Foreign Debt

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Foreign debt is a subset of the financial obligations that comprise a country's international investment position. It includes all the non-equity components of the net international investment position, that is, all recorded assets and liabilities other that equity securities and direct investment equity capital, including reinvested earnings. The level of foreign debt in Australia continues to, and always will be of major concern to leading economists and politicians in our country; this level of foreign debt will be used to make political and economic decisions in the future to benefit our economy.

Net Foreign Debt

Net foreign debt, the net sum of debt liabilities and debt assets, consists of sectors, the public sector, such as government, public financial and non financial corporations, and the private sector, such as private financial and non financial corporations.

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At the end of the 000 financial year, the net foreign debt totalled $77804bn, the Public sector, contributed 6% ($1856bn) to the net foreign debt. The private sector, contributed 4% ($55bn) to the net foreign debt. As you can see in the graph below, this figure has been rapidly growing throughout Australia's history, whereas the public sector remains stable in its contribution to net foreign debt.

Figure 1

Image courtesy of Reserve Bank of Australia (August 000)

Note- figures below are in current AUD

Figure 1 represents the private sector as separate sectors, financial and non-financial, responsible for $15.b (75.6%) and $6b (4.4%) respectively. In the last half a decade net foreign debt has been steadily increasing as shown in the table below.

PeriodAssets($m)Liabilities($m)Net Debt($m)

16-17-4,180,84608,68

17-18-11,1846,717,78

18-1-1,1505,80,68

1-000-14,6741,77177,804

000-001-185,6748,7751,47

001-00-1,815,654,76

00-006,000

a negative figure implies a surplus.

Why we have Foreign Debt

Australia's economy will continue to include some level of foreign debt. There are several reasons for this, the size of our capital market will always be a problem, in Australia there is more domestic investment is greater that domestic savings, Australians tend to spend more that they save. Australia has an extremely low savings level, only .7% per household. Another reason is that the government borrows funds to finance a budget deficit and capital expenditure, when borrowing money, the exchange rate alters the level of our debt. The main reason we have foreign debt is because we have a Current Account Deficit (CAD), every month we have a CAD out debt increases by approximately 1.5 billion dollars, our imports are greater than our exports. We are living beyond our means and spending money we don't have. Foreign ownership is also a cause of foreign debt, money made in Australia is sent overseas instead of being invested back into the Australian market.

COSTS AND BENEFITS

As with everything, there are costs and benefits associated with foreign debt. These positive and negative effects of foreign debt are the basis for all decisions made concerning foreign debt, economists look at all possible outcomes and measure the value of risk associated with our debt at any one time, depending on overseas markets and the global economy, Australia's debt has changing effects on our economy. This is also important for political choices, if our foreign debt is costing the economy then the government will not increase and will try to decrease it, they will also try to use this as a political tool to win the votes of voters, pleasing then by promising a positive outlook on the economy by reducing debt or increasing their standard of living.

The costs affect Australia's economy in a negative fashion and increase the size of our debt, these costs include

•A decrease in Australia's credit rating

᠎This will make it harder in the future to borrow money when we need it; because of bad credit then the interest on the loan is likely to be higher, costing Australia more in the long run.

•A decrease in the standard of living

᠎Due to this more income will need to be used on the higher interest payments, income must be diverted from consumption.

•Deteriorated terms of trade

᠎This will decrease export income, because of this the burden of our debt increases

•Depreciation of the Australian dollar

᠎If the dollar depreciates then we will have to pay more back i.e. if $100,000,000 was borrowed when the dollar was at 56c and the dollar depreciates to 40c then we will have to pay an extra 16c per dollar to repay our debt. This will also increase the interest payments.

•A decrease in trading partners Growth rates

᠎If the this occurs this will decrease our export income and increase the burden of the debt

On the other hand the benefits associated with foreign debt are very beneficial to the Australian economy. When the borrowing is used for investment, capital equipment and expansion it is seen as a benefit. These include

•Improved terms of trade

᠎Any improvement in Terms of trade will increase our export sales, lessening the burden of our debt

•Appreciation of the Australian dollar

᠎As the dollar appreciates the net dollar total of the debt decrease as we have to pay less back per dollar i.e. if $100,000,000 was borrowed when the dollar was at 56c and the dollar appreciates to 68c then we have to pay back 1c less per dollar borrowed. Interest payments on the debt will lessen aswell

•Decline in interest rates

᠎If this occurs it will decrease the interest payments on our debt, thus we have more income to repay the debt. This may also increase the standard of living as less money is diverted from consumption.

•Decrease in Foreign debt

᠎The above benefits will all led to a decrease in foreign debt. As more income is brought into Australia we are able to repay our debts faster, taking advantage of low interest rates and the appreciation of the dollar.

COMPARISON TO OTHER COUNTRIES

When analysing Australia's foreign debt you must take into account several things, the size of the economy, the population and the location (whether it is landlocked or not) In comparison to other nations, Australia has a rather healthy manageable foreign debt, Australia; a second world country has a net foreign debt of $6 billion, a figure which is increasing as the years pass. In comparison to the US, a first world super power, the increase in total US debt was staggering. Between 180 and 00 levels of foreign debt trebled, from $10,000bn to $0,000bn. An average increase of $1000bn a year, Australia however has an annual increase of approximately $17bn. This could be attributed to the sizes of the two economies, Australia, a rather small developing economy, and America, a huge well established economy.

To give a broader idea of the condition of Australia's foreign debt you can also look at a small developing country, in this case, Slovakia. Slovakia, a small landlocked country, has only been an independent country for 10 years and is still a developing country. In 15, only two years after the country was established, the net foreign debt had accumulated to $4.6bn and looked to increase in the years to come, compared to Australia who had accumulated $10bn in 15. Yet another country to compare Australia to is our trade partner China. China, a huge land mass with an even huger population has a foreign debt in 1 or approximately $151bn RMB or $bn.

After comparing Australia's foreign debt to other countries of different economic positions we can see that Australia is somewhere in the middle in the world scale of foreign debt. After doing so, I believe that we are in a healthy economic position that our foreign debt is indeed manageable and of no real concern. The majority of our debt belongs to the private sector which is seen as desirable in terms of foreign debt

CONCLUSION

The foreign or external debt is the amount of money that Australian residents, both public and private, owe to the rest of the world. At present we have $6bn in foreign debt with the public sector owning only .7% and the other 6.% belonging to the private sector. We will always have foreign debt because we will always have a CAD, we will always want more and we will never be able to meet the demand domestically. Foreign debt can be costly and beneficial and it is this that the Economists and politicians use to make decisions in the interest of our country.

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American dream

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An American Dream is the widespread of will or ambition to succeed of Americans to live a better life than their parents did. My American Dream is to become a pediatrician. The reason I want to be a pediatrician is because I love working with kids Born and raised in a big family, I grew up taking care of my little cousins and grown to love all little kids. The second reason is that I always wanted to work in the medical field because my mother is studying to be a nurse and I read several of her books and they seemed very interesting. Another reason I would like to become a pediatrician is because of the good pay. I know money can't buy me love or any of the good character traits such as a personality, but as Carl Sandburg wrote in an excerpt from The People, Yes, " Money pays for whatever you want if you have money. Money buys food, clothes, houses, land, guns, jewels, men, women, time to be lady and listen to music"(handout). I want to know I have money in the future so I can give and buy my family things they need and want, I don't want to have to worry about being short on money.

Many Americans have different goals or dreams in this country. Many peoples American Dream pertains to a good paying job that they love. My mother for example, Ana Saceda, says that an American Dream is a dream or long time goal set by a human being waiting to pursue that dream to come true. My mother came to America from the Philippines to fulfill her dream. Her dream was to get a good job in America and have a nice living for her family. She says "It was very hard to search out a good paying job in Rhode Island, but once I obtained one I stuck with my dream and kept the job for many years. I went to college at night, stilled worked everyday so I would have enough money to buy my family the things they need." My mother is now taking classes for nursing. She always wanted to be a nurse and help people, now she has one more year of school and she becomes a nurse. She says that the American Dream is still viable. She always told my sister and I to never give up what we've dreamed. She always said to pursue are dreams and never give up. With that in mind, I never gave up or let anyone tell me that I can and can't do anything in order to fulfill my dreams. Many Americans to this day set dreams and goals for themselves and end up fulfilling them in the future. Some tend to give up and many strive to build and make that dream come true.

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Subcultures

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Subcultures play a huge role in many people's lives and mine is no different. I have many different subcultures, I am a Bostonian, I am a social worker, and I am a brother. There are two subcultures though that has influenced me more than any other. One I was born into, and the other I adopted by choice. I am Jewish and I am a Jabberwockian.

Each of these subcultures has values and beliefs that have influenced who I am today. One of the strongest values that I hold is influenced by Judaism, honor thy father and mother. At a glance this value might seem obvious to some people, but it is much deeper than many think. Honoring one's father and mother is not just "being nice to your parents". It also means respecting them and their beliefs. "Father and mother" also don't necessarily mean your actual parents it also encompasses those you hold dear like they were your own parents. This can be other relatives and mentors in your life. Another value that has been instilled in me by being part of the Jewish subculture is to triumph in the face of adversary. For centuries the Jewish people have been persecuted for their beliefs, yet rather than give up they have fought to make a better life for themselves and their children.

No other subculture has played a larger role in my life than that of being a Jabberwockian. What is a Jabberwockian one might ask? It is a person who is part of the Camp Jabberwocky community. Camp Jabberwocky is a camp for adults and children with special needs. I was fortunate enough to join this subculture at the young age of 15. The most important value that I have learned through my work is that you can and should never judge a book by its cover. Just because somebody is severely disabled and can not walk and talk does not mean that they have nothing to offer or most of all are not intelligent. Another value that Jabberwocky has given me is the value of team work. I have learned that it is far easier to complete a task when you are work with others to achieve a common goal.

Looking at how I acquired the values that I gained from Judaism is fairly easy, from my parents. It is said that there are no greater teachers than ones own parents and in my case that statement is true. At a young age my parents started teaching me these values partially by explaining them to me bust mostly from example. My parents are a perfect example of honoring thy father and mother. They both had very good relationships with their parents before they died. They value the friendship of those who are older than they are, as have I. Using Jewish history they have also taught me the importance of triumph in the face of adversary. They taught me how for thousands of years Jews had been punished for their beliefs and that they have had to work harder to be successful. I learned of the story of Eli Wesel who survived the holocaust and now teaches other people about hatred so that something as tragic as the holocaust will not happen again. They showed me examples from my own life of how this is true. I was born with severe learning disabilities. At many points in my life it was uncertain if I would be able to successfully graduate from high school let alone make it to graduate school. I believe that if I didn't have these learning issues that I would not be where I am today because I had to work so much harder than everybody else that I became determined to show all those nay-sayers wrong and achieve my maximum potential. Learning about how the Jewish people had done similar things was a great motivation for me.

The values and beliefs that I learned from being part of the Jabberwocky community were transmitted in a different manner, trial by fire. I started at camp when I was 15, and had no experience working with anybody let alone people with disabilities. As I met more and more of the campers it became clear that just because they had little or no control over their bodies did not mean that they were dumb. Take Paul for example. Paul has severe cerebral palsy and can not walk or speak clearly, yet he is one of the smartest people that I know. He has a college degree and is a freelance writer. He types on a computer using a stick attached to a hat. He types about words per minute and writes long elaborate articles that take weeks to write. I also learned the importance of team work at camp. The counselors work together as one concise unit, nobody does anything alone. Before I started there I believed that I had to only rely on myself and never trust anybody. I quickly learned though that you can trust other people and by working together you can accomplish anything.

I do not think that it is just chance that these two subcultures have played such a significant role in my life. With out one I don't think the other would really exist. If I was not Jewish, and my parents not taught me to respect other people and to do my best in adverse situations I don't think I would have ever made it to Jabberwocky or stayed once I was there. I don't think I would have been able to accept those individuals at camp had I not been taught to respect and honor other people. I also would never have stayed after the first day had I not been taught to never give up and do your best. I was scared to death the first day of camp and never wanted to go back again, but I told myself that I could do it, and I gave it another couple of days. 1 years later I am still working there. Likewise I don't know if I would have been able to fully grasp the values of the Jewish culture had I not been able to put them into practice at Jabberwocky.

The question of how these cultures play into the dominant culture is a hard one for me to answer. I believe that the dominate culture does not accept these values for the most part, although they would like you to believe otherwise. To make a generalized statement, these values mainly have to do with kindness and standing up for your fellow man. I do not think that the dominate culture in the United States has these same values. I think that the dominate culture wants you to be self sufficient and not rely on your brothers for support. It wants you to stand alone. I think that many people in the dominate culture look at a disabled person and thinks "poor them, they have nothing." I am not saying that all disabled people are hidden geniuses but at least I will take the time to find out rather than make a quick judgment. Where the dominate culture does take a similar stance is in fighting for back in the face of adversary. When Americans are in a tough situation we fight back, we do not role over and give up. This is a value of the dominate culture that I believe in and am proud of.

Hopefully at this point it is evident what my stance is regarding these two subcultures. I still embrace them as much as I did when I was younger, more so now in fact. Each day that goes by I believe that the values and beliefs that I have learned grow stronger. The values of these two subcultures over time have melted together. Rather than believing in "honoring thy father and mother", I now believe in "honor every one". See how the disabled individuals strive to make the most out of their unfortunate situation has made my belief in "triumph in the face of adversary". As I said earlier I don't think I would have ever gotten to experience Jabberwocky if I were not a part of the Jewish subculture.

As I look to my future as a social worker I can not think of anything that will have a greater influence on me. I believe that these values will be the corner stone for my life as a social worker. Because of these values I will be able to respect my clients as human beings and honor them. I know that I will not pass judgment on them before I get to know who they are. I feel that I will be able to help them see that no matter how bad their current situation is that by working hard they can over come it, and be a stronger person afterwards. Working with clients is like being on a team. Having the belief that team work is important will allow me to work more effectively with my clients so that we can make it through the tough times.

I truly feel that I would not be where I am today with out the influence of these two subcultures. There are many more values and beliefs that they poses that have become a part of who I am. I am grateful to my parents for instilling the Jewish faith into me, and I am also very grateful to the Jabberwocky community for taking me in and making me one of their own.

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Doctrine of the precedent

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English law is based on statute but its origins and its continuing evolvement rely heavily on the doctrine of binding precedent, in order to deal with matters not covered by statute and to enable progressive development of the law. Precedent is a very important source of English law and its binding nature while not preventing development of the law, is important in providing certainty in the law.

Judicial precedent also known as judicial decision which means law made by judges when a judge makes law, the case is known as precedent. The essence of the doctrine of binding precedent is that the decisions of courts higher up the hierarchy of courts are binding upon courts lower down in the hierarchy. Future judges must stand by the decision, which is known Stare Decisis. If cases decisions are recorded and judges in later cases follow these decisions a code of conduct can be built up.

Ratio decidendi, in literally means the reasons for the particular decisions, is the statement of law on which the judge based his decision. It is part of the judgement which is capable of forming a binding precedent which means they must followed in later cases. It is important to realize that the ratio decidendi has nothing to do with the facts of the case; it is a statement of law which is carried down to later decisions. In the case of Saloman v Saloman & Co Ltd (187), the ratio decidendi provides that where a person or persons carry on business through a company, the debts of the business are debts of the company and not of those persons.

Obiter Dicta , literally means other things which were said, statements of law which did not form the basis of the decisions. As a result obiter dicta are not binding on future judges. However such statements may assist judges in the future if they are relevant are relevant and based on good sense. As such they are persuasive authority. In the case of Candler v Crane Christmast & Co (151) Lord Denning disagreed with the majority view of judges in the case. He said that an accountant should owe a duty of care to those who ask for and rely upon his advice and who eventually suffer loss because that advice was did not become part of the reason for the decision. It is known as a ¡®dissenting judgement'. However, Lord Denning's comments were of enormous relevance to the evolution of the law of the tort of negligent mis-statement and were later referred to in the case of Hedley Bryne & Co v Heller & Partners (16) when the law was eventually changed to reflect Lord Denning's initial viewpoint.

If a decision is of lower court, a judge need not follow. However, he will consider the law laid down in the case and not dismiss them out rightly. The operation of the doctrine of binding precedent is dependent on the hierarchy system.

House of Lords is the highest court in England and Wales and its decisions are binding on all other courts. Decisions of the House Of Lords are binding on all courts in the hierarchy i.e Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, Country Court and Magistrate Court. Before 166, it is bound by its own previous decisions, until 166, Practice Statement the are not absolutely bound by their own decisions if they consider, in exceptional circumstances that they do not want to follow the ratio decidendi laid down. The House of Lords ruled in London Tramways v. London Country Council (188) A.C 75 that it was bound by its own decisions, the House of Lords is now free to depart from its own earlier decisions ¡® where it appears right to do so' and although this power is not used frequently a useful illustration of the new power in operation was provided in Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd (176) overruling the earlier House of Lords decisions in Re United Railways of Havana and Regla Warehouses Ltd (160).

The Civil Division of the Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords, and by its own earlier decisions but there are exceptions, and its decisions are binding on all inferior courts. Exceptions to the principle that it is bound by its own earlier decisions arise where such a decisions conflicts with a later decision of the House of Lords or where the earlier decision was given per incuriam (i.e, a relevant statute or case was overlooked). The Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords, and also by its own previous decisions, but it was a wider power than the Civil Division to overrule its own previous decisions and can do so where the law has been ¡®misapplied or misunderstood' in the earlier case and injustice may be caused to an appellant.

There are three exceptions as laid down by Lord Greene MR in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd (144), first where there is a conflict between two previous decisions of the Court of Appeal. It is up to the present Court of Appeal to decide which case to be followed. Tiverton Estates Ltd v Wearwell Ltd (174). Second exceptions, a previous decision of the Court of Appeal have been overruled by the House of Lords expressly or impliedly. In this situation the Court of Appeal must follow the decision of the House of Lords. Family Housing Association v Jones (10). The third exception, the previous decision of the Court of Appeal is per incuriam, this is because it was decided in ignorance of a statute. Williams v Fawcett (185). Court of Appeal can depart from a previous decision of its own if it is in conflict with European Community law S. European Communities Act 17.

The High Court of Justice, a single High Court judges is bound by the decisions of higher courts (e.g, the Lords and the Court of Appeal). However, a single High Court judge is not bound by the decision of another single High Court judge. When two or more High Court judges are sitting together (as a Divisional Court) their decisions are binding on any other Divisional Court of that division and upon a single High Court judge.

Other Courts such as Crown Courts, Country Courts, and Magistrates Courts, decisions of these courts are not usually reported. They are bound by the decisions of higher courts. The Crown Courts deals predominantly with criminal matters. The Country Court deals with civil matters of all types, and the Magistrates Court deals with a wide range of criminal matters and come civil matters. Decisions by these courts do not bind any courts. Thus, these courts do not create precedents.

These are advantages of precedent, reaching decisions as a result of the doctrine of precedent makes the system consistent. It becomes easier to predict the result of litigation and it allows the English Legal System to be flexible. Decisions can be adapted and extended to reflect changes in society. The law is clear; as it is only the ratio decidendi that is followed it is easier to see what law is being applied.

Since there is a precedent there is certainty as to what the law is and what would the outcome be in a particular situation. This brings about predictability and consistency. It also saves courts' time because a point of law need not be re-argued if there is an existing precedent. Judges are able to develop the law without the need to wait for the Parliament to make law. Laws are created out of concrete set of facts, which is realistic rather than being abstract which means something is think is going to happen. The doctrine allows flexibility in the sense; the judges may depart from a precedent if it is necessary.

A judge may over-rule if a precedent is bad in law provided they have the authority to do so, and they may distinguish the case, which he is deciding from a precedent, and therefore refuse to apply the precedent.

However, there are a large number of precedents to refer to and judges must be careful in selecting the correct one. There is an element of uncertainty because when a precedent is cited, a judge may over-rule or distinguish the precedent from the existing case and therefore there is no guarantee that the judge will apply the precedent. Moreover, development of the law can be irregular and slow.

It is unconstitutional for a judge to make law, as his function is to enforce and apply the law. Making law amounts to interfering with the functions of the parliament. It goes against the doctrine of separation of powers as expounded by French philosopher Montesquieu who stated that every organ in a legal system must exercise its power separately so that each organ can exercise checks and balances on each other.

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Stakeholder Analysis

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Heath (14 158) also looks at how "Stakeholder analysis entails the ability to identify stakes, isolate the attribution processes, and discover the communication plans and skills used to negotiate them". Heath recognises that this analysis may focus on many stakeholders at the same time.

There are a number of key stakeholder groups that would be affected by the reintroduction of hunting rights on Minke whales in Iceland, such as the Icelandic population, national and international animal protectionist bodies, conservationists, and tourism and trade organisation just to name a few. These stakeholders would all require specific communication and execution strategies to be developed by the Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries, many of which may need to run concurrently.

Stakeholder importance and the process of prioritisation are affected by the company decision-makers perceived stakeholder attributes, which include power, legitimacy and urgency. (Mitchell et al., 18 0).

The Internet must also to be considered when dealing with potential stakeholders. Holtz (1 176) highlights the global reach of the Internet and how this communication medium can increase the geographical locality of key stakeholder groups.

A good example of global virtual stakeholders can be seen on a UK based website www.divernet.com. The website ran the Minke Whales hunting as its lead story on 6th August 00. The story was a strong voice of opposition for the Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries. Conservationist's websites such as www.PlanetArk.com and www.greenpeaceusa.org have also covered the issue as a moral stakeholder. Economic stakeholders have also utilised the Internet through corporate websites such as www.traveltrade.com. · Heath, R.L., (14). Companies as negotiated enactment of stakeholder interests, in Management of corporate communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, pp. 158

· Mitchell, R.K., et al (18). Towards a theory of stakeholders identification and salience defining the principles of who and what really counts, in The corporation and it's stakeholders. Ed. Clarkson, M. University of Toronto Press, Canada. pp. 75-0.

-Holtz,S., (1). Public Relations on the Net. AMA Publications, New York, pp176-17.

http//www.divernet.com/news/stories/whales06080.shtml

http//www.traveltrade.com/headline_news.jsp?articleID=405

http//www.greenpeaceusa.org/takeaction/index.pl/8154/article/554.html

http//www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/176/story.htm

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Emilia

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Emilia The Forgotten Maiden

In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona's servant Emilia plays a crucial role in the tragic plot of this literary work. Although the importance of Emilia's part does not rival that of Othello or Iago; Emilia's significance tends to be overlooked/overshadowed. Emilia is underestimated and virtually ignored by the entire cast of characters. Her desperation, loneliness, insight, intelligence, and strength left uncalculated. The only character that utilizes Emilia is Iago and he ultimately exploits her to serve his own interests. However, at the end of the play, Emilia exposes Iago as the true villainous mastermind. Thereby, Emilia redeems herself for aiding Iago and catapults herself to a heroine status. The purpose of this paper is to show Emilia as the strongest and the most capable female character in this particular Shakespearian work.

Emilia is a desperate woman and the contextual evidence supports this statement.

In act II 1 of Othello, Emilia shows signs of her longing for affection; specifically from a male. This lack of male affection is illustrated by, Cassio greeting Emilia with a kiss in front of Iago (Othello pg. 6). This kiss surprises and startles Emilia that indicates that she has not experienced such an act in quite some time. Emilia is undoubtedly uneasy as well, considering that her husband is watching this take place. Iago reacts with a bit of sarcasm and not a hint of jealousy. This strikes the audience as a somewhat odd response, a husband showing such indifference after having witnessed another man kiss her rather inappropriately. At the very least, Iago might have jokingly threatened Cassio or made reference to Emilia's irresistible charms. Next, rather than Emilia replying to his sarcastic and cold response, Desdemona speaks on her behalf. Interestingly enough Desdemona says, "Alas, she has no speech (Othello pg.6)!" This seems ironic since later in the play, Emilia's casual conversation/conspiring with Iago leads to Othello's dissent into madness. Desdemona fails to see Emilia's true self, as a lonely desperate woman that has only one loving companion, Desdemona her mistress. Desdemona's perception of Emilia's life seems to be one of disinterest; she seems consumed by her new love with Othello to observe Emilia's unhappiness. Iago continues to insult and speak about his wife. Finally, Emilia replies, "You have little cause to say so (Othello pg. 6)." This statement, displays Emilia's discontent with her husband and her marriage. Later in this scene Emilia addresses Iago again by saying, "You shall not write my praise (Othello pg.7)." This also shows Emilia's ability to defy others close to her and it foreshadows her eventual betrayal of Iago. Emilia's decision to defy her husband and Desdemona's refusal to defy Othello separate these women categorically.

The audience tends to perceive Desdemona as being superior to Emilia. This perception is no doubt a result of the obvious class distinctions, Desdemona being from a much higher social class than Emilia. There is also the matter of Desdemona being young and beautiful according to descriptions offered by the other characters. Emilia is not depicted in a similar manner and being a servant it is natural to envision her as far less glamorous than Desdemona. Furthermore, Desdemona expresses a thirst for knowledge and adventure; an unconventional woman. These factors naturally sway the audience to rank Desdemona far above the level of Emilia but that judgment is problematic. Emilia, although a servant to Desdemona, is the one person with the insight to comprehend the situation as it unfolds. Unlike Othello and Desdemona, Emilia is not blinded by emotions. She has been lonesome for such an extended period of time it seems, her disposition is permanently repressed. It's as if Iago conditioned Emilia to accept a state of numbness as normalcy. Due to this conditioning, Emilia is the only character that knows Iago's genuine identity and complexity. Perhaps, if Emilia did not still desire Iago's affection, she could have prevented the horrific course of events that occurred. Thus meaning; not stealing the handkerchief and exposing his motives/schemes earlier.

Toward the end of Act II 1, Othello and Desdemona are reunited after having been apart from one another for a considerable amount of time. The newly married couple share embraces and loving anecdotes with each other in the presence of Emilia. This is key because this behavior is foreign to Emilia. Iago, her husband, does not treat her in the same regard. These affectionate displays bother Emilia. The love that Desdemona and Othello share makes Emilia uncomfortable. It causes her to reevaluate her marriage therefore stirring up some sense of sadness and failure. More importantly, Emilia becomes envious of Desdemona's relationship with Othello on two levels. First, Emilia clearly wishes her marriage brought her the kind of joy that Desdemona initially experiences. Second, Emilia feels abandoned by Desdemona. Even though, Desdemona is Emilia's boss the two women are close friends. Emilia does experience some sense of rejection by Desdemona who is completely focused on Othello.

Emilia should be a seemingly obedient looking character at the onset of the play. In Act II 1, it would make the most sense for Emilia to stand behind Desdemona, slightly off to the side. She should be close enough to hear the conversation but her positioning should plainly indicate that her inclusion would be limited. Her body language needs to echo that of a subservient individual but she does want to convey a hidden flare upon engaging in the discussion. Emilia's spark should be apparent within the delivery of her words mainly thru emphasizing tone and pitch. She should use subtle facial expressions, mostly her eyes to reinforce her meaning. Emilia would not use major movements such as placing her hand on her hip or a head jerk; nothing extreme. She should ideally be played as subdued but not comatose. When Cassio kisses Emilia she would be stunned, nervous, flattered, and even aroused simultaneously. As a result, Emilia would look flustered; she should blush after the kiss and look directly at Iago. Upon hearing his reaction or lack there of, she would focuses on fixing her appearance while still feeling disheveled. Her movements should consist of tucking small pieces of her hair behind her ears and dusting off her bosom. She would also make direct eye contact with Iago after him and Desdemona start speaking. Emilia should stare at Iago with a resentment that does not occupy her complete attention; therefore her eyes shift depending on who is speaking. While Desdemona and Iago speak she would stand mildly fidgeting as well as listening to them talk. Once Othello enters Emilia should stare intently at him and Desdemona. In fact, Emilia should start smiling and her eyes should be fixed in awe. As they exit, Emilia would look back at Iago on stage, and she would snare; it would go undetected.

This scene is critical for various reasons. First, it reveals to the audience that Iago is truly cold because he shows no emotion toward his wife. Iago mocks her in public and acts indifferent toward her in general. Second, Emilia appears as a loyal and obedient servant but alludes to her future defiance. Lastly, the audience sees the reason for Emilia's disloyalty to her mistress via the exaggerated embracing session between Othello and Desdemona. As a result of Emilia's behavior in this early scene, the audience can already assume that she and Iago are not in love with each other. Moreover, Emilia is capable of acting in a rebellious manner. Othello and Desdemona's love, their bond upsets Emilia along with the other characters.

In conclusion, Emilio demonstrates the most courage considering the three primary female characters. Desdemona although an unconventional woman by some standards, she eventually does submit to her husband. She not only submits to Othello by accepting his rash behavior and violent outbursts; but also in her own murder. Desdemona entertains Othello's wish to kill her. She barely fights Othello, signaling that she may deserve this punishment. Bianca, the prostitute, by her mere profession submits to men nightly. Emilio is the female character who opposes the evil doer (Iago) and is then murdered for her bravery. Emilio does not willingly invite Iago to kill her as did Desdemona with Othello. In fact, Emilio was taken by surprise with Iago's attack. Her dialogue may not have been substantial but Emilia offered much depth to this play; more than she is accredited with.

Please note that this sample paper on Emilia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Emilia, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Emilia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Lord of the Flies

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In this essay I will show my interpretation on how the most important characters in William Goldings Lord of the Flies could represents different historical figures through time, especially the history around Hitler and the 1st and nd World War. My evidence is the characters behaviour and how they progress through the story. It may be that I cannot show that all the characters represent somebody but I will still try and explain the kind of people they could have in common to.

The first and probably most obvious character to deal with is Jack Merridew. Through the book he appears to be a very selfish and power hungry person. At first he goes along with Ralph being the chief as long as Jack himself can be the leader of the hunters. However because Jack is also easily jealous he soon tries to take control over the society among the boys.

He is especially jealous at the bond between Piggy and Ralph. At several occasions he mocks or makes sarcastic notions to Ralph.

Thats right. Keep Piggy out of danger.

Cheap University Papers on Lord of the Flies

The way Jack behaves is like the dictators through history, and especially modem history, such as Hitler and Stalin. People who have gone against the old system, taken over it and in the end turned it to their own favour. I would like to mostly compare Hitler and Jack. Many times does Jack try and make Ralph a scapegoat to take over. Sometimes he directly attacks Ralph by accusing him and sometimes Jack simply refuse to follow his rules.

Youre breaking the rules! (Ralph)

Who cares? (Jack)

This is very common to Hitler going against the German democratic system before he became the supreme leader. Hitler accused and refused the rules and position that Germany had.

Jack later on also appears to be a hypocrite. While Ralph is in control, Jack uses the authority of democracy, that is the conch, to tell all the boys that rules is something bad and they should not care. However when he becomes chief himself he quickly makes his own rules and starts to act like some sort of god. He is described as painted and garlanded.. .like and idol. That is just like Stalin who promised a better society but in the end it became much like the old system.

After Jack becomes chief he makes others within his own group scapegoats to keep in power.

Hes going to beat Wilfred

Jack also attacks the weak such as Piggy to gain more control.

Who cares what you believe-Fatty!

That is more like bullying but can also be compare Hitler, e.g. his attack on Jews.

The next character is Simon. Simon is a very quiet person who never stands up or talks very much.

He understands the good and evil in man but rarely tries and expresses it to others. When he does, in one of the assemblies, he is merely disturbed all the time. The others are too immature to understand what Simon is trying to tell them.

Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express mankinds essential illness.

Simon is representing the different religious figures through time. People have always thought them strange (batty) and not always taking them serious. However a lot of these figures have understood the good and evil everybody is capable of and have stood up to it and accepted it. Simon does this too, where the evil in man is the beast and the pig head.

However Simon thought of the beast, there rose before his inward sight the picture ofa human once heroic and sick.

Simon confronts it and thereby understands it.

What are you doing out here all alone? Arent you afraid of me? Simon shook.

After Simon has confronted the beast he goes to the mountain, just like Moses, and learns the full truth about the beast; that it is only a dead pilot which all the other boys has made into something fearsome and evil. The irony of the book, and what also has happened a lot through history, is that Simon is killed when he returns to tell everybody about what he has learned. Like Jesus he is killed by those that do not understand him.

Simon is also the prophet in the book. He foresee that Ralph will get back.

Youll get back to where you came from.

Another thing is that Simon is the only who sees the real beauty in the nature on the island. There is a place he likes to go where he meditates. In fact Simon is the only one in the book who does nothing wrong. He does not see the bad sides of neither Jack nor Ralph and he likes them all.

Simon represents those in history whom understood or at least tried to learn to truth about man and who died in the end.

The character Piggy is one of the difficult to deal with. He is one of the mature on the island and he is very intelligent. He is supposed to represent wisdom and uses the conch and what it represents to support him. However he is many times denied the conch and always has to remind the other boys why the conch is important.

I had the conch, said Piggy simply. I had a right to speak.

It therefor seems reasonable that Piggy and the conch are destroyed together. When Piggy dies, and by that the maturity and intelligence leaves the island, so does all the order and humanity leaves, with the conch.

Like Simon not many is prepared to listen to Piggy and Jack bullies him a lot. However Piggy and Simon is very different. This is an important point since Piggy too has his dark sides.

When Simon tries and explain the evil and good in man Piggy, among all the others, refuses to even think about it.

What I mean is.. .maybe its only us.

Nuts!

This shows that perhaps Piggy is not all that mature after all. He also helps the others to kill Simon.

Piggy represents the thinkers in history. People who have tried and support society but was simply rejected. Like the philosopher Socrates who, because of his ideas, where sentenced to drink hemlock. People could not accept his ideas just as the boys who are controlled by Jack cannot understand Piggy.

Roger is the dark character in Lord of the Flies and he is mostly the direct opposite to Simons character. Simon is suppose to represent the good in man and Roger is suppose to represent the evil. However they do have something in common. Roger is described when we first meet him, as a quite boy who keeps to himself just as Simon.

There was a slight, furtive boy whom no one knew, who kept to himself with an inner intensity of avoidance and secrecy. He muttered that his name was Roger and was silent again.

However it seems that Roger is quite in own free will while Simon sometimes feel the need to express his opinion.

Roger represents the killer and violent in man. He is the one who destroys Piggy and the conch, and by that destroys order and wisdom. This could be compared to the many weapons dictatorial powers has used through time to execute any opponents, such as the Spanish inquisition. Roger is actually described as the hangman.

The hangmans horror clung round him.

Roger was also going to execute Ralph, the ex-leader, as he sharpened a stick at both ends. Just as he did when the pig head was put on a stick.

The last significant character is Ralph. Ralph is the one representing the different great rulers through time. Ralph he very just and want all the boys to have an equal amount of rights. We can see this when Ralph, as the only, accepts Piggy and Simons right of speech.

Hear him! Hes got the conch!

However, as many great leaders, Ralph does wrong too. At first he is very much every other boy. He doesnt share a lot of sympathy for Piggy and is rather cruel when he tells everybody Piggys name.

When Ralph does become leader he shows to be very mature and can handle the responsibility. This is a part of what Ralph represents.

Ralph is very naive towards Jack though and doesnt suspect what he is capable of before its too late. This is very much like the British Prime Minister Chamberlins trust in Hitler. When Hitler signed a contract that he would not start a war.

After Jack starts his own tribe he lay more and more press on Ralph, like Hitler did on President Hindenburg. Finally Ralph resigns and, as Hindenburg, turns to the enemys side.

Many aspects of Lord of the Flies can be, and was very possibly meant to, compare to the many power struggles through time. E.g. the Russian Revolution, The Third Reich and so on. The story shows, just as the many wars and conflicts in history, how typical humans are and how humankind will always behave. The struggles through history have always been the same over and over again and it is from that, and from books that teach us about them, such as Lord of the Flies, that we must learn to accept human nature and prevent equally destructive struggles in the future.

Please note that this sample paper on Lord of the Flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lord of the Flies, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Lord of the Flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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