Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations

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In Twelve Angry Men, the audience gets to view the two sides of the legal system. We view the institution that would want to be objective, and the human element, the jury, where each individual brings his own personal subjective point of view. This movie exposes the different types of people called to judge ones peers and the complexity of human nature and what different circumstances influence a juror's thought process. This review will focus on Juror #4, the wealthy stock broker, and Juror #5, a man raised in the slums; two men from completely different worlds placed together side-by-side to determine a young boy's fate.

The jury of Twelve Angry Men is entrusted with the power to send a poor boy with an immigrant background to the electric chair for killing his father with a switchblade knife. These men are locked in a small, claustrophobic room on a stifling hot summer day until they come up with a unanimous decision guilty or not guilty. Each juror brings his personal issues and perspectives to the table; the prejudices, biases and weaknesses, anger and indifference, ignorance and fears and the cultural differences that affect their decision making process.

Juror #4 and Juror #5 come from completely different backgrounds, but they both start out by distancing themselves from the world that the boy lives in. Only when the deliberations finally hit each man personally, does it bring out their deep seated issues to the surface. As Juror #5's confidence in himself and his status grow through the proceedings, Juror #4 must be called to question his confidence and strip away the outer veil that hides his true nature. Juror #8 is the facilitator, the man able to bring these issues to the surface. Do my essay on Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations CHEAP !

Juror #4, portrayed by E.G. Marshall, is a confident, well-dressed stockbroker, presumable very wealthy. He is distant and only speaks to the group when specifically necessary to support his position. At times he comes off as smug and conceited, or studious and methodical. This makes it appear as if he doesn't really care about the fate of the boy. It's more like a murder mystery and he's Sherlock Holmes recalling the facts of the case in great detail; a puzzle to be deductively solved rather than as a case that may send the boy defendant to the electric chair. He also claims that he never sweats, but that remains to be seen.

Juror #5 is a contrast in confidence. As brought to the screen by Jack Klugman, Juror #5 is man formerly from the slums. We really don't his line of work, or even if he has a job. He is naïve and insecure. He is naturally reserved and frightened, and perhaps feeling a bit guilty about his own life and where he came from.

Juror #4 is a member of the first group of six to raise his hand for a guilty vote. Juror #4 feels very sure of himself and is very comfortable presenting detailed facts of the case supporting his position. Juror #5 is one of the final five to join in the first vote of guilty, most likely as a result of peer pressure. By voting guilty, it may also be a means to distance himself from his past rather than a true belief in the guilt of the boy.

During the round-the-table discussion to explain each juror's initial vote, Juror #4 confidently states that the boy's entire alibi was 'flimsy.' He didn't believe the boys claim that he was at the movies at the time of the killing, yet one hour later when speaking with the investigating officer, he couldn't remember the names of the films he saw or who played in them. And no one saw him going in or out of the theatre. Juror #4 is distancing himself from the boy and the world he lives in. He is looking the situation in way that used logic to act as a cover for his prejudices.

Because of his methodical thought process and intelligence he is better able to cover up his biases with the fact patters, rather than the emotion, hate and contempt shown by the other hold outs to the not-guilty verdict. In contrast with Juror # and Juror #10 who wear their emotions, biases and intolerance on their sleeves, verbally segregate the world into 'us' and 'them', Juror #4 does it by his logic and detached attitude.

In contrast to Juror #4's positive view of the facts during the round table, Juror #5 elects to pass. Perhaps because the situation elicits too many feelings about his past for him to express, in conjunction with his embarrassment to reveal that the slums are a part of his upbringing. Juror #5 has deep seated feelings for the boy's situation. He's just too shy or embarrassed to reveal those feelings. However, this perspective quickly changes.

As Juror #7 is explaining his position during the initial round-the-table, Juror #4 chimes in by citing studies that show how slum conditions breed criminals. "He's a product of a broken home and a filthy neighborhood. We can't help that. We're here to decide whether he's innocent or guilty. … Children from slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society." He is specifically saying that a slum background is a factor in determining guilt, without really acknowledging his prejudice. Juror #4 is not applying the facts of the incident to a determination of guilt. He's applying the facts of the boy's life situation to his determination of guilt.

Juror #4's comments, along with #7 and #10, riles up Juror #5. He becomes very uneasy and finally defends himself and speaks up. "I've lived in a slum all my life…I've played in backyards that were filled with garbage. Maybe you can still smell it on me?" This confrontation brings out his deep seated feelings and memories of his childhood, and starts his process toward an acceptance of his life and how that may impact the boy he is held to judge today. He will be turned more quickly than Juror #4 because of this connection. It's a moment that the gentlemen of the jury actually take notice of Juror #5.

It is during the time that the jury is discussing the credibility of the testimony of the Old Man and the Old Woman that Juror #5 changes his vote to not guilty. Obviously, it is again Juror #4 who characteristically recounts the details of the testimony of the Old Woman who "looked right in the open window and saw the boy stab his father" and "saw the killing through the windows of a moving elevated train."

Interestingly, it is Juror #, the old man, who has a great eye for detail this time. He is the juror that noticed the old man's torn jacket and the way he walked, dragging his leg, trying to hide it because he was ashamed. Juror # speculates that "this was a quite, frightened, insignificant old man who has never made a difference." "Now this … old man … needs to be listened to." This is a very striking description of some key characteristics of Juror #5 (from the slums, feeling frightened and insignificant) and what has happened to him just previously (acceptance and people listen to him) . Add these facts to Juror #8 reminding everyone of the phrase "I'm gonna kill you," words Juror #5 heard often in his youth, the situation is hitting very close to home.

The combination of needing to be listened to and finally being heard, an acceptance of his past and a newly flamed desire to stand up to prejudice puts him on the road to overcoming his fears, to stand on his own and to change his vote to not guilty. It's then interesting to see that Juror #5 becomes an important participant in the proceedings. He embraces his past and puts his knowledge to good use when he demonstrates how to properly use a switchblade knife "underhanded." He admits "Anyone who's ever used a switchknife wouldn't handle it any other way."

Juror #4 places great satisfaction in that he has a particular ability to recall facts. He is the juror who related in great detail the time frame and sequence of event related to the boy's fight with his father, the purchase of the unusual knife, the friends identifying the "death weapon", the time the boy says he went to the movie, losing the knife, and returning to find his father dead. Juror #4 goes on to recreate his own version of the facts to support his position on the night in question.

Juror #4's presentation of the facts are actually an effort to "objectively" support his biases and prejudices. He is not using the facts as a method to actually determine guilt or innocence. Even when the small and wimpy bank teller, Juror #, recalls the name of the movie and the old man recalls the details of the old man's walk, it does not sway Juror #4 to admit reasonable doubt. What is particularly interesting in this regard is that even when Juror #8 provides the concept of the existence of an identical knife by asking him to admit that "It's possible." Juror #4 responds "But not very probable." This is the perspective that he comes from in the movie. He's not really looking for reasonable doubt as to the boy's guilt. He will not settle for anything less than a probability that the boy isn't guilty. This is not the standard of judging guilt or innocence which should be applied.

Even when the large chart of the old man's apartment is used in combination with Juror #8s demonstration of how long it would take to make it to the door, it does not visibly sway Juror #4. Juror #8 even solicits Juror #4's participation in the experiment and speaks directly to Juror #4 when the experiment is completed as a plea to elicit reasonable doubt in a man who on the surface appears to be concerned with facts and logic.

All this while, Juror #4 has attempted to distance himself on an emotional level from the proceedings. He has not engaged in polite banter with the other jurors. He also has maintained an aloof distance between the boy's situation and the witnesses, and that of his own. Only when the argument turns to the discussion of the boy's 'movie' alibi, do we begin to see a change in how Juror #4 may be looking at the situation. Juror #4 states he could have remembered the names and details of the movies even under pressure, especially after an "upsetting experience such as being slapped in the face by your father." After relentless questioning, Juror #4 can't remember the exact title of the inexpensive second feature and the name of its stars that he saw with his wife three nights earlier. Contrary to his statement that he never sweats, when the pressure is on him personally and he can not fall back on those very important facts to substantiate his argument, we see him wipe a drop of sweat from his brow with a handkerchief. Juror #8 notices, "And you weren't even under an emotional stress, were you?"

The final discussion of the Old Woman's account of the evening and her eyesight, cuts close to home and brings him into the story like it had not before. When the situation finally becomes too personal, it brings out his not guilty vote. The facts he so relied on before have now fallen apart, and when he is personally used as the evidence against a guilty verdict (rubbing his nose and eyeglass marks), he has no choice by logic to continue with the front he has been putting up. "It's logical to assume that no one wears eyeglasses to bed." So it was highly unlikely that the woman could have had time to put on her glasses to see the murder through the el and across the road. And when the only two remaining hold-outs are obviously bigoted, angry men, he doesn't want to be identified with that either. Juror #4 tells Juror #10, "Now sit down and don't open your mouth again." It's now a personal issue for him.

Juror #4 explains the now he agrees with the majority "with a reasonable doubt" after the eyeglasses incident. However, it appears that he had more than just a reasonable doubt. At that point, it was a probability in his mind that the boy did not commit the murder. His reasonable doubt showed up much earlier, he just couldn't get himself to act upon it yet. Reasonable doubt appeared during their movie title discussion. That incident hit him close to home and made him sweat. Maybe for the first time in his life, he doubted himself, but his conceit would not yet let him change his vote. He only changed his vote when in his analytical mind he had proof positive the boy was not guilty (the glasses discussion), it touched him way too close to home to refute the evidence, and he realized the underlying bigotry that was influencing his original position.

Please note that this sample paper on Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Twelve Angry Men A Reflective Essay on Human Natureand Its Influence on Juror #4's and Juror #5's Deliberations will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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MIS in business

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BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

QUESTIONS

1.) What do you want to do for the rest of your life?

ANSWER

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I do not know exactly what I want to do for the rest of my life. I may become a high school vocational teacher or a professional business person. I have always wanted to become a teacher. I have not made a career decision yet. I have already taken the Praxis I and passed it in the top 10%. Therefore, I have already started preparing for a teaching career. I plan to take the Praxis II this summer. In spite of this, I am still going to wait and see what business opportunities I may be offered out of college. However, if the teaching matter does not work out; I want to be a successful, wealthy, and prosperous business person. I plan to work for a well known and thriving business. Human Resources has always been interesting to me. I would enjoy hiring and firing employees. I could see myself being a Human Resource Director for a large business firm. I also would like to be a recruiter for a company or a college. I could perform either one of these exciting professions for the rest of my life. I do not care to be supervised constantly. I work better when I am on my own. I think that I should be trusted enough to get my work completed. It doesn't matter to me if I stay in my hometown or move to another state. I would like to leave the little country town of Petal and move to a big city. I believe that I will go where the money takes me. I do know that I want to be happy for the rest of my life. I want to be satisfied with my career and have a fulfilling personal life. I guess when I am asked the question what do you want to do for the rest of your life; I should respond with "making a lot of money".

.) If you go back to your hometown to live and work; what products or services are you going

to do or offer? Use the Internet to help you decide. Why would anybody buy from you

instead of competitors? Combine the videos watched in class and Ch. 10 and Ch. 11 to your

answer.

ANSWER

I have had thoughts before of opening my own business. Nevertheless, I have kept my ideas as just thoughts. I could open an Internet business and offer a variety of products. I could do something similar to PC Flowers by having enough courage to establish my own interactive business. In the video the owner of PC Flowers said that everyone told him that this flower business conducted on the Internet would not succeed. PC Flowers is still flourishing today. It is now a brilliant company. I could start myself a brick and mortar business while having the Internet correspond with helping me. I could start a coffee shop on the Internet. My internet business is going to be most similar to the fourth video we watched, "Thinking Machines". My business is going to have robotics and artificial intelligence tied into it. I would have to get information on opening an Internet business from existing websites to help me get started. Artificial intelligence can help my business in numerous of ways.

In the small town of Petal, MS there is not a single coffee shop. I believe that an interactive coffee shop will do well in Petal. Therefore, I am going to open and establish a soon to be famous coffee shop. The name will be MMM… COFFEE & GRITS! I will offer a variety of services and products. The store will be open 4 hours a day, Monday thru Sunday. The internet will also have 4 hour access to order food and coffee. The business will be located at 1140 Main Street. There are several reasons why consumers will choose MMM…COFFEE & GRITS over competitors. First, we will offer convenience at both at locations ( brick and mortar and the Internet) and getting fast service will be a demand. We will be connected to the Internet. On our homepage we will have a section for ordering coffee and breakfast. We will get customers to enter their regular coffee order. We will give them a password to go with their name on our website. Then all the consumer has to do is log on to their computer, type their password in and their usually coffee order will appear. The consumer will have a choice on what to do next. They can press okay, and our robotics will automatically make the consumers order. There will be another icon on the home page that states "Add To My Order". This allows the consumer to add food or more drinks to their order. This is extremely convenient because most people drink coffee on their way to work. Consequently, the consumers will not have to come in to order or wait. Instead we have our convenient Internet connection so that the order will be ready when the consumer arrives at the store. We will also accept phone orders. The store will have a drive thru; hence customers will not have to get out of their vehicles. Another reason why consumers will choose MMM…COFFEE & GRITS is because Petal residents will no longer have to drive to Hattiesburg or out of town to get coffee or home made breakfast food.

After my internet connected business gets started I will have to design a database. The database will get started on my opening day. I will have a drawing that gives away a free breakfast combo for one month. In order for the consumer to register they will have to sign in and give their name, address, and email. This will get my database in progress. I will have a customer database similar to P C Flowers and Frito Lay. Both of these companies keep up with what their customers have bought, how frequently they purchase, who are their best customers are. My database will be designed similar to these so that I can monitor what customers want. I can also keep up with what and when my customers place their purchase. This will allow my robotics to know when to go ahead and start cooking up the coffee and food. The Schneider video used an efficient Management Information System. They had 17 regional operating systems. They have computers located in their trucks to track how fast they are going, safety, and fuel efficiency. MMM…COFFEE & GRTIS will offer a delivery service. I will have tracking devices installed in my delivery vehicles to monitor my employees. I expect them to go directly to the house where the order is suppose to be delivered to. Having computers installed in my vehicles will ensure customers fast service. This will also decrease costs because employees will not be able to ride around and waste gas. I would also like to have a MIS like Schneider. Their system is user friendly and can receive data very fast. I need a user friendly MIS because I am computer illiterate (just kidding!). Since a MIS provides reports based on routine flows of data and assist in general control of the organization, my business will rely on a MIS. I will count on the MIS to provide information on my business's performance of monitoring and controlling the business decisions.

Our prices will also be cheaper because part of the making coffee and food process will be used with artificial intelligence and intelligent agents. This is very similar to the videos Papnet and Thinking Machines. Papnet used robotics arms to pull Pap smear slides and look at them under the microscope. They use neural networks to detect abnormalities pelvic cells. This artificial intelligence is like a human brain. Just like in the Papnet video when employees get tired they overlook or miss seeing abnormal cells. This is related to my business; because when my employees get tired they will make accidents happen. The wrong order could be given to the customer, the employee could forget to type the order in the computer to be processed, or the employee could be rude to the customers if too tired. If I used the neural network like Papnet, I know my business will succeed. The Thinking Machine video relates to my business the most. In this video it was mostly about a guy beating an artificial intelligence machines in checkers called Deep Blue. This video concentrated mostly on how computers can think on their own. Each year it is becoming more difficult for the guy to beat the computer. The computer attempts to mimic human physical and intelligent tasks. There are built in reasoning codes and rules for decisions on these artificial intelligence machines. My computers in the coffee shop will automatically start making coffee at 400 a.m. No one will need to be at the shop until around 500 a.m. The artificial machines will have arms on them and will pour the coffee in extra pots where the coffee will stay warm. Also, I will be using hybrid AI systems to run my shop. This is an "integration of multiple AI technologies into a single application to take advantage of the best features of these technologies". I think this artificial intelligence is the best. It takes advantage of all the finest features of genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and expert systems. My systems will also cook the food that is ordered. I will only need employees for delivery, customer service, and to keep things in order. My artificial intelligent machines which will be robotics will do the rest. I think that my intelligent technologies should use neural networks the most because they follow the patterns of the human brain. Some of my other computers may use case-based-reasoning which is artificial intelligence technology that "represents knowledge as a database of cases and solutions". This way if there is a problem and the artificial brain can't figure out a solution there will be a backup with similar or just alike cases. Therefore, there should never be a mistake in a customer's order.

The video Race Against Time doesn't really apply to me right now. That video mostly was concerned with the millennium bug. Since it is 00, I don't have to worry about the glitch. However, I do need to keep up with viruses and bugs that may occur in my computer system. If I got a virus in my computer there would be complete chaos in the store. Moreover, I still think that errors or glitches could occur with the older computers that weren't manufactured after 000. I want my store to be the best and be the most profitable! Therefore, all of my computers and artificial intelligent machines will be up to date.

The sixth video we watched in class had three sections to it. Dupont had an executive support system that allowed 4 hour access to data from any of their locations. In the video it pointed out that senior executives have a great need to review information from external and internal sources. I will need an executive support system somewhat to this one. Dupont was mostly concerned with locations around the world. I will not need to have an ESS that supports global working yet. Maybe one day I will be able to expand my business worldwide. Phillips Petroleum gave good details about profitability within the ESS. The video stated that profitability depends on active reporting and changes immediately. I think that being in the restaurant business, this is an important issue. I need to know if anyone else in the community is thinking about starting a small business like this one. I also need to keep up with the prices of competitors. According to Phillips Petroleum this is what their ESS system assists with. Frito Lay looks at data daily. This allows them to keep up with sales and what promotions to offer next. I would need to pay attention to this because I need to know what my sales are daily to see if I am making a profitable return. I will also need to know what to put on promotion or sales each month. I am going to set my goals similar to the Water Association in Australia. The man on the video stated that I.T. can give your business a competitive advantage. Follow these goals, it important to set targets, monitor targets, look closely at I.T. budgets for real business decisions, informing line managers to account for money spent on the I.T. I will follow these in hope to allow my business to prosper. Also this video used Geographic Information Systems. This shows basically the trading area for the business, where the most valuable customers live, how far they drive, and how frequently they may visit. Using a GIS system would benefit my business. I will know how large my trading area is, and what target market to approach using this development.

MMM…COFFEE & GRITS will be a new technology to our generation. It will not be just another coffee shop; it is going to be a new creation. I have already stated above that I will use artificial intelligence to run my business. My business will benefit from this by storing information in active form, creating mechanisms that are not subject to human feelings (such as being tired, fatigue, or worried), eliminates routine and unsatisfying jobs (such as being at the store at 400 a.m. to make the food and coffee), enhancing organization's knowledge base, and generating solutions to specific problems. Most of my intelligent machines will be robotics. They will make all the food and the coffee. I will offer anything from coffee, cappuccino, and homemade pecan pancakes, to several other items. I hope that my Executive Support Systems will help me make better business decisions, the Internet will attract several customers through its convenience, and that the artificial intelligence systems that I have installed will give MMM…COFFEE & GRITS a competitive advantage!

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The Family

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What a celebration! It was a multi-denominational event. There was African, reggae, choral, folk, Christian, song and praise. Paba, our vibrant, and dynamic modern Catholic priest lead the service. There were speeches. Prime Minister Ralph Gonzalves of St. Vincent cried during his eulogy. Thousands of people gathered in the stands for the final goodbye. As many along the road sides throughout the route of the motorcade. They waved flags, t-shirts, placards, their hands. Children, youth, the elderly, the farmers, supporters, the common people. The motorcade went on for miles, headlights on, and the horns blaring. There was the roar of the crowd at the Market Steps where Brother George had stood educating the masses. The thunder and dark clouds dissipated, no rain, and the sun shorn upon Brother Ralph, the last of the revolutionaries when he spoke. What a day! What incredible joy!

When we got to the cemetery the body had already been lowered and the tomb being sealed. Traffic flowed from the Marchard Park to Vigie, miles of road. While we were still in traffic at Marchard the cortege had already reached Vigie. The wreaths flowed continuously. The African drum accompanied the voices of people as they sang, By the rivers of Babylon and good bye to George, there would never be another like you. La Rose/folk Style. One said he was a prophet. That it would be another one hundred years before another person appeared of such caliber. No one wanted to leave the cemetery. It was dark when we departed.

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I had paid my last respects when I viewed the body at Parliament. He was calm and dignified. Just as described by Prime Minister Gonzalves of St. Vincent and in our Buddhist scriptures of one who had obtained absolute happiness. His life and happiness reflected in the common people yesterday. They were fulfilled. They were satisfied. Oh! how wondorous! Oh! how merciful! What a beautiful future awaits my country! I am filled to overflowing with joy!

Empress

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Sexual harrestment in corporations

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The situation in the case can be identified as abuse of managerial power since it is not much logical that a 0 year-old girl dates with a fifty year-old man, who is also married. There are several aspects to be considered in analyzing the case. First of all, one should be assessed with his/her performance in the job. Joe Ryan is a very successful person as explained in the text. However, this does not give him an opportunity to misuse his success. If he were not so successful in his job, I think that they would fire him without hesitation. However, the issue is about a manager who has open a new era for the company.

According to me, it is very risky to fire a CEO who is so successful in business life. He knows the company, its strategies, the market, partners, employees, ethics and cultures within the company very well. It should be questioned that whether it will be possible to find a new CEO that could replace him. Since the company is in a critical point in business (new stores coming very soon), it would not be logical to find a new manager. Company may loose during the adaptation period of the new comer.

Another point is the truth of the news on the paper. Since Joe Ryan is a friendly person, his behaviors may be misinterpreted by people looking from outside. There have been similar instances in the past that has been regarded as the same but he has always refused those accusations saying that they were just friends. Before making a judgment on the issue, the source of the news should be investigated perfectly.

Moreover, it is probable that the company is harmed since it is slogan is just the opposite of what the CEO has done. This issue should also be considered upon decision making, whether the result could affect future business of the company or not.

If I were to consider on the issue, I would first determine whether the accusations are correct or not. Second, I would fully consider if the situation could harm future business of the company. If yes, I would fire him without any thoughts. If no, I would warn him to be more careful in his attitudes. If he has to be fired, it should be fulfilled after a person is trained who is to replace him.

Please note that this sample paper on sexual harrestment in corporations is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on sexual harrestment in corporations, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on sexual harrestment in corporations will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bilingual Society

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There is currently a movement taking place to split the United States into a bilingual society. Many Hispanic political leaders are pressing for bilingual education which could possibly mean that English and Spanish will become the official U.S. languages (Hayakawa 7). The bilingual education program seeks to permit non-English speaking children to use their native language instead of English in school systems (Rodriguez 8). This program will put foreign languages in competition with our native language. Good communication cannot exist if our nation has to communicate through interpreters. If bilingual education is accepted, its participants will suffer the horrifying social disadvantage of being isolated and the economic disadvantage of not being able to find a stable job. The nation will suffer economically as well as from poor communication.

If this bilingual education system is enforced, there will be no encouragement of Spanish speaking immigrants to learn the dominant language of our nation. The nation would become divided into separate groups Spanish speakers and English speakers. How could such a divided nation be governed? Communication is essential for unity and peace. Former California Senator Hayakawa comically clarifies this idea stating that America unified, a result of the melting pot, but bilingual education encourages that the national ideas should be a salad bowl, rather than a melting pot, in which different elements do not melt but mingle (Hayakawa 71).

Countries that do not require monolingual education tend to have severe problems with communication. For example, in India, three languages are required for internal communication the language of birth, the regional language, and the official national language (Roberts 106). Poor communication has often interfered with the governing of India. The former Soviet Union is another good example of poor governing as a result of lack of communication. The inability of the Serbs, Poles, and other divided groups to communicate with one another steadily increased cultural differences. These differences led to cultural uprisings against the national government which was unable to accommodate all of the cultures within its body. Throughout history, cultural conflicts have been one of the major causes of revolution and governmental breakdown. The best way to minimize cultural conflicts is to communicate with only one national language.

In her essay Sociocultural Change and Communication Problems, Jane Roberts explains that the internal communication is possible for any nation when one language is known by the vast majority of the population. Roberts demonstrates the complexity of communication by explaining the three ways in which countries manage communication

Order custom research paper on Bilingual Society

The first way is that the country may have a national

language which is known by the majority of the people.

Second, where several languages are spoken, one of

these is dominant and is learned by many of the

minority language speakers. Third, if several

languages are spoken and for political or other reasons

one of these fails to achieve superordinate status,

another language is adopted and learned by most people.

(Roberts 106)

These methods of internal communication demonstrate the complexity of multilingual countries.

There are also economic reasons for not enforcing bilingual education in the United States. In 181, Ronald Reagan cut funding for bilingual education as part of an effort to relieve federal spending. Speaking out against bilingual education, Reagan proclaimed that it was absurd to have a bilingual education program that was adamantly dedicated to preventing immigrants from ever learning English proficiently and preparing for the job market (Romaine 5). In 18, U.S. English, Senator Hayakawas organization which was lobbying for a constitutional amendment to make the official language of the United States English, presented Congress with testimony against bilingual education. U.S. English recommended developing alternative methods of education for non-English speakers and suggested that the funds saved in doing so be allocated for improving and greatly expanding foreign language programs for American students at all levels (Hakuta 10). U.S. English chose a good time to present their case to Congress because bilingual education was then costing the government $18 million (Hakuta 08).

It is obvious that Americans who never learn to speak and write the English language will be very limited in the number of jobs they can hold. Non-English speakers will suffer economically and increase the economic depression of non-English speaking communities as a whole because of job limitations. Therefore, bilingual education will harm the economic situation of the people as well as the government.

Probably the worst aspect of bilingual education is the social isolationism. In his essay Caught Between Two Languages, Richard Rodriguez describes how uncomfortable he was as a child because he could not speak the public language. He describes how uneasy he was just watching his parents trying to communicate with people such as cashiers and service station attendants. Rodriguez was uncomfortable around all English speakers which included nearly everyone outside his own family (8-10). An Italian immigrant named Irving Child described similar experiences of isolationism. As Child was growing up, he was so frustrated by not being able to communicate with people outside his own family that he rebelled against his parents and other authority figures, blaming them for his isolated condition. After finally learning English and being accepted into society, Childs attitude towards his parents changed, and he became more submissive to authority (Hakuta 17-17). Rodriguezs and Childs experiences summarize the ordeals of many non-English speakers who are confined to their own families and are unable to integrate into the mainstream of the American society.

Further evidence of bilingual education promoting social isolationism is the current social situation in Montreal. Montreal is divided into two major ethnic-linguistic groups who have very few means of communicating with one another. Lambert describes an incident that occurred while he was studying bilingualism in Montreal. The event happened while he was on a bus sitting behind two English speaking French women and in front of two French speaking women. All of the French speakers on the bus were completely separated from the English speakers. Lambert heard one of the English speaking women say that she was paranoid when she heard French people laughing, afraid that they may be laughing at her (14).

Learning the native language of a country is especially important with respect to the attitudes of educators. Florence Goodenough, a well known researcher of bilingual education, collected data on foreign languages in the homes of immigrants from different nationalities. She showed a negative relationship between the amount of foreign language used in the home and the median IQ of the group. The less foreign language the subjects used and the more English used, the higher the IQ (Hakuta 7). Goodenough believes that her findings conclude that those nationality groups whose average intellectual ability is inferior do not readily learn the new language (Hakuta 7).

Similar studies showed that in urban areas bilinguals compared well with monolinguals in IQ tests. However, rural bilinguals scored poorly compared to rural monolinguals. The lower scores of the rural population are most likely a reflection of lack of opportunity and context to use and hear English (Romaine 10). Clearly there are many outside factors that influence test scores. However, so much judgement is placed on standardized IQ tests that in order for students to be easily accepted as intellectual equals, they must be exposed to the public language as much as possible.

Many feel that learning a second language can be detrimental to the human brain. Some research indicates that bilingual children take longer to name an object than monolinguals because they must take time to differentiate their first language from their second (Lambert 115). As mentioned earlier, bilinguals tend to score lower on IQ tests than monolinguals for various reasons. There are even some studies that conclude that monolingual students score better on performance and nonverbal tests than bilingual children (Lambert 11). However, it is only fair to point out that there is almost an equal number of studies suggesting that bilingualism has a positive effect on intelligence.

Some studies indicate that learning a second language exercises the brain and therefore increases the learners intelligence. Wallace Lamberts studies suggest that learning a second language increases ones cognitive skills (100). In many studies, bilinguals have achieved higher scores on performance and nonverbal tests than monolinguals. However, bilinguals naturally did not score as well on verbal tests. W.A. Stark, a researcher of bilingualism, concluded from one of his studies that early bilingualism may be an asset to the mental development of children (Lambert 114-116).

Of course there are studies which conclude that bilingualism has no effect on intelligence. One study conducted with the Italian-American students resulted in there being no conclusive differences between the scores of monolinguals and bilinguals on verbal, nonverbal, and performance tests. (Lambert 117). Another experiment conducted by Arsenian showed no variation between the intelligence levels of bilinguals and monolinguals on controlled tests (Lambert 118).

The existing research and test results are so contradictory that there seems to be no concrete evidence supporting positive or negative effects of bilingualism on the brain. Although different activists use this type of information to argue for or against bilingual education, such information is not really relevant to the question of bilingual education.

Another good reason for not allowing immigrants to be educated in their native language is that generally, learning a second language comes easier to a child than to an adult. Children learn a second language by rule formation. At an early age it is easier to learn these rules from the speech to which the children are exposed. However, adults tend to prefer learning these mechanical language differences at home in their restricted environments, using whole formulas rather than small general rules (Shapira 55). The problem for the adult learner is that the discourse of Adult-Adult conversation relies much less on immediate environment than Adult-Child or Child-Child interactions (Harley 1). Therefore, if someone has not had any encouragement to learn English during his childhood, and he waits until adulthood, the second language acquisition process will most likely be much more difficult.

Although many people shun the possibility of America ever converting to a bilingual society, the process has already begun in many areas. Certain areas of Miami, for example, have already broken down and changed their present system to accommodate monolingual Spanish speakers. In many fast-food restaurants both Spanish and English menus are provided. The local and state government have spent valuable tax dollars to create new highway and road signs in Spanish which have been posted next to the existing English ones. Not only has transportation given in to accommodating two languages, but county parks, newspapers, libraries, and other public facilities have given in as well. Parts of New York, Texas, and California have also experienced similar transitions. Hayakawa illuminated that...

Countless millions of immigrants successfully made the

transition from their native tongues to English and

became assimilated into the American mainstream. It

is condescending and insulting to single out todays

immigrants and suggest they cannot do the same (7-7).

American immigrants need English because they come from so many different speech communities, and the English language is their only passport to social and economic advancement. Monolingual education is needed to keep immigrants from being isolated and to keep them in good economic condition. In order to avoid conflicting cultural differences and possible uprisings, the United States needs to maintain its current monolingual education policy. Making English the official language of the United States may be the single most important aspect in maintaining American unity.

Works Cited

Hakuta, Kenji. Mirror of Language. New York Basic Books, 185.

Harley, Burgit. Age in Second Language Acquisition. San Diego, Calif. College Hill, 186.

Hayakawa, S.I. Why English Should Be Our Official Language. Language Awareness. New York St. Martins, 10 ed.

Lambert, Wallace E. Language, Psychology, and Culture. Stanford, Calif. Stanford, 17.

Roberts, Jane. Socioculture Change and Communication Problems. Study of the Role of Second Languages. Washington, D.C. Center for Applied Linguistics of Modern Language Association of America, 16 ed.

Rodriguez, Richard. Caught Between Two Languages. Language Awareness. New York St. Martins, 10 ed.

Romaine, Suzzanne. Bilingualism. New York B. Blackwell, 18.

Shapira, Loraine. Age and Bilingualism. Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, Mass. Newberry House, 178 ed.

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Al Capone the businessman

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Al Capone those two words, instantly recognizable, conjure up many vivid images in the minds of people all across America. They however mean much more to the inhabitants of Chicago, "the city of broad shoulders" so aptly named after the man who once had an unquestionable hold upon the city and its surrounding communities. Capone is what every gangster desires to be. He is the vision of what a gangster blueprint looks like that is burnt into the minds of the people who experienced his reign firsthand. Young as they may have been at the height of Capone's legacy, they undoubtedly felt the effects of Capone's power and celebrity as his presence was impossible to ignore. Even people of today view Capone as the blueprint for gangster perfection, the greatest and most famed gangster of all time. Though the best evidence in supporting Capone's case as the blueprint; comes from other gangsters paying the ultimate compliment by attempting to emulate Capone's techniques and mannerisms. One might question as to how can Capone be the model for a member of organized crime considering that he was captured. My answer to that is that he at one time held more power than I can even comprehend, and even all these years later no gangster has made an impact on a city like Capone and most likely never will. Capone is the perfect gangster. He is the model, and this can be seen through all the facets of his criminal career, including his quick ascension through the ranks of the Chicago gang to the top of the food chain. The actions he took during his criminal career and the power that he held over the city of Chicago also lend credence to this theory. However, the one thing that made Capone the consummate gangster over anybody else was his understanding that blood is power and he was more than willing to spill a little blood if it was what was needed. Even today, the only mob boss whose fame and power came close to the heights that Capone reached would be John Gotti. But, when the extent of their power is compared "Da Don" falls far short of "The Big Guy."

Capone was only twenty years old when Johnny Torrio sent for him to leave New York and come to Chicago to be his prot g . Al arrived on the scene and was made the bouncer at Four Deuces night club, quick to offer you a handshake but at the same time ready to shake you down and break your hand. However, Johnny Torrio was not satisfied with the rough edges that surrounded the young man who had all the other tools that have the makings of an ideal gangster. Torrio personally set himself to work on improving Al's total package. He taught him the common social graces of the time, instructed him in the process of concealing one's thoughts and emotions from others, and the idea of a ready handshake and easy smile was reinforced on the hardened young man. Torrio had been the beneficiary of the death of "Big" Jim Colosimo who is credited with creating the vice and underground society in Chicago. It is believed by many that Colosimo's death was the first murder that Capone committed in the great lakes area. Then, in 14, the event that changed the face of organized crime forever and opened up the gates for what was to be a whole new breed of gangsters and alcohol delivery professionals, better known as bootleggers or beer barons. This event was the inception of Prohibition and it created an entirely new market for members of organized crime, including one Al Capone. After the initial dust settled, the bootlegging business though was divided into the two distinct north and south sides of town according to the Chicago River. The northern territory fell under the control of Dion O'Banion, and the southern territory belonged to none other than the infamous Torrio and his sidekick (soon to be successor) Alphonse Capone. O'Banion, having seen it all in his day, desired to hang up his guns and so offered the entire north side of Chicago to Torrio for the sum of five hundred thousand dollars. However, when Torrio went to make the exchange he found that he had been set up by O'Banion who was aware that the police were planning on raiding this business transaction. Due to the fact that it was another offense on a rap sheet that read a mile long Torrio was sentenced to jail time while O'Banion walked because it was his first offense. Oh yeah, O'Banion also kept the half million of Torrio's money, so as you could probably guess he was not long for the world long after Torrio was let out of prison. Then in 15 Torrio retired from the racket (due to a severe injury) and left all that he had over to his now tried-and-true apprentice who by then was more than ready to have a chance holding the reigns for a while. It was his time to shine, "for Capone was to revolutionize crime and corruption by putting both on an efficiency basis, and to instill into a reorganized gangland firm business methods of procedure" (Paisley 11). Capone was now at the top of the food chain and he had just begun to make his presence felt. Though his quick rise through the ranks of the family of organized crime was remarkably impressive, the true testaments to Capone's greatness come while he is at the top and these actions are what truly make him the "Blueprint."

The man that no one knew five years ago was soon to become, in the city of Chicago at least, the man who knew no equal. Capone's first order of business was to ensure that his bootleg business controlled completely all the flow of alcohol coming into the south side of the city. He accomplished this by sending out numerous teams of machine gunners to shoot down rival bootleggers and stubborn saloon keepers that did not buy Capone's beer. This type of action is what separated Capone from other gangsters; he was an expert at how to convince by terror and was not afraid to do so. He was a man that knew how to spread terror and it was this need to evoke fear that led to the introduction of a revolutionary way to do business in the underworld.

Capone's grip over the city of Chicago increased even more in the next few years with the introduction of the Tommy gun into the world of organized crime. The resulting image of terror that the Tommy gun gave the public yielded a much-larger-than-life Al Capone. It is quite safe to say that Tommy gun struck terror not only into the people of Chicago, but also made rival mobsters fear and respect Capone even more than they did before the advent of the weapon. The Tommy gun itself was the perfect killing machine, capable of firing 0 round magazines in less than a second (James). The Thompson submachine gun was developed for the military for use during the First World War as a trench sweeper. Though it was not particularly accurate it was more than capable for quick, devastating strikes. When the war ended before the first guns could be produced, Thompson was left with mass quantities of the Tommy gun and due to relaxed gun laws of the day it became available to the public, quickly becoming the favorite for Al Capone (James). The gun's military purposes aside, what made it particularly popular was its relatively small size, which made it very easy to hide. The gun also boasted armor piercing bullets so it was nearly impossible to escape an attack by the "Chicago Typewriter" as Tommy's infamy led the public to name it.

Capone's power could be seen even more clearly in the manner by which he controlled the elections of many public officials as if they were marionettes, easily swaying the publics vote in many creative, though painful ways. Capone had his definite preferences in mayors and he did whatever he could to keep William Hale Thompson Jr. in office since he seemed to look the other way when it came to Capone. It doesn't take being Elliot Ness to realize that Capone was the reason that Thompson's pockets were busting at the seams with money during his campaigns, in effect not even giving competitors a chance. The year 16 was one of heightened violence for Capone there were on record gang killings in less than six months. In 18 there were 6 different bombings attributed to Capone (Reid). Sandwiched between those two years is 17, regarded as the year in which the great Al Capone reached his peak of power. He made enormous amounts of money. In this year alone the IRS believes that he ticketed over 100 million dollars (Burdick), keeping about ten percent of that total while the rest went to his employees and to other expenses.

The north side of Chicago had meanwhile become the rightful property of George "Bugs" Moran. A war between Capone and Moran had been waging for the better part of three years, that began when the north siders hijacked a Capone owned shipment of whiskey. Capone would not stand for insubordination such as this and he dispatched the famed assassin Jack Mcgurn to arrange a faux police raid of Moran thugs at 1 North Clark St (Burdick). This fateful night will be forever known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, the single most brutal and notorious act ever orchestrated by Capone. A team of four men dressed as police officers entered the building as if they were going to bust the criminals within. What they did instead will forever live in infamy. They took all seven men, lined them up against the wall of the garage ordered them to put their hands above their heads, turn around and put their palms to the wall. The assassins then took a .45, a sawed off shotgun and two fully automated machine guns and ripped into the backs of the seven men. Less than thirty seconds later when the smoke cleared seventy two shots had been fired at the men, including two shots fired from the shotgun (Burdick). The plan went off without a hitch except that the intended target of the massacre "Bugs" Moran was not present. He was particularly lucky this day as he was caught up checking into a hotel as an alibi, and arrived late enough that he saw the "raid" and not wanting to be entangled in the affair, he got out of there as quickly as possible.

The failed attempt on Moran's life had a huge effect on Capone's celebrity as the publicity surrounding the incident was the most attention that any gang event had ever received. He was suddenly in the national spotlight as journalists and writers all over the country began writing books and articles on him. Capone loved the attention but President Herbert Hoover did not share his viewpoint. Hoover quickly ordered all the federal agencies to work on bringing down Capone and his associates. It was not long before the government had a strong case against the brash Capone, but he was reluctant to realize the trouble he was really in and instead of ducking out of the spotlight, he continued to live in the extravagant and very visible way that he normally did (Kelly). In his day nobody could compete with him. He was the consummate gangster and he lived above the law. No Mafioso's career lasts forever and the St. Valentine's Day Massacre marked the beginning of the end of the career of Al Capone. The Depression proved to be an obstacle not only for those with legitimate business ventures but also for those whose dealings were not necessarily legitimate. Capone slowly went down the river as the government tore hard into him with a federal tax evasion suit. He ended up being sentenced to eleven years in prison and he rotted away behind bars where one of his vices had gotten to him. He was infected with syphilis, contracted from his mistress (paisley). The disease ravaged his nervous system and eventually led to his death, an interesting way to go out for a man with as many enemies as he had but an end nonetheless.

Capone was the most ruthless gangster to ever walk the streets of the Windy City, and he contributed to over 1,000 mob slayings of which only two were ever solved (Paisley). He was the ideal gangster. It was Capone's unpredictability that kept others from trying to infringe on his territory or test him. No one ever knew what Capone was going to do next or how he will react to a problem, this is what made Capone so dangerous and is what made him the greatest gangster ever. He kept an entire city at bay citizen, rival, government official alike with his brash, effective form of business. No one to this day has yet to neither match the success of Capone nor display the flair that he exhibited and until that day when a superior example of a gangster exists I would have to say that Al Capone deserves the title of ideal gangster. Capone is the man who all other gangsters strive to emulate, he is what every member of organized crime wants to be, he is the "Blueprint."

Abadinsky, Howard. Organized Crime .

Chicago Nelson-Hall, 185.

Reid, Ed. Anatomy of Organized Crime in America The Grim Reapers

Chicago Henry Regenery Company, 16

Homer, Frederic D. Guns and Garlic- Myths and Realities of Organized Crime

West Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Press

Gage Nicholas. Mafia USA

Chicago, Illinois Playboy Press, 17

Kelly, Robert J. Organized Crime- AGlobal Perspective

Totowa, New Jersey Rowman & Littlefield, 186

Paisley, Fred D. Al Capone- The Biography of a self-made man

Freeport, NY Books for Libraries Press, 171

Burdick Harmon, Melissa. "Badfella the Life & Crimes of Al Capone."

Biography, 5 (001) 100

Kelly, Jack. "Gangster City"

American Heritage, 46- (15) 65

James, Gary. "The Story of the Thompson Sub machine gun"

(001) The unofficial Tommy Gun Site. http//www.nfatoys.com/

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Panama Canal

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After America acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico, they needed a fast way to sail from ocean to ocean. After they thought about it, they decided to build a canal through Panama. Columbia, who was in charge at the time, rejected the idea. The U.S. then helped the panama people over throw Columbia. After the people of Panama over threw Columbia, they were granted permission to build the canal.

When the offer was rejected by Columbian rule, the U.S. began to make negotiations. During this time, a Panamanian rebellion was being organized against Columbia for their independence. The U.S. negotiated a treaty that guaranteed they would get what they wanted. So, in 10 the U.S. sent in armed naval forces to help overthrow the Columbian government. When the new government was in place, they immediately agreed to the building of the Panama Canal.

Before the building of the Panama Canal, there were a few problems between the United States and Columbia. Why is this? Well, Panama at that time was owned by Columbia. The United States wished to connect the oceans so they could protect their territories in the Philippines and Puerto Rico. So the United States offered to lease the land from Columbia and build the canal through Panama. The offer was rejected by the Columbian Senate.

In the early 100's, Panama's government allowed the U.S. to build what is known as the Panama Canal. The canal was completed in 114. In 11, the U.S. paid Columbia for the right to the Canal Zone. Nearly 400 million dollars was the amount for the time spent in building the canal. There were more than 5,000 workers and over half of them were African American.Write my Essay on Panama Canal for me

On August 15, 114, the canal opened for business. More than 1,000 merchant ships used the waterway during its first year. Control of the Panama Canal enhanced the power of the U.S. In 11, Congress paid Columbia 5 million for the loss of its territory. Financial factors drew the U.S. further into Latin American affairs.

Please note that this sample paper on Panama Canal is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Panama Canal, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Panama Canal will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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