portrait of a Dead Civilization. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 164.

Prawdin, Michael. The Mongol Empire It's Rise and Legacy. London Bradford and Dickens, 18.

Riley, Philip F., Frank A. Gerome, Robert L. Lembright, Henry A. Myers, and Chong-Kun Yoon. The Global Experience Readings in World History to 1550. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 00.

Saggs, H. W. F., The Greatness that was Babylon. New York Hawthorn Books, Inc., 16.

Saunders, J. J., The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 171.

Please note that this sample paper on The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi and the Yuan Code written by the Mongols are comparable because of similarities between the two reigns of Hammurabi and Kubilai Khan. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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