Satire in Candide

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The Range of Satire in Candide

Francois-Marie Arouet De Voltaire's most classic work, Candide, is a satiric assault on most everything that was prevalent in society during the author's lifetime. In Candide, Voltaire offers the reader characters that partake in extremely exaggerated and outlandish events. Portrayal of these melodramatic events act as a form of satire, which Voltaire epitomizes throughout his reflections in Candide. Satire is a means for ridiculing something or someone in order to discredit it. Satire allows Voltaire to criticize through humor. As a result, instead of normal comedies which analyze the faults or weaknesses of its characters, Voltaire tries to make them as ridiculous as possible. Through emphasizing the absurdity of a situation or one of the characters, satire almost adequately displays cruelty. Voltaire applies satire as a means of pointing out this cruelty and making it seem intolerable to the reader. Although many of Voltaire's ideas are exaggerated, he still provides some conceptual ones, which together provide a distinct outlook on life. Voltaire satirizes many points in Candide such as philosophy, war, and religion. Furthermore, he offers real historical events that reveal this style. The satirical style Voltaire chooses to implicate is used frequently in many literary works, especially of those in Voltaire's time. Although Voltaire's use of satire may seem excessive at times, he still manages to accomplish a credible story which rationalizes order and ultimately, self-gratification.

Perhaps the most significant reflection Voltaire satirizes is the philosophical optimism of Baron Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, a very popular and sought-after German philosopher. Candide mocks Leibniz's beliefs in the form of Dr. Pangloss's visitation and optimistic belief

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that "everything is for the best in the best of all possible worlds". In the story, irrational ideas are taught to the main character, Candide, about optimism versus the reality of the rest of the world. Pangloss is a devoted teacher to Candide and an optimist who claims that there is no effect without a cause, and that everything has a purpose. Pangloss was not meant to be a direct attack on Leibnitz. Furthermore, Voltaire wanted people to realize how distorted Leibnitz's idea was. The naïve character of Candide listens to Pangloss as he expresses his concept that, "Things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end" (Voltaire 1546). The name Candide originates from the Latin word candidus, which means white, symbolizing innocence. Perhaps Candide was meant to pursue the belief in optimism due to his innocence. However, by the end of the novel, the reader discovers how Candide reacts to the philosophy he depended on, which ultimately allows Voltaire to implicate the message he wants to get across to the reader. Candide allows the reader to literally laugh out loud at the absurdity of some of the characters, especially Pangloss. Throughout the story, satirical references to Voltaire's optimistic theme contrast with natural catastrophes and human wrongdoing. For instance, when reunited with the diseased and dying Pangloss, who had contracted syphilis, Candide asks if the devil is at fault. Pangloss simply responds, "Not at all," (Voltaire 155) then continuing to state that if there were no diseases, "We should have neither chocolate nor cochineal" (Voltaire 155). The fact that Pangloss encounters all of the mishaps and misfortunes that come along his path and still maintains his philosophical optimistic views is humorous in itself. Pangloss's optimism cannot be tarnished, even after he becomes diseased, is burnt at the stake and is chained to oars as a slave. He claims that all of these misfortunes are necessary in a right and just world. At the end of the novel when Candide is reunited with Pangoss, he asks him, "Now that you have been hanged, dissected, beaten to a pulp, and sentenced to the galleys, do you still think everything is for the best in this

world?" (Voltaire 1614). Pangloss responds and pronounces, "I am still of my first opinion; for after all I am a philosopher" (Voltaire 1614). The reader is exposed to Pangloss's views as a means of revealing Voltaire's rebellion against such an attitude. Voltaire hated optimism and parodied it efficiently and brilliantly though Pangloss's character he specifically created for this reason. Candide illustrates the means in which Voltaire could voice his dissatisfaction.

With most philosophies of the eighteenth century, war was considered the most terrible and ignorant of all mistakes. So of course Candide had to include mockery of war, and the Seven Years War is a perfect example of that. The war in the beginning of the novel between the Bulgars and Abares is indeed a reference to the Seven Years War that occurred between France and Prussia while Voltaire was alive. This battle that Candide is forced to flee from and that leaves many men dead is actually based on the real conflict. Voltaire uses this battle to show just how bloody and savage war really is. The narrator reflects that, "Nothing could have been so fine, so brisk, so brilliant, so well drilled as the two armies. The trumpets, the fifes, the oboes, the drums, and the cannon produced such a harmony as was never heard in hell" (Voltaire 154). Obviously, the reader gains an insight that perhaps Voltaire is pro war. Voltaire satirizes war by correlating it with hell. No one refers to war as fine and brisk, nor brilliant and well drilled. However, Voltaire effectively voices his opinions through the events he creates in Candide. In chapter twenty when Candide and Martin are at sea, they witness two vessels fighting. They saw, "Clearly a hundred men on the deck of the sinking ship; they all raised their hands to heaven, uttering fearful shrieks; and in a moment everything was swallowed up" (Voltaire 1588). "Well," Martin said, "That is how men treat one another" (Voltaire 1588). Candide further comments, "There's something devilish in this business" (Voltaire 1588). Voltaire believes that war is a positive commodity and does an eminent job in showing it through the events in Candide. In chapter twenty-one, Candide asks Martin if he believed that men have always massacred one

another and if they have always been, "Liars, traitors, ingrates, thieves, weaklings, sneaks, cowards, backbiters, gluttons, drunkards, misers, climbers, killers, calumniators, sensualists, fanatics, hypocrites, and fools? (Voltaire 158)" The reader already knows that Voltaire completely despises optimism, and is now revealed that Candide is slowly becoming the archetype of Voltaire. Candide considers and evaluates whether things truly are for the best in the best of all possible worlds. What Candide witnesses in France allows Voltaire to demonstrate that neither everything nor everyone is perfect. Using an over-excessive amount of adjectives in describing men who harm others is yet another way Voltaire succeeds at ridiculing society. Furthermore, Voltaire witnesses many of the conflicts he includes in his novel, therefore reassuring the reader that not everything in life is perfect.

Voltaire also uses satire when he references religion in Candide. He mock religion because he believed that religious organizations were corrupt. The religion of Candide, and Voltaire, is Deism. Deism is an eighteenth century belief based solely on reason, that God created the universe and then abandoned it, assuming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving up no supernatural revelation. Voltaire satirizes religion when Candide arrives to the utopian society of El Dorado. Candide comes across an old man that tells him about the religion of El Dorado. When Candide asks him how they pray to God, the old man declares, "We don't pray to him at all; we have nothing to ask him for since everything we need has already been granted; we thank God continuously" (Voltaire 1580). El Dorado is a perfect place, still religious but no bishops, priests, or monks to control people. How can a town be religious but have no priests? In El Dorado, there is no such thing as organized religion, no courts or prisons, and no poverty and complete equality. Even the king is treated like an average citizen. It would be wonderful to live in a world where everyone is treated like equals. Although this will never be true, one can only dream in Candide, as Voltaire analyzes the imperfection in

the world. Consequently, although the world of Candide is crammed with absurd and ridiculous events, the existence of El Dorado suggests that something better could exist if men were more in harmony with the nature of the world and of God. Nevertheless, parallel to Voltaire's views, Candide did not want to stay in El Dorado. For literal reasons he wanted to go back to Cunegonde, but more importantly, he could not reason with the views of religion the people of El Dorado practiced. Here, Voltaire suggests his idea that the random events that taking place throughout the course of his novel simply happen, uncontrolled by the existence of God. Voltaire realizes that humans seem to love the chase of finding perfection, but realistically don't care about the result. For instance, Jehovah's witnesses see heaven as a glorified place and they spend all their dreams are to rush through their lives to be in heaven, but can they take their houses or cars to heaven? Most people, like Candide, search for perfection only to realize that its not all as it seems.

Throughout Candide, Voltaire introduces historical reality to further promote his encompassing ridiculous views. The six deposed kings Candide and Martin have dinner with are real and actual embellishments that are now dispossessed. In chapter twenty-three, Candide witnesses Admiral Byng being executed because he did not kill enough enemies. In reality, there really was an Admiral Byng who was killed for not killing enough enemies. Candide comments that in his country, "It is useful from time to time to kill one admiral in order to encourage the others" (Voltaire 15). Voltaire references the Lisbon earthquake that actually occurred on November 1, 1755, just four years before writing Candide. In reality, this is a horrific predicament to be involved in. Here, Voltaire trivializes the fact that humans don't care about certain incidents unless they are actually affected by it. For instance, the events of September 11th were intensely horrific. However, many people simply sat at their televisions watching the events unfold, not having any idea how the people in New York were affected by the event. It's

humankind's natural instinct to not care about something that may affect other tremendously. In indicating events that happened in history, Voltaire demands the reader to realize the events and terror that we still have today. He also demonstrates how people tend to only care about themselves because that's all they are realistically capable of.

Although many exaggerations Voltaire implicates in Candide are outrageous, he still manages to very efficiently accomplish a credible story. The character of Candide acts as the façade in which Voltaire can stress and satirize his views. Candide was born to believe in optimism, but that optimism takes a battering when his family throws him out of his home, and embarks on an adventure in which he escapes near death experiences numerous amounts of times. Every encounter Candide comes across is one more step into his search towards enlightenment and wisdom. By the end of the novel, Candide learns to stop debating philosophy and to simply live his life for better or for worse. What Candide learns and the events that occur let Candide gradually become his own person. He learned to accept life for what it had to offer, and that not everything had to be analyzed to decide whether it was good or bad. In the conclusion of Candide, Pangloss continues to philosophize, but Candide realizes that philosophy is useless. Voltaire uses several gardens, including the original garden of Baron Thunder Ten Tronck's castle, the garden of El Dorado, the garden of the Old Turk, and Candide's final garden, allows him to reveal the moral aspect of Candide. A garden allows people to take care of the earth, and in turn allows people to receive food and comfort from it. Like everything in life, some gardens are better than others, and some gardens can be destroyed, similar to how Candide prevalently was throughout his adventures and mishaps. However, one can gain contentment while working in the garden or eating food from the garden. Voltaire solely wanted to show the reader that not everything in life is good. Life has its pros and cons, and just how the reader gets this insight, Candide does as well. Even though Candide was learned to be optimistic, he slowly

reached self-gratification. By integrating the gardens into Candide, Voltaire trivializes that people can only realistically take care of themselves. This is satirized in Pangloss, as he wanted to make the entire world a better place. By Candide assembling a beautiful garden full of flowers and lush landscaping, he was improving his own life. Realistically, the world can be a better place if everyone solely takes care of their own world. Candide finally understands that happiness requires taking part of something he finds himself content in. This is important to the satire of the whole, because it is Voltaire's summation of all the criticisms, and all that is wrong with society. Candide is just an all out attack on society, and Voltaire successfully uses humor to illustrate his views. It is ultimately a final irony that the satirical journey of Candide comes to a close. "We must cultivate our garden" (Voltaire 1618). Five short words, Voltaire's final conclusion to the great comedy that is Candide.

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Critical Analysis of Man's Fate

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ENG 10

July 7, 00

Man's Fate A Historical Criticism

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Introduction

The focus of this historical criticism is on why Andre Malraux, (101-176) created the novel Man's Fate and the events that shaped it. To lend substance to the literary relevance of this work, one can look into the background of the main characters, deciding whether or not Malraux has based his work on actual martyrs. One can gain further insight into Man's Fate by looking at Malraux's beliefs themselves. Man's Fate is an unflinching look at some richly developed characters caught up in one of the most tumultuous periods of China's history.

MAN'S FATE

The opening scene of the novel, in which Chinese terrorist Ch'en is faced with assassinating a sleeping man is the defining moment for the rest of the work. How can this man deal with such a distasteful task and what had lead him down the road to this desperate place? When a person's beliefs and convictions cause them to succumb to this course of action, what does it do to the person as a whole?

By filling his book with open-ended questions on the nature of humanity, author Andre Malraux causes his reader to wonder what could have driven a man to the point where killing is his only option. More about the choices people make and their consequences than the Chinese Communist Revolution; Malraux fills his work with richly rendered characters. Malraux himself had strong convictions, and his personal beliefs are also deeply imprinted on his work. This historical criticism will delve into some of the factors current at the time in China that could have created such captivating characters and why their actions are at the level they came to be.

CHINA GOES COMMUNIST

The United States spent almost $ billion after World War II to shore up China's Nationalist government and its leader, Chiang Kai-shek (Stoley 117). Though his regime was corrupt, Chiang seemed to be the best hope of maintaining a bulwark against Communist expansion in Asia.

Despotic regional warlords ruled a fragmented China in the early 100's (People's Warlords). In 11, faculty and staff members from prestigious Peking University, founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as a direct result of the failed revolution of 111, and the new political party quickly began to gain favor (Green 76). Chiang and his Communist rivals would alternate between uneasy alliance and all-out conflict. They joined forces in 17 to seize power from the warlords with Chiang using the victory to establish a new Chinese Nationalist Republic (People's Warlords). Shortly thereafter, Chiang's Nationalists and the Communist Party were fighting again. While Chiang did manage to break the communist leadership and scatter the communist into southern China, this civil war would last for ten years.

During this time, Chiang was attempting to build a new nation. He announced a period of political indoctrination to prepare the Chinese people for a final stage of constitutional government (Duiker 11). Yet years of infrastructure neglect and the ongoing civil war with the Communists had severely frayed the political, economic, and social fabric of the Chinese people. To offset this, Chiang sought to propagate traditional Confucian social ethics such as integrity, propriety, and righteousness (Duiker 14). Yet these beliefs had been widely discredited by the failure of this traditional system to solve China's growing problems.

Chiang grew increasingly paranoid as he tenuously held only a few Chinese provinces, a new threat from Japan was emerging, and the world was in the midst of the Great Depression. Fearing the growing communist sympathy from the southern provinces, Chiang repressed all opposition and censored free speech. He attempted to institute a land reform program in 10 but it had little effect.

The effect of Chiang's programs on the populace of China was profound. Industrial growth was barely measurable at just below 1% per year (Duiker 11). Over three quarters of the countries wealth was held by Chiang and the so-called four families, composed of senior officials and close subordinates of the ruling class (Duiker 10). Military expense to hold the communist party in check consumed half the budget, and left precious little to social and economic development (Duiker 1). The deadly combination of internal disintegration and growing sympathy for communist ideals now began to coincide with the virtual collapse of the global economic order during the Great depression, coupled with the rise of militant political forces in Japan, unleashed turmoil on the peoples of China.

The stagnation in the Chinese people turned to outright decay. Poverty was everywhere, with the resulting crime and disease following right behind. Violence was the norm. Assassination, bribes, and deceit were a part of the daily lives of the Chinese. Perhaps the hardest hit of all were the peasant class who endured monumental taxes and land rents under Chiang's land reform. There were food shortages; no raw materials to work with in the factories, and what products were available were of very poor quality. Chiang institituted wide-spread conscriptions from the peasant class to war with the Communists. Dissention began to arise in the peoples of China, but always stopped short of outright aggression towards Chiang's government. The people of China were a powder keg ready to blow.

During this time, a young Communist organizer named Mao Zedong became convinced that China's political focus should be based on the impoverished peoples of the countryside (People's Rise). Mao helped to organize a peasant movement in South China during the early 10's. He wrote land reform policy, which while never fully adopted by the CCP, supported peasant demands for land revolution. Mao's popularity among the lower and middle classes grew so fast and so strong that Chiang was forced to drive Mao's People's Liberation Army from their base in South China to the outskirts of remote North China in the infamous Long March (Peoples Rise).

Far from idle in his exile, Mao furthered refined his Communist ideals while simultaneously bolstering his fighting forces. He gained popular support for his cause through his assumptions that the people should have a government based on honest policies, land reform, social justice, and peace rather on the utopian ideal of a classless society (Tse-Tung Classes). He gained further favor by carrying out a land distribution in the provinces he did control (Tse-Tung Policy). Mao continued his civil war with Chiang's government through political and military actions until 17.

It was in this year that Japan invaded China, and Chiang's Nationalists and the Communists called a truce that lasted to the end of World War II. Afterwards, the civil war resumed, but with a decisive shift in power. Mao had continued to build both his land holdings and military strength during the truce and dealt the Nationalists defeat after defeat (People's Rise). Quickly losing support amongst the people, Chiang retreated in 14 to the island of Formosa, now Taiwan, where he reestablished his government (Anonymous). On October 1, Mao proudly proclaimed China a communist state.

MALRAUX AND HIS CHARACTERS

Born in Paris to wealthy parents, Malraux was a man that had worn many hats. He could claim the titles of adventurer, art historian, novelist, statesman, and foreign minister during various times in his life (Thompson and Viggiani 11). Malraux had strong political convictions largely based on his French upbringing (Thompson and Viggiani 1). In France, the attitude of proletariat versus bourgeoisie is a long-standing conflict. As such, Malraux was involved in leftist politics and antifascist movements through out his life, going so far as fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and closely associating with French Communists (Thompson and Viggiani 78). During the 10's Malraux was working in China were he witnessed the horrors that man did to man during the 17 Shanghai revolution. It was this event that inspired Man's Fate.

Winning the Goncourt Prize and establishing Malraux's international reputation, Man's Fate is a fictional story of a Communist uprising in Shanghai and its subsequent defeat. Malraux's intent with this work is to have his readers understand the reasons behind the revolt, the reasons behind why a man would die for his ideals. He does this by drawing the reader's attention to vivid and captivating scenes of the vast social upheaval of China during this period in its history.

It would have been easy for Malraux to have concentrated only on the revolution itself. Instead, the author chose to show the humanity that was stake. Man's Fate is not concerned with the social dynamics or political heart of revolution but with the prospects that revolution offers for individual people to struggle against the existential anguish of the certainty of death. He accomplished this through his use of alienated heroes Ch'en, the young terrorist, Kyo Gisors, the half-breed organizer, Katov, a former medical student and Russian national, Old Gisors, Kyo's father and a former scholar, among many others.

To give him greater latitude with the themes he wished to portray, Man's Fate is written in an omniscient third person. Man's tragic solitude and the search for some form of transcendence is a central theme repeated throughout Man's Fate (Bevan ). Each of the main characters and many of the secondary characters embody different responses to this theme (Tame). For example, Ch'en's most anguished victim is himself. The assassination he commits should have bonded him with the revolutionary group he is with. Instead, he comes away from the act with an incredible feeling of solitude and the knowledge that his act has separated him from the rest of mankind. Old Gisors has a pivotal role in lending the reader the ability to see and understand the characters actions and limitations. An opium addict, Old Gisors finds in his addiction an artificial sense of peace that gives him a temporary release from his awareness of his own mortality. At the same time, the opium also allows him the wisdom to give his insights to others. Kyo and Katov also cannot escape this solitude. Their struggle, which can be seen as a search for transcendental truth, along with their suffering, failure and ultimately atrocious death lend upon the novel an air of tragic finality (Bevan 66). Yet at the same time, Kyo and Katov raise the existentialist questions such as man's search for the absolute, his faith and trust in not only himself but in the others around him, and the depth of his commitments. Perhaps Katov, the quintessential existentialist, embodies Malraux's themes better than any other character. Katov, along with several of his comrades, are condemned to die in the boiler of a locomotive. Seeing two comrades whose fear is greater than his own, Katov relinquishes his cyanide capsules he had with him in case of capture. Katov's final act is the summation of his life. His sacrifice constitutes the human condition, or as Malraux puts it, man's fate (Tame 4).

CONCLUSION

Katov accepts the human condition. It may seem that Katov, along with all the other characters in Man's Fate, are trying to find relief from the human condition or at the least to escape from it. Yet, as easy as this interpretation may be, it does not do Malraux's work justice. Far from implying that escape is a desirable means to an end, Malraux's novel shows that the option of escape leads to a deterioration of the human experience (Bevan 74). The highest possible value is placed upon the capacity to accept one's fate. Malraux uses the concept that there be necessary limitations on people. If life is to have value, this requirement must be met. For example, Katov gives up his opportunity for a pain free death, and the consequence is that he remains in the human condition. He is able to know that his death will give meaning to his life. Any attempt at escaping the human condition is the abandonment of the possibilities life may bring. The willing and total acceptance of the human condition, of man's fate, signifies the will to fully realize each and every possibility no matter what the cost may be. Through Man's Fate, Malraux has shown his reader that denying the human leads directly to the inhuman.

Works Cited

Anonymous. "Taiwan's 400 Years of History Important Milestones from 1600 to the Present." Nov. 16. Formosan Association for Public Affairs. 10 Jul 00

http//www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/07/hst-164.htm

Bevan, David. Andre Malraux Towards the Expression of Transcendence. McGill-Queens University Press. Boston. 186. , 66, 74.

Duiker, William J. The Twentieth Century. nd Ed. Wadsworth Publishing. Belmont, California. 00. 10-1, 11-14.

Green, Elizabeth E. China's Government and Party Organizations. Time-Life Books. New York. 181. 75-78.

People's Republic of China. "History of China Warlords". Jul. 14. People's Republic of China. 10 Jul 00. http//www-chaos.umd.edu/history/republican.html#warlords

People's Republic of China. "History of China Rise of Communism". People's Republic of China. 10 Jul 00.

http//www-chaos.umd.edu/history/republican.html#communists

Stoley, Richard B. Events That Shaped the Century. Time-Life Books. New York. 000. 117

Tame, Peter D. The Ideological Hero in the Novels of Robert Bassilach, Roger Vailland & Andre Malraux. Peter Lang Publishing. 18. 41-4.

Thompson, Joseph and Carl Viggiani. Witnessing Andre Malraux. Wesleyan. 18. 11-1, 78.

Tse-Tung, Mao. "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society." Mar. 16. Marxist Internet Archive. 10 Jul 00.http//www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/16/0.htm

Tse-Tsung, Mao. "Our Economic Policy." Jan. 14. Marxist Internet Archive. 10 Jul 00. http//www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/14/01_.htm

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Human Resource Strategy making and HR planning often appear to be undertaken as separate activities within organisations. Why might this be the case and what can be done to ensure a closer relationship?

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Human Resource Strategy making and HR planning often appear to be undertaken as separate activities within organisations. Why might this be the case and what can be done to ensure a closer relationship?

Human Resource Management has become the new tool of the millennium for businesses and organisations. Most companies now have HR departments within their organisation to increase their success. Hr branches into many different forms within the company and this essay will focus of two aspects Human resource strategy making and HR planning. The essay will also examine their lack of relationship and how to increase a more efficient working stream.

Human resource strategy is the process of collecting people plans and programmes of activity within an overall framework, designed to deliver against organisational objectives. Human resource management strategy compromises 'those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business, and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage.

Human resource strategies may be understood as objectives or as processes. Human resource objectives include the development of capability within a company in order to give the business a competitive edge or advantage. This can be described as strategic human resources aims. Usually most companies will approach human resource strategies either through a 'hard' approach or a 'soft' one. The hard can be seen as 'utilitarian instrumentalism' and the soft as 'developmental humanism.'

The hard approach stresses on the crucial importance of the close integration of human resource policies, systems and activities with business strategies. Systems are created to drive the strategic objectives of an organisation. In essence the approach emphasises the quantitative, calculative and business strategic aspects of managing the 'headcount' resource like any other economic factor.

In contrast to the views of the hard approach, the soft emphasises on the importance of incorporating human resource policies with business objectives. This approach regards employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability and skills. Employees are seen as active components within the production process.

Human resource strategy can bring many benefits to a company such as a strategy will put in place the appropriate employee mix to allow the organisation to achieve its aims and objectives. It allows the company to communicate the culture of the business to the workforce. Having a strategy allows employees to develop in a manner, which benefits both the individual and organisation. The strategy will provide targets by which the actions of the human resource function can be assessed.

The starting point for any human resource strategy begins with the organisation's strategic plan and values. But for a plan to take off the ground, it needs a workforce. A workforce must be in place that will allow the strategic plan of the business to be put into effect. This is where HR (human resource) planning comes in.

Human resources planning can be viewed as a company's attempt to predict w how many and what type of employees a company may need in the future. Planning is also used to gauge to what extent the demand is likely to be met. HR planning involves the comparison of an organisation's current human resources with likely future needs. Effective HR planning should result in 'the right people doing the right things in the right place at precisely the right time.'

Human resources planning can help management in making decisions in many of the company's areas. These include recruitment, avoidance of redundancies, training, management, development, estimates of labour cost, productivity bargaining, and accommodation requirements. HR planning is always in a state of continuous evolvement because goals of a company are always changing with an uncertain environment. Many variables such as invention, population changes, resistance to change, consumer demand, government intervention, and foreign and domestic competition make HR planning a complex concept.

Human resource planning is usually seen as an essential feature of the ideal model of human resource management. However, sometimes within human resource strategy making, planning isn't included. There are many reasons why it can be seen that HR planning and human resource strategy making are taken as independent parts of company.

One explanation is the extent of changing patterns of world trade and increasing competition, new forms of foreign and domestic government policies and regulations or through new technologies. E.g. there is no point in planning a large workforce within a strategy if new technology means hardly any employees are required. Also it is difficult to forecast social and economic changes accurately particularly in times of high unemployment All these factors can make planning very difficult and almost useless despite the growing need for it. The need for planning may be in inverse proportion to its feasibility, which would make it difficult to implement with the development and implementation of human resource strategy.

Related to the prior problem is the issue of the 'realities' facing an organisation and the continual shift and myriad policy priorities and strategies, which depend on the policies of the powerful interests groups, involved. HR planning needs to take account of these but by doing so, it may become overtaken in turn, or even be seen as nothing more than a presentational gloss on a totally different reality. Human resource planning can be very susceptible to this pressure. This can happen especially when there is an economic recession. E.g. when companies are losing money, they are more preoccupied with staying in business rather than worrying about recruitment and training planning. HR planning can also be overlooked within human resource strategy by virtue of the weaker power-base of the human resource function, which either precludes the allocation of adequate resources for HR planning or detracts from the ability to ensure the planning is incorporated within the strategy department.

The nature of management and the skills and abilities of managers also contributes to the lack of unity in HR planning and strategy making. In the UK particularly, there is a preference for 'pragmatic adaptation over conceptualisation.' There is also distrust in the theory of planning. In an IPM survey, lack of data, lack of line management understanding, and lack of corporate plan were the main reasons given by personal managers for lack of HR planning and human resource strategy implementation. This of course may vary between the different values, culture or strategy of different divisions, companies or industries. There are also the issues of the multiple and often conflicting nature of an organisation's goals. These can range with pressures for consistency and for flexibility, for prediction and for planning, but also speed and for response. The HR planning and strategy making of a particular company may have different agendas and no fit smoothly so they would have to be undertaken separately.

Also the type of industry may have an affect on HR Planning and human resource strategy. Some companies depend on new product development in an extremely competitive environment. E.g. In the video game industry the goal is to be the first with the latest software before rival competitors. Because its core goals is highly competitive and leans heavily on product, HR planning wouldn't be undertaken together with human resource management. A company may only need a few specialised employees so planning and human resource strategy wouldn't be time or cost effective.

If a company is using a hard approach to its human resource strategy, then it may not be as employee driven as other companies may be. Employees may be seen as commodity rather than integral aspect of the success of the company. In this type of scenario HR planning wouldn't be generally regarded within the making of the strategies, as the focus would be on economic success. HR planning needs to be seen as a 'line' responsibility and line managers using the hard approach are less likely to undertake planning activities than personnel managers; particularly in small decentralised units where the emphasis on achieving financial targets are likely to predominate. HR planning would only be seen as a method of maintaining employee balance rather than a way of utilising the employee potential.

Another factor that can make it seem that HR planning and HRS are undertaken differently could be because of the nature of their purposes. HR planning is one section of an organisation where human resource management looks at the whole of the company. Each section of a company such as marketing, finance and HR planning are busy running their own particularly allotment of the company so their policies make not be taken up with the human resource strategy making as it would look at the entire company rather than one section.

Organisational structure is also a deciding factor in the influence of the HR planning over strategic issues. Highly divided structures result in strong divisional HR functions, sometimes at the expense of the corporate HR role. The devolution of responsibility for profit or cost control to divisional managers can only be successful if they have control over HR policies. This can lead to tension between corporate head offices and hr managers which could lead to HR planning and strategy making to be undertaken separately.

As shown above, there can be copious reasons why HR planning can be left out of human resource strategy making. However, not incorporating HR planning into strategic decision-making can create a paradox. There cant be a human resource strategy if there is no employees and HR planning deals with recruitment and training. However, there are ways in which the two can ensure a closer relationship.

One of these is delegation of power and change of organisational structure. As mentioned before, planning should also incorporate line managers as well as personnel. By sharing the responsibility of the HR role, cohesion of ideas and formulations have a much better chance of happening rather than if they were isolated. Also managers need freedom to be able to put these policies and strategies in action, which means the heads of office, would need to relinquish their hold over strategy approval and disapproval.

Another way to ensure a closer relationship would be to keep the whole company up to date with information and technology. As mentioned before, one crucial aspect of why HR planning and HRS didn't mix was due to lack of data and training. If every department had sufficient information, understood the goals and objectives and was capable of training others, than incorporating planning with strategy would be faster and easier.

Using a soft approach to human resource strategy would ensure a tighter bond between both roles. Under the soft view, employees would have more significance and importance within the running and success of the organisation. This would mean a higher chance of HR planning being involved within strategy making for the company.

Increasing the importance and size of the HR planning function within a company would increase the bond in strategy making. Companies who have little or no human resource departments are less likely to intertwine planning and strategy making. By increasing the Hr department, more value is placed on the role of HR, especially planning and then would therefore provide a closer link.

If organisations were to become more flexible with resistant to change and environment policies than HR planning would be more closely attuned with strategy formulation. The problem with HR is that when economic crisis hits, it takes a back seat to organisational policies but if their goals were flexible to begin with, then all aspect of Hr, including planning would still be considered during a recession or problem.

These are just a few example of how organisations can utilise their resources to ensure a closer relationship between HR planning and HRS making. For any strategic plan to work, all aspects of HR need to be included because they are all interlinked with each other. If certain links are left out, the plan may have weakness that may cause it to fail or stop it being successfully implemented. As business moves into the 1st century, businesses needed to recognise the importance of Hr planning within Human Resource Strategy to fully comprehend and implement its most valuable and almost inexhaustible asset its employees.

Bibliography

Tyson, S., York, A. (000) Essentials of HRM, 4th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

Graham, H., Bennett, R. (18) Human resource management, th ed., Guildhall University, London

Storey, J. (15) Human resource management; a critical text, International Thomson Business Press, London

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American Wedding

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With East Great Falls High now just a memory, the kids have grown into young adults ready to wreak havoc with a new rite of passage - Jim (Biggs) and Michelle (Hannigan) are getting married - in a hurry. Jims grandmother is sick and wants to see Jim walk down the aisle, so theyre going for it in two frantic weeks. Stifler (Scott) plans to be there (bridesmaids!), and more importantly to throw the ultimate bachelor party (strippers!). Finch (Thomas) is all for the hedonistic rituals, but not for letting Stifler steal the maid of honor, who happens to be Michelles sexy younger sister, Cadence (Jones). While everybody else sweats and frets, Jims Dad (Levy) is cool as ever, dispensing advice that no one wants to hear and getting ready for one of the best days of his life.

The group of best friends from their days back at East Great Falls High reunite for the next great sexual adventure in their lives... the wedding of Jim (Biggs) and Michelle (Hannigan), where Stifler (Scott) finds himself falling for Michelles knockout sister, Cadence (Jones). If theres a wedding, we can bet that Stifler will be instrumental in orchestrating the correlating social event... the bachelor party. The event is rushed because Jims grandmother is possibly terminally ill, so the heat is on to plan the wedding in just two weeks. (Kramer plays an extremely large man named Bull that the boys meet when they accidentally end up in a gay bar

The third helping of American Pie offers little more than crumbs. Half the franchises core cast (including Mena Suvari, Chris Klein, and Tara Reid) chose to skip the big fat geek wedding of recent college grads Jim (Jason Biggs) and Michelle (Alyson Hannigan). You can hardly blame the no-shows, considering that the inept direction of How Highs Jesse Dylan reduces American Wedding to a groin-numbing onslaught of sexual-humiliation and emission-ingestion gags.

Among the rote drolleries Jims dad (Eugene Levy) catches his son with his pants down, literally, twice in the first 15 minutes; perennial horndog Steve Stifler (Seann William Scott) downs a doggy-doo truffle; and Jim accidentally garnishes the wedding cake with his pubic shavings. Even gifted Christopher Guest cronies Levy, Jennifer Coolidge, and Fred Willard cant make American Weddings comic wind any mightier Help with essay on American Wedding

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Character development in the film Secrets & Lies

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Introduction to Film and Television theory

. Secrets and Lies (16), directed by Mike Leigh

Secrets and Lies is primarily a film based on characters. Discuss how characters are

Revealed and developed in the film through narrative structure and cinema techniques.

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Use specific scenes from the film to illustrate youre answer.

Secrets and Lies is a film that can make an audience feel like they are not watching a film at all, but that they are looking in on everyday people going about their normal lives. Director Mike Leigh uses carefully chosen cinema techniques and narrative structure to achieve this effect. In the beginning we appear to be seeing exerts or slices of different peoples lives, going about their business. But as the film develops, these seemingly unconnected plot strands twist together, gathering tension and momentum. As this happens, we learn much more about each character through their interaction and become emotionally involved. Mike Leigh also works with a lot of improvisation in his movies. The actors work with him over a long period of time to create a new person/character, discussing every part of their personality, life and history. During filming, they are asked not to just recite lines, but have conversations. This adds to the feeling of reality and spontaneity.

As mentioned, In the beginning of the film (the set-up) we are introduced to the main characters, and the world, or different worlds, that they live in. The non-diegetic orchestral music we hear in the opening funeral scene sets the tone for the whole movie. It is sad, lamenting, but also has something joyful behind it. This music starts up again whenever a new character is introduced. First, Maurice. We see him in his role as photographer- nice, gentle, joking, coaxing a bride-to-be to smile. The music continues and the film cuts to a shot of Monica intensely stenciling, then a close-up of her hand, pounding away with the paintbrush. This gives an initial feeling that something is pent up inside her. The next shot is a long shot of the exterior of Monica and Maurices nice, neat house which cuts to the interior, including Monica, which is perfectly decorated. This is building up an image of these two characters being fairly well - off. This is added to by the medium - long shot of Maurice admiring Monicas new silk two-piece outfit. A feeling of mystery is created about Roxanne and Cynthia as Monica and Maurice talk. Monica talks positively of Roxanne and negatively of Cynthia. Maurice says, I think thats the last time shes ever smiled of Roxanne, and music starts up. The film cuts to a long shot of Roxanne street - sweeping. Her hair is messy and she looks unkempt. The next shot is a close-up of her face, showing her deep scowl, relating to Maurices words. Our introduction to Cynthia is a long shot of her working at a machine in the background, with boxes pilled in the foreground. Everything is in dull blue and grey tones. The music continues, adding to the sadness and dullness of the scene and connecting it to the other introductions. A medium long shot of Cynthia and her machine making cardboard boxes shows the monotonous repetitive action, then cuts to a close-up of her face, showing her unhappy, defeated expression. We first see Hortense in her job as an optometrist working with a young girl. The camera alternates between close-ups of her and of the girl. We take in her kind smile, her gentleness with the girl, her upper-class accent. Her hair is in a well-styled bob and she wears gold jewelry. The film cuts to a long shot of Hortense leaving the office, the music starts up, and we take in more information about her- she is professional, friendly with the secretary, and wears a stylish black suit.

One of the most original parts of the way Secrets and Lies is structured is the inclusion of transitional scenes in Maurices photographic studio, which appear throughout the film. These scenes expand on Maurices kindness, humor, and passion for photography. He brings out the best in people.

The sequences, cutting between portrait shots and shots of Maurice serve as a metaphor

for one of the films main themes - the rituals and defense mechanisms that are used to

hide the unpleasantness of life, and make dysfunctional relationships tolerable, thereby

maintaining the façade of happiness. Maurice instructs his subjects to put on their best

face for the camera, sometimes with startling contrast to the reality of the

situation.(Leong, A. http//users.aol.com/aleong161/secrets.html).

One way characters are developed in our minds is through details, which reoccur and build up in significance throughout the film. We see the contrast of Cynthias cluttered, run down house with Maurices new, spacious house. We also see Monicas frantic vacuming and obsessively maintaining a perfect neat house. This image builds until we realize that it is perhaps an attempt to cover up her anger and frustration. Shots of Monicas huge mood swings every 8 days, and details of tampons, hot water bottles and painkillers reoccur and build up the idea that Monica cannot conceive children.

The film begins to invoke our sympathy for Cynthia by revealing her deep sense of loneliness. No one really cares about her, she has no compassion, fun or affection in her life whatsoever. This is picked up through the music, which builds in a over-the-shoulder shot of Cynthias reflection in the mirror. We see her putting on her face cream and touching her breasts in a pent up desire for affection. This feeling of loneliness is enhanced by the previous shot of Roxanne in bed with Paul. These feelings are expressed the most in the scene where Maurice comes to visit Cynthia. The two are in their late fathers bedroom, and we see mid shot of Cynthias face as Maurice says look at all this junk - what are you going to do with it? This obviously brings up buried emotions and Cynthia starts to cry, gripping the door with her hand. She utters Give us a cuddle, Maurice and we see a lengthy mid shot as Cynthia rushes to grasp Maurice in a hug. She is hysterical, he is the only one who shows any care or compassion towards her in the whole world. The camera zooms in slowly to show more of Maurices expression, giving us the feeling that he loves Cynthia but doesn't really know how to deal with her raw emotion. The camera then zooms out as Cynthia begins to calm, and the tension abates. When she asks Maurice, You aint gonna make me an auntie now are ya? we see a lengthy close-up reaction shot of Maurice. We can feel the tension, the silence, the struggle on his face as he tries to find the words to tell her about the problems conceiving. In the end he decides against, and they leave the room, Cynthia slamming the door on the painful memories. A high-angle shot looking down from the top of the stairs shows Maurice and Cynthia in the doorway, shadowed. The hallway looks dark and dingy and Cynthia is subdued, stooped over as Maurice hands her money. He wants to look after her, but doesn't know what else to do.

Much of what we learn about the characters in Secrets and Lies is through simply shot conversations between two people. This relates back to Mike Leighs improvisational style of acting. Take, for example, the scene of Hortense lying on the couch talking to her friend, and the scene of Maurice and Monica having a cup of tea, sitting either side of a coffee table in their house. In both, a lengthy medium long shot records most of their conversation. There is nothing flashy about the camera work, nothing to remind the audience that they are watching a film. They simply appear to be watching people having a heartfelt conversation, which in reality, in a way, they are. The actors are sitting down having an unscripted conversation in a way that they think their characters would. We can feel Hortenses longing and questions about parents, Monicas loaded comments about Saint Cynthia, and Maurices sharp defense of his sister. This technique helps us to relate to the characters, and to attempt to understand them as real people, with many different dimensions to them.

I think that the first turning point in the film comes when Hortense makes the decision to call Cynthia. The catalyst for this action has been her mothers death, and the film has been building up to it as she has searched for her birth records and Cynthias address and phone number. Before this point we have seen the plot lines of Hortense and Cynthia lives run parallel to each other but never meeting. Through this decision the stakes are raised - Hortense or Cynthia could be very hurt, emotions are high, and the secret Cynthia has been hiding from Roxanne is about to become involved in her life. We also see that Hortense is very brave and determined - she knows all of the risks and goes ahead anyway.

The scene where Hortense and Cynthia meet and go to a caf shows the effectiveness

of Mike Leighs way of filming a conversation. The caf is empty apart from them. A long high-angle shot from the left gives a deserted dreary view of the caf . This cuts to a very lengthy static, head on, two shot of Cynthia and Hortense. The lighting is set up to try to look natural, and adds to the dreary feeling. The feeling of reality and a real conversation is added to by the long silences as the two struggle to find the words to say to each other, and the unmoving camera. Nothing breaks the tension. This enhances the intensity of the slowly dawning moment where Cynthia recalls Hortenses father. Cynthia breaks down hysterically (again) and you dont know whether to laugh or cry. This feeling is much like the tone of the music, and as well as the film in general. We feel the pain and uncomfort both of them are feeling. Cynthia in tears, Hortense quiet, trying to control her emotions.

After this point, where Cynthia and Hortense begin to go out and form an unexpected bond, the action changes, and the tables begin to turn between Cynthia and Roxanne. Cynthia is blossoming through her friendship with Hortense, more confident, less desperate and nagging. The scene where Cynthia and Roxanne sit at home smoking is repeated, only this time it is Roxanne asking her mother all the questions, rather than the other way around. We see Cynthias newfound confidence and attitude as she walks past Roxanne who is street sweeping and quips you missed a spot dahling. She also begins to take more pride in her looks, doing her hair nicely for a night out. The sub plots continue, at Maurices studio. A beautiful woman with a scarred face is told by Maurice, Someone always draws the short straw. This relates back to a similar comment he has made to Monica. We can feel the wistfulness in his voice - why does life have to be so unfair? The introduction of Stuart Christian provides some light relief, but at the same time a sense of sadness as Maurice thinks about how easily someone can slip into despair in life- There but for the grace of God….

The encounter with Stuart also shows us how hard working and prosperous Maurice has been.

I feel Cynthias decision to bring Hortense to the barbecue for Roxannes birthday is the second turning point in the film. This changes the action again, now Hortenses life is being intertwined with the lives of all the others. It also raises the stakes again - now there is much greater potential for more people to get hurt. We can feel the tension as Hortense tries to avoid questions about where she works, and we cannot help but feel that everything is going to come out soon. The lunch is shot from behind the one empty chair at the table so that we can see all of the characters arranged in a semi-circle around the camera. Interestingly, Paul and Jane, the minor characters are seated either side of the camera, so that they are partially cut off by the frame. This helps focus our attention on the main characters. The characters then move into the lounge, which becomes the climax scene of the film. We see a medium shot of Roxanne opening her card and money from Maurice, and Cynthia, distressed, over her shoulder. This cuts to a close up of Monica, with a smug expression on her face. This gives us the feeling she knows shes done better than Cynthia for Roxanne. Cynthia says Wish Id brought my present with me now with a hint of hysteria in her voice. The music starts up, deep, slow and ominous, building tension. The music builds as the camera stays on Cynthia, struggling to hold back tears. We can feel her sadness and emotion. We can hear everyone else going about happily around her. Only Hortense feels the tension and we see a mid shot of her in the bathroom, trying to gain composure. This is typical of what we know about her character, she tries to keep calm at all times. While she is gone Cynthia reveals she is her daughter. The camera flicks to a quick, close-up reaction shot of each of the others in silence, the tension build even more. Roxanne explodes and storms off. Maurice must once again be the mediator and we see his love and compassion as he convinces Roxanne to return. A medium-long shot of Maurice by the fireplace is significant. We hear Monica and Cynthia either side of him arguing like hes not there, as things come to a head between them. This shows the position he has been in for the whole film, stuck in the middle of them. Maurice finally cracks. He is the only one who can blow apart all the secrets and lies that have been driving everyone in the family apart. The music starts up again, bittersweet, and Cynthia moves to comfort Monica. Hortense joins them to comfort Cynthia. We realize that all the lies had caused them to hate each other because they never knew the truth. They come to a resolution, and everyone feels a release. Cynthia understands that the reason Monica has been so bitter towards her is because she is envious of her child. They perhaps now can give each other the support, care, affection and family that each of them secretly craves.

Secrets and Lies is stark and uncluttered, revealing its characters through snapshots and details, and largely through simple conversations. The cinematography is created to give the impression we are peering into peoples lives rather that watching a carefully crafted story. As the film picks up momentum, and the narrative structure brings together all the separate elements and people, we begin to learn much about the characters, their past, and why the act and make the choices they do. We also learn the meaning they bring to each others lives, and why they must come together.

Please note that this sample paper on Character development in the film Secrets & Lies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Character development in the film Secrets & Lies, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Character development in the film Secrets & Lies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Did Ronald Reagan's presidential administration turn our country in the proper direction?

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Reagan haters and supporters alike agree on one thing, he was a popular guy. Alonzo L. Hamby remembers him as an "outstanding national cheerleader... Reagan successfully lifted the morale of the nation that in 180 was wallowing in pessimism and uncertainty" (Hamby). The Vietnam War and the Nixon administration had left a negative impact on the country that Jimmy Carter did not improve. Along with inflation, long gas lines, and the American hostages in Iran, Reagan came into his presidency during a shadowy time. Not only did his dynamic personality help to lift the morale of the people, his economic policies led to economic growth, and his foreign policies led to the end of the Cold War. He not only worked to put the economy on the right path, he made the country feel safer and more patriotic at the same time.

The first executive order of Reagan abolished price controls on oil and gasoline. He also eliminated environmental and regulatory obstacles to domestic production to reduce our independence on foreign suppliers (Low Oil Prices). This ended the long gas lines and buoyed businesses, but he did not stop there. He persuaded Saudi Arabia to increase oil production from million to million barrels per day. These moves paid handsome dividends. The sharp drop in crude oil prices lowered gasoline prices below $1.00 per gallon (Low Oil Prices). The increase in domestic oil production and from Saudi Arabia effectively smashed the OPEC cartel's ability to fix worldwide oil prices. Finally, the sharp plunge in oil prices crippled the bellicose Soviet Union, which derived most of its income from oil production (Regan Homepage).

Reagan based his economic program on supply side economics (Encyclopedia Britannica). This theory is a very complex idea that President Reagan developed himself, causing people to call it "Reaganomics" (Encyclopedia American). The theory of Reaganomics called for a significant reduction in all forms of taxes and an adequate cutback on governmental spending so there will be more money in the hands of the American citizens. The main goal of the supply side economic theory is to give a boost to the United States economy, which would cause the economy to expand. This economic expansion and boost would occur through citizens who would spend the extra tax money on products and services in their geographical region or who would invest money into businesses in their area. In theory the economic growth would eventually increase taxable incomes. This increase in taxable incomes should cause the governmental revenues to grow in the long run. With the idea of Reaganomics in mind President Reagan persuaded Congress to pass the Economic Recovery Tax Act, which was the cornerstone of "Reaganomics". This tax act called for a 5 percent tax cut that was implemented over a three-year period (Reagan homepage).This indexed tax rates to stop inflation from pushing taxpayers into higher brackets. His 186 tax relief act lowered the top personal income tax rate from 70% to 8 %( Reagan homepage). Taking on the problem of inflation inherited from Jimmy Carter, Reagan supported Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker's efforts to tighten the money supply. This triggered a brief recession, but ended inflation as a national issue.

Reagan's economic program launched the greatest peacetime economic expansion in U.S. history. Save for a brief recession from 10-1 that coincided with the Persian Gulf War, the United States enjoyed a sustained period of economic growth. Reagan's detractors try to belittle this achievement, pointing to the large deficits incurred during the Reagan years. While it is a historical fact that government spending exceeded revenues by $1.4 trillion during Reagan's years in office, it was the Democratic Congress that resisted the Reagan Administration's efforts to cut domestic spending (comments). In the end, the deficits helped rebuild our military, which had been weakened and neglected during the Carter years, and helped bring down the Soviet Union and win the Cold War.

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The fall of the Soviet Union was an amazing event for most Americans. For many years, the USSR was seen as a threat. For those who grew up with fallout shelters and civil defense drills, the rapid disintegration of the Soviet empire in the early 10s was akin to winning the lottery -- staggering, elating and totally unexpected. We celebrated the disintegration of our old foe and heralded a great victory for the West and President Ronald Reagan in particular. Our champion anti-Communist had accomplished what seven U.S. Presidents before could or would not -- he had stopped and then reversed the tide of Communism.

When President Reagan was elected in 181, the strategy of detente described the relationship that existed between the United States and the USSR. President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissenger had advanced this strategy in the 170s and it had remained

fundamentally unchanged by both the Johnson and Carter administrations until 17 (Garthoff 5). While Webster defines detente as a relaxation or reduction, as of tension between nations, President

Reagan believed the leadership of the USSR was interpreting detente as freedom to pursue whatever policies of subversion, aggression and expansionism they wanted anywhere in the world (Schweizer 77). President Reagan believed the United States had lost its hard-earned edge over the USSR and that President Carters administration was foolish to believe the USSR had any other goal but their historically stated one of destroying democracy and replacing it with Communism.

President Reagan saw the Soviet leaders as moral and mortal enemies and believed that, by surrendering the initiative to the USSR, Carter had sent a dangerous message that America was prepared to accept, as inevitable, the advance of Soviet expansionism (Lenczowski ). Early proposals to rollback the Russians from their European and Far East holdings vanished with the explosion of the first USSR atomic bomb in August 14 and the Communist victory in China in October of the same year. The United States found itself with less and less leverage over the Soviet Union due to the rapid build up of their nuclear arsenal(Ibid 4).

Secretary of State George Schultz described President Reagans new approach to containment in a statement to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 18 The policy of detente represented an attempt to induce Soviet restraint. Detente was based on expectations that the anticipated benefits from expanding economic relations and arms control agreements would restrain Soviet behavior. Unfortunately, experience has proved otherwise. As a result, the new (Reagan) policy was based on the expectation that faced with demonstration of the Wests renewed determination to strengthen its defenses; enhance its

political and economic cohesion, and oppose adventurism, the Soviet Union will see restraint as it's most attractive or only option. (Garthoff 107).

On December , President Reagan announced an embargo on American gas and oil equipment and technology bound for the Soviet Union. The plan affected sixty U.S. companies, seriously disrupted the Siberian pipeline project and shut down a joint Soviet and Japanese venture to develop the oil and gas fields on Sakhalin Island (Oberdorfer 46). The loss of the gas pipeline and the Sakhahn Island project cost the Soviet Union several billion dollars a year in income they desperately needed to upgrade their technology, stabilize their economy and shore up

their empire. Additionally, U.S. efforts to reduce the credit worthiness of all the Eastern bloc countries placed additional pressure on the Soviet Union to pick up the slack. Support to offset

U.S. sanctions against Poland alone cost the Soviet Union $1 to $ billion dollars per year (Rodman 4).

In his memoirs, President Ronald Reagan takes credit for conceptualizing a purely defensive system that would allow the world to break out of the cycle of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). He claims the idea of a purely defensive anti-missile system came to him

While he was reflecting on the sobering responsibilities he had assumed as the new commander in chief -- particularly how little time he would have to decide whether or not to order Americans nuclear forces into action. He wanted to render nuclear weapons impotent (Reagan 606). President Reagan believed nuclear weapons and the policy of MAD in which each side checks the other with the threat of annihilation were immoral. He seized on the idea of finding a way out of the nuclear dilemma and putting the nuclear genie back into the bottle. Whatever other motives he might have had, President Reagan really believed that SDI could work.

Despite the controversy in the United States over the viability and advisability of SDI, the Soviets took the attempt at a strategic defense very seriously. They feared we would be able to do

Something they were unable to do and that we would make some sort of break through. The revolution in super-computer technology as it applied in particular to battlefield management systems was something the Soviets realized they had left themselves out of and this only reinforced their fears. By 187, the U.S. led the Soviet Union by 8 to years in microprocessors; 8 to 1 years in computer-operated machine tools; 8 to 10 years in minicomputers; 8 to l years in mainframe computers; 10 to 1 years in supercomputers; 7 to 11 years in software and 7 to 10 years in flexible manufacturing systems (CIA/DIA). Soviet leadership saw that, in theory at least, SDI was possible and the U.S. might do it. If it could be done, SDI would strike at the heart of their military doctrine and economic insecurities and nullify their nuclear force advantage. It was by this nullification that Reagan was able to remove the threat of the USSR and establish an American supremacy.

Ronald Reagan led America through almost a decade of confidence building greatness. His economic policies brought us out of inflation and began an era of economic growth that could only be undone by preceding presidents. He also brought the Soviet Union to its knees with some of those policies and his defensive strategy called SDI. I admire him as a president because of his moral convictions about our country. By working on this paper I have discovered a new liking for him throughout my research. My favorite quote I found about him was by Margaret Thatcher, who said "Ronald Reagan set out to challenge everything that the liberal political elite of America accepted and sought to propagate. They believed that America was doomed to decline; he believed it was destined for further greatness. They imagined that sooner or later there would be a convergence between the free Western system and the socialist Eastern system, and that some kind of social democratic outcome was inevitable. He, by contrast, considered that socialism was a patent failure which should be cast onto the trash heap of history. They thought that the problem with America was the American people, though they didn't quite put it like that. He thought that the problem with America was the American government, and he did put it just like that" (courage).

Bibliography

CIA/DIA Gorbachevs Modernization Program A Status Report, A paper submitted to the Subcommittee on National Security Economics of the Joint Economic Committee, March, 187.

Comments on the Kudrow Speech Defending Ronald Reagan http//www.quickchange.com/reagan/comments.htm

"Courage"-Margaret Thatcher's thoughts on Ronald Reagan, July 00 http//www.freerepublic.com/forum/a8845a44e.htm

Encyclopedia Americana article, July 00, http//gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/0preag.html

Encyclopedia Brittanica.com, an article on Reagan, July 00 http//www.brittanica.com/eb/article?eu=64466&tocid=140&query=ronald%0reagan&ct=

Hamby, Alonzo L., How Great a president was Ronald Reagan

July, 00 http//www.reagan000.com/howgreat.asp

Garthoff, Raymond L. Detente and Confrontation American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington D.C. 185

Ibid., The Soviet Estimate US Intelligence Analysis and Russian Military Strength. New York

18.

Lenczowski, John. Soviet Perceptions of US. Foreign Policy. Ithaca, NY Cornell University

Press, 18.

Low oil prices A Fill Up of Good News http//www.cato.org/dailys/0-17-.htm Web Page by Stephen Moore on oil prices from the 180's to present

Oberdorfer, Don The Turn How the Cold War Came to An End The United States and the

Soviet Union 18-10. New York Posidon Press, 11.

Ronald Reagan Homepage July 00, http//www.spygame.org/RonaldReaganPage.htm

Schweizer, Peter Victory The Reagan Administrations Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York The Atlantic Monthly Press 14.

Bibliography

CIA/DIA Gorbachevs Modernization Program A Status Report, A paper submitted to the Subcommittee on National Security Economics of the Joint Economic Committee, March, 187.

Comments on the Kudrow Speech Defending Ronald Reagan http//www.quickchange.com/reagan/comments.htm

"Courage"-Margaret Thatcher's thoughts on Ronald Reagan, July 00 http//www.freerepublic.com/forum/a8845a44e.htm

Encyclopedia Americana article, July 00, http//gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/0preag.html

Encyclopedia Brittanica.com, an article on Reagan, July 00 http//www.brittanica.com/eb/article?eu=64466&tocid=140&query=ronald%0reagan&ct=

Hamby, Alonzo L., How Great a president was Ronald Reagan

July, 00 http//www.reagan000.com/howgreat.asp

Garthoff, Raymond L. Detente and Confrontation American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington D.C. 185

Ibid., The Soviet Estimate US Intelligence Analysis and Russian Military Strength. New York

18.

Lenczowski, John. Soviet Perceptions of US. Foreign Policy. Ithaca, NY Cornell University

Press, 18.

Low oil prices A Fill Up of Good News http//www.cato.org/dailys/0-17-.htm Web Page by Stephen Moore on oil prices from the 180's to present

Oberdorfer, Don The Turn How the Cold War Came to An End The United States and the

Soviet Union 18-10. New York Posidon Press, 11.

Ronald Reagan Homepage July 00, http//www.spygame.org/RonaldReaganPage.htm

Schweizer, Peter Victory The Reagan Administrations Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York The Atlantic Monthly Press 14.

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