American dream

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An American Dream is the widespread of will or ambition to succeed of Americans to live a better life than their parents did. My American Dream is to become a pediatrician. The reason I want to be a pediatrician is because I love working with kids Born and raised in a big family, I grew up taking care of my little cousins and grown to love all little kids. The second reason is that I always wanted to work in the medical field because my mother is studying to be a nurse and I read several of her books and they seemed very interesting. Another reason I would like to become a pediatrician is because of the good pay. I know money can't buy me love or any of the good character traits such as a personality, but as Carl Sandburg wrote in an excerpt from The People, Yes, " Money pays for whatever you want if you have money. Money buys food, clothes, houses, land, guns, jewels, men, women, time to be lady and listen to music"(handout). I want to know I have money in the future so I can give and buy my family things they need and want, I don't want to have to worry about being short on money.

Many Americans have different goals or dreams in this country. Many peoples American Dream pertains to a good paying job that they love. My mother for example, Ana Saceda, says that an American Dream is a dream or long time goal set by a human being waiting to pursue that dream to come true. My mother came to America from the Philippines to fulfill her dream. Her dream was to get a good job in America and have a nice living for her family. She says "It was very hard to search out a good paying job in Rhode Island, but once I obtained one I stuck with my dream and kept the job for many years. I went to college at night, stilled worked everyday so I would have enough money to buy my family the things they need." My mother is now taking classes for nursing. She always wanted to be a nurse and help people, now she has one more year of school and she becomes a nurse. She says that the American Dream is still viable. She always told my sister and I to never give up what we've dreamed. She always said to pursue are dreams and never give up. With that in mind, I never gave up or let anyone tell me that I can and can't do anything in order to fulfill my dreams. Many Americans to this day set dreams and goals for themselves and end up fulfilling them in the future. Some tend to give up and many strive to build and make that dream come true.

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Subcultures

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Subcultures play a huge role in many people's lives and mine is no different. I have many different subcultures, I am a Bostonian, I am a social worker, and I am a brother. There are two subcultures though that has influenced me more than any other. One I was born into, and the other I adopted by choice. I am Jewish and I am a Jabberwockian.

Each of these subcultures has values and beliefs that have influenced who I am today. One of the strongest values that I hold is influenced by Judaism, honor thy father and mother. At a glance this value might seem obvious to some people, but it is much deeper than many think. Honoring one's father and mother is not just "being nice to your parents". It also means respecting them and their beliefs. "Father and mother" also don't necessarily mean your actual parents it also encompasses those you hold dear like they were your own parents. This can be other relatives and mentors in your life. Another value that has been instilled in me by being part of the Jewish subculture is to triumph in the face of adversary. For centuries the Jewish people have been persecuted for their beliefs, yet rather than give up they have fought to make a better life for themselves and their children.

No other subculture has played a larger role in my life than that of being a Jabberwockian. What is a Jabberwockian one might ask? It is a person who is part of the Camp Jabberwocky community. Camp Jabberwocky is a camp for adults and children with special needs. I was fortunate enough to join this subculture at the young age of 15. The most important value that I have learned through my work is that you can and should never judge a book by its cover. Just because somebody is severely disabled and can not walk and talk does not mean that they have nothing to offer or most of all are not intelligent. Another value that Jabberwocky has given me is the value of team work. I have learned that it is far easier to complete a task when you are work with others to achieve a common goal.

Looking at how I acquired the values that I gained from Judaism is fairly easy, from my parents. It is said that there are no greater teachers than ones own parents and in my case that statement is true. At a young age my parents started teaching me these values partially by explaining them to me bust mostly from example. My parents are a perfect example of honoring thy father and mother. They both had very good relationships with their parents before they died. They value the friendship of those who are older than they are, as have I. Using Jewish history they have also taught me the importance of triumph in the face of adversary. They taught me how for thousands of years Jews had been punished for their beliefs and that they have had to work harder to be successful. I learned of the story of Eli Wesel who survived the holocaust and now teaches other people about hatred so that something as tragic as the holocaust will not happen again. They showed me examples from my own life of how this is true. I was born with severe learning disabilities. At many points in my life it was uncertain if I would be able to successfully graduate from high school let alone make it to graduate school. I believe that if I didn't have these learning issues that I would not be where I am today because I had to work so much harder than everybody else that I became determined to show all those nay-sayers wrong and achieve my maximum potential. Learning about how the Jewish people had done similar things was a great motivation for me.

The values and beliefs that I learned from being part of the Jabberwocky community were transmitted in a different manner, trial by fire. I started at camp when I was 15, and had no experience working with anybody let alone people with disabilities. As I met more and more of the campers it became clear that just because they had little or no control over their bodies did not mean that they were dumb. Take Paul for example. Paul has severe cerebral palsy and can not walk or speak clearly, yet he is one of the smartest people that I know. He has a college degree and is a freelance writer. He types on a computer using a stick attached to a hat. He types about words per minute and writes long elaborate articles that take weeks to write. I also learned the importance of team work at camp. The counselors work together as one concise unit, nobody does anything alone. Before I started there I believed that I had to only rely on myself and never trust anybody. I quickly learned though that you can trust other people and by working together you can accomplish anything.

I do not think that it is just chance that these two subcultures have played such a significant role in my life. With out one I don't think the other would really exist. If I was not Jewish, and my parents not taught me to respect other people and to do my best in adverse situations I don't think I would have ever made it to Jabberwocky or stayed once I was there. I don't think I would have been able to accept those individuals at camp had I not been taught to respect and honor other people. I also would never have stayed after the first day had I not been taught to never give up and do your best. I was scared to death the first day of camp and never wanted to go back again, but I told myself that I could do it, and I gave it another couple of days. 1 years later I am still working there. Likewise I don't know if I would have been able to fully grasp the values of the Jewish culture had I not been able to put them into practice at Jabberwocky.

The question of how these cultures play into the dominant culture is a hard one for me to answer. I believe that the dominate culture does not accept these values for the most part, although they would like you to believe otherwise. To make a generalized statement, these values mainly have to do with kindness and standing up for your fellow man. I do not think that the dominate culture in the United States has these same values. I think that the dominate culture wants you to be self sufficient and not rely on your brothers for support. It wants you to stand alone. I think that many people in the dominate culture look at a disabled person and thinks "poor them, they have nothing." I am not saying that all disabled people are hidden geniuses but at least I will take the time to find out rather than make a quick judgment. Where the dominate culture does take a similar stance is in fighting for back in the face of adversary. When Americans are in a tough situation we fight back, we do not role over and give up. This is a value of the dominate culture that I believe in and am proud of.

Hopefully at this point it is evident what my stance is regarding these two subcultures. I still embrace them as much as I did when I was younger, more so now in fact. Each day that goes by I believe that the values and beliefs that I have learned grow stronger. The values of these two subcultures over time have melted together. Rather than believing in "honoring thy father and mother", I now believe in "honor every one". See how the disabled individuals strive to make the most out of their unfortunate situation has made my belief in "triumph in the face of adversary". As I said earlier I don't think I would have ever gotten to experience Jabberwocky if I were not a part of the Jewish subculture.

As I look to my future as a social worker I can not think of anything that will have a greater influence on me. I believe that these values will be the corner stone for my life as a social worker. Because of these values I will be able to respect my clients as human beings and honor them. I know that I will not pass judgment on them before I get to know who they are. I feel that I will be able to help them see that no matter how bad their current situation is that by working hard they can over come it, and be a stronger person afterwards. Working with clients is like being on a team. Having the belief that team work is important will allow me to work more effectively with my clients so that we can make it through the tough times.

I truly feel that I would not be where I am today with out the influence of these two subcultures. There are many more values and beliefs that they poses that have become a part of who I am. I am grateful to my parents for instilling the Jewish faith into me, and I am also very grateful to the Jabberwocky community for taking me in and making me one of their own.

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Doctrine of the precedent

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English law is based on statute but its origins and its continuing evolvement rely heavily on the doctrine of binding precedent, in order to deal with matters not covered by statute and to enable progressive development of the law. Precedent is a very important source of English law and its binding nature while not preventing development of the law, is important in providing certainty in the law.

Judicial precedent also known as judicial decision which means law made by judges when a judge makes law, the case is known as precedent. The essence of the doctrine of binding precedent is that the decisions of courts higher up the hierarchy of courts are binding upon courts lower down in the hierarchy. Future judges must stand by the decision, which is known Stare Decisis. If cases decisions are recorded and judges in later cases follow these decisions a code of conduct can be built up.

Ratio decidendi, in literally means the reasons for the particular decisions, is the statement of law on which the judge based his decision. It is part of the judgement which is capable of forming a binding precedent which means they must followed in later cases. It is important to realize that the ratio decidendi has nothing to do with the facts of the case; it is a statement of law which is carried down to later decisions. In the case of Saloman v Saloman & Co Ltd (187), the ratio decidendi provides that where a person or persons carry on business through a company, the debts of the business are debts of the company and not of those persons.

Obiter Dicta , literally means other things which were said, statements of law which did not form the basis of the decisions. As a result obiter dicta are not binding on future judges. However such statements may assist judges in the future if they are relevant are relevant and based on good sense. As such they are persuasive authority. In the case of Candler v Crane Christmast & Co (151) Lord Denning disagreed with the majority view of judges in the case. He said that an accountant should owe a duty of care to those who ask for and rely upon his advice and who eventually suffer loss because that advice was did not become part of the reason for the decision. It is known as a ¡®dissenting judgement'. However, Lord Denning's comments were of enormous relevance to the evolution of the law of the tort of negligent mis-statement and were later referred to in the case of Hedley Bryne & Co v Heller & Partners (16) when the law was eventually changed to reflect Lord Denning's initial viewpoint.

If a decision is of lower court, a judge need not follow. However, he will consider the law laid down in the case and not dismiss them out rightly. The operation of the doctrine of binding precedent is dependent on the hierarchy system.

House of Lords is the highest court in England and Wales and its decisions are binding on all other courts. Decisions of the House Of Lords are binding on all courts in the hierarchy i.e Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, Country Court and Magistrate Court. Before 166, it is bound by its own previous decisions, until 166, Practice Statement the are not absolutely bound by their own decisions if they consider, in exceptional circumstances that they do not want to follow the ratio decidendi laid down. The House of Lords ruled in London Tramways v. London Country Council (188) A.C 75 that it was bound by its own decisions, the House of Lords is now free to depart from its own earlier decisions ¡® where it appears right to do so' and although this power is not used frequently a useful illustration of the new power in operation was provided in Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd (176) overruling the earlier House of Lords decisions in Re United Railways of Havana and Regla Warehouses Ltd (160).

The Civil Division of the Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords, and by its own earlier decisions but there are exceptions, and its decisions are binding on all inferior courts. Exceptions to the principle that it is bound by its own earlier decisions arise where such a decisions conflicts with a later decision of the House of Lords or where the earlier decision was given per incuriam (i.e, a relevant statute or case was overlooked). The Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords, and also by its own previous decisions, but it was a wider power than the Civil Division to overrule its own previous decisions and can do so where the law has been ¡®misapplied or misunderstood' in the earlier case and injustice may be caused to an appellant.

There are three exceptions as laid down by Lord Greene MR in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd (144), first where there is a conflict between two previous decisions of the Court of Appeal. It is up to the present Court of Appeal to decide which case to be followed. Tiverton Estates Ltd v Wearwell Ltd (174). Second exceptions, a previous decision of the Court of Appeal have been overruled by the House of Lords expressly or impliedly. In this situation the Court of Appeal must follow the decision of the House of Lords. Family Housing Association v Jones (10). The third exception, the previous decision of the Court of Appeal is per incuriam, this is because it was decided in ignorance of a statute. Williams v Fawcett (185). Court of Appeal can depart from a previous decision of its own if it is in conflict with European Community law S. European Communities Act 17.

The High Court of Justice, a single High Court judges is bound by the decisions of higher courts (e.g, the Lords and the Court of Appeal). However, a single High Court judge is not bound by the decision of another single High Court judge. When two or more High Court judges are sitting together (as a Divisional Court) their decisions are binding on any other Divisional Court of that division and upon a single High Court judge.

Other Courts such as Crown Courts, Country Courts, and Magistrates Courts, decisions of these courts are not usually reported. They are bound by the decisions of higher courts. The Crown Courts deals predominantly with criminal matters. The Country Court deals with civil matters of all types, and the Magistrates Court deals with a wide range of criminal matters and come civil matters. Decisions by these courts do not bind any courts. Thus, these courts do not create precedents.

These are advantages of precedent, reaching decisions as a result of the doctrine of precedent makes the system consistent. It becomes easier to predict the result of litigation and it allows the English Legal System to be flexible. Decisions can be adapted and extended to reflect changes in society. The law is clear; as it is only the ratio decidendi that is followed it is easier to see what law is being applied.

Since there is a precedent there is certainty as to what the law is and what would the outcome be in a particular situation. This brings about predictability and consistency. It also saves courts' time because a point of law need not be re-argued if there is an existing precedent. Judges are able to develop the law without the need to wait for the Parliament to make law. Laws are created out of concrete set of facts, which is realistic rather than being abstract which means something is think is going to happen. The doctrine allows flexibility in the sense; the judges may depart from a precedent if it is necessary.

A judge may over-rule if a precedent is bad in law provided they have the authority to do so, and they may distinguish the case, which he is deciding from a precedent, and therefore refuse to apply the precedent.

However, there are a large number of precedents to refer to and judges must be careful in selecting the correct one. There is an element of uncertainty because when a precedent is cited, a judge may over-rule or distinguish the precedent from the existing case and therefore there is no guarantee that the judge will apply the precedent. Moreover, development of the law can be irregular and slow.

It is unconstitutional for a judge to make law, as his function is to enforce and apply the law. Making law amounts to interfering with the functions of the parliament. It goes against the doctrine of separation of powers as expounded by French philosopher Montesquieu who stated that every organ in a legal system must exercise its power separately so that each organ can exercise checks and balances on each other.

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Stakeholder Analysis

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Heath (14 158) also looks at how "Stakeholder analysis entails the ability to identify stakes, isolate the attribution processes, and discover the communication plans and skills used to negotiate them". Heath recognises that this analysis may focus on many stakeholders at the same time.

There are a number of key stakeholder groups that would be affected by the reintroduction of hunting rights on Minke whales in Iceland, such as the Icelandic population, national and international animal protectionist bodies, conservationists, and tourism and trade organisation just to name a few. These stakeholders would all require specific communication and execution strategies to be developed by the Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries, many of which may need to run concurrently.

Stakeholder importance and the process of prioritisation are affected by the company decision-makers perceived stakeholder attributes, which include power, legitimacy and urgency. (Mitchell et al., 18 0).

The Internet must also to be considered when dealing with potential stakeholders. Holtz (1 176) highlights the global reach of the Internet and how this communication medium can increase the geographical locality of key stakeholder groups.

A good example of global virtual stakeholders can be seen on a UK based website www.divernet.com. The website ran the Minke Whales hunting as its lead story on 6th August 00. The story was a strong voice of opposition for the Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries. Conservationist's websites such as www.PlanetArk.com and www.greenpeaceusa.org have also covered the issue as a moral stakeholder. Economic stakeholders have also utilised the Internet through corporate websites such as www.traveltrade.com. · Heath, R.L., (14). Companies as negotiated enactment of stakeholder interests, in Management of corporate communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, pp. 158

· Mitchell, R.K., et al (18). Towards a theory of stakeholders identification and salience defining the principles of who and what really counts, in The corporation and it's stakeholders. Ed. Clarkson, M. University of Toronto Press, Canada. pp. 75-0.

-Holtz,S., (1). Public Relations on the Net. AMA Publications, New York, pp176-17.

http//www.divernet.com/news/stories/whales06080.shtml

http//www.traveltrade.com/headline_news.jsp?articleID=405

http//www.greenpeaceusa.org/takeaction/index.pl/8154/article/554.html

http//www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/176/story.htm

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Emilia

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Emilia The Forgotten Maiden

In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona's servant Emilia plays a crucial role in the tragic plot of this literary work. Although the importance of Emilia's part does not rival that of Othello or Iago; Emilia's significance tends to be overlooked/overshadowed. Emilia is underestimated and virtually ignored by the entire cast of characters. Her desperation, loneliness, insight, intelligence, and strength left uncalculated. The only character that utilizes Emilia is Iago and he ultimately exploits her to serve his own interests. However, at the end of the play, Emilia exposes Iago as the true villainous mastermind. Thereby, Emilia redeems herself for aiding Iago and catapults herself to a heroine status. The purpose of this paper is to show Emilia as the strongest and the most capable female character in this particular Shakespearian work.

Emilia is a desperate woman and the contextual evidence supports this statement.

In act II 1 of Othello, Emilia shows signs of her longing for affection; specifically from a male. This lack of male affection is illustrated by, Cassio greeting Emilia with a kiss in front of Iago (Othello pg. 6). This kiss surprises and startles Emilia that indicates that she has not experienced such an act in quite some time. Emilia is undoubtedly uneasy as well, considering that her husband is watching this take place. Iago reacts with a bit of sarcasm and not a hint of jealousy. This strikes the audience as a somewhat odd response, a husband showing such indifference after having witnessed another man kiss her rather inappropriately. At the very least, Iago might have jokingly threatened Cassio or made reference to Emilia's irresistible charms. Next, rather than Emilia replying to his sarcastic and cold response, Desdemona speaks on her behalf. Interestingly enough Desdemona says, "Alas, she has no speech (Othello pg.6)!" This seems ironic since later in the play, Emilia's casual conversation/conspiring with Iago leads to Othello's dissent into madness. Desdemona fails to see Emilia's true self, as a lonely desperate woman that has only one loving companion, Desdemona her mistress. Desdemona's perception of Emilia's life seems to be one of disinterest; she seems consumed by her new love with Othello to observe Emilia's unhappiness. Iago continues to insult and speak about his wife. Finally, Emilia replies, "You have little cause to say so (Othello pg. 6)." This statement, displays Emilia's discontent with her husband and her marriage. Later in this scene Emilia addresses Iago again by saying, "You shall not write my praise (Othello pg.7)." This also shows Emilia's ability to defy others close to her and it foreshadows her eventual betrayal of Iago. Emilia's decision to defy her husband and Desdemona's refusal to defy Othello separate these women categorically.

The audience tends to perceive Desdemona as being superior to Emilia. This perception is no doubt a result of the obvious class distinctions, Desdemona being from a much higher social class than Emilia. There is also the matter of Desdemona being young and beautiful according to descriptions offered by the other characters. Emilia is not depicted in a similar manner and being a servant it is natural to envision her as far less glamorous than Desdemona. Furthermore, Desdemona expresses a thirst for knowledge and adventure; an unconventional woman. These factors naturally sway the audience to rank Desdemona far above the level of Emilia but that judgment is problematic. Emilia, although a servant to Desdemona, is the one person with the insight to comprehend the situation as it unfolds. Unlike Othello and Desdemona, Emilia is not blinded by emotions. She has been lonesome for such an extended period of time it seems, her disposition is permanently repressed. It's as if Iago conditioned Emilia to accept a state of numbness as normalcy. Due to this conditioning, Emilia is the only character that knows Iago's genuine identity and complexity. Perhaps, if Emilia did not still desire Iago's affection, she could have prevented the horrific course of events that occurred. Thus meaning; not stealing the handkerchief and exposing his motives/schemes earlier.

Toward the end of Act II 1, Othello and Desdemona are reunited after having been apart from one another for a considerable amount of time. The newly married couple share embraces and loving anecdotes with each other in the presence of Emilia. This is key because this behavior is foreign to Emilia. Iago, her husband, does not treat her in the same regard. These affectionate displays bother Emilia. The love that Desdemona and Othello share makes Emilia uncomfortable. It causes her to reevaluate her marriage therefore stirring up some sense of sadness and failure. More importantly, Emilia becomes envious of Desdemona's relationship with Othello on two levels. First, Emilia clearly wishes her marriage brought her the kind of joy that Desdemona initially experiences. Second, Emilia feels abandoned by Desdemona. Even though, Desdemona is Emilia's boss the two women are close friends. Emilia does experience some sense of rejection by Desdemona who is completely focused on Othello.

Emilia should be a seemingly obedient looking character at the onset of the play. In Act II 1, it would make the most sense for Emilia to stand behind Desdemona, slightly off to the side. She should be close enough to hear the conversation but her positioning should plainly indicate that her inclusion would be limited. Her body language needs to echo that of a subservient individual but she does want to convey a hidden flare upon engaging in the discussion. Emilia's spark should be apparent within the delivery of her words mainly thru emphasizing tone and pitch. She should use subtle facial expressions, mostly her eyes to reinforce her meaning. Emilia would not use major movements such as placing her hand on her hip or a head jerk; nothing extreme. She should ideally be played as subdued but not comatose. When Cassio kisses Emilia she would be stunned, nervous, flattered, and even aroused simultaneously. As a result, Emilia would look flustered; she should blush after the kiss and look directly at Iago. Upon hearing his reaction or lack there of, she would focuses on fixing her appearance while still feeling disheveled. Her movements should consist of tucking small pieces of her hair behind her ears and dusting off her bosom. She would also make direct eye contact with Iago after him and Desdemona start speaking. Emilia should stare at Iago with a resentment that does not occupy her complete attention; therefore her eyes shift depending on who is speaking. While Desdemona and Iago speak she would stand mildly fidgeting as well as listening to them talk. Once Othello enters Emilia should stare intently at him and Desdemona. In fact, Emilia should start smiling and her eyes should be fixed in awe. As they exit, Emilia would look back at Iago on stage, and she would snare; it would go undetected.

This scene is critical for various reasons. First, it reveals to the audience that Iago is truly cold because he shows no emotion toward his wife. Iago mocks her in public and acts indifferent toward her in general. Second, Emilia appears as a loyal and obedient servant but alludes to her future defiance. Lastly, the audience sees the reason for Emilia's disloyalty to her mistress via the exaggerated embracing session between Othello and Desdemona. As a result of Emilia's behavior in this early scene, the audience can already assume that she and Iago are not in love with each other. Moreover, Emilia is capable of acting in a rebellious manner. Othello and Desdemona's love, their bond upsets Emilia along with the other characters.

In conclusion, Emilio demonstrates the most courage considering the three primary female characters. Desdemona although an unconventional woman by some standards, she eventually does submit to her husband. She not only submits to Othello by accepting his rash behavior and violent outbursts; but also in her own murder. Desdemona entertains Othello's wish to kill her. She barely fights Othello, signaling that she may deserve this punishment. Bianca, the prostitute, by her mere profession submits to men nightly. Emilio is the female character who opposes the evil doer (Iago) and is then murdered for her bravery. Emilio does not willingly invite Iago to kill her as did Desdemona with Othello. In fact, Emilio was taken by surprise with Iago's attack. Her dialogue may not have been substantial but Emilia offered much depth to this play; more than she is accredited with.

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Lord of the Flies

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In this essay I will show my interpretation on how the most important characters in William Goldings Lord of the Flies could represents different historical figures through time, especially the history around Hitler and the 1st and nd World War. My evidence is the characters behaviour and how they progress through the story. It may be that I cannot show that all the characters represent somebody but I will still try and explain the kind of people they could have in common to.

The first and probably most obvious character to deal with is Jack Merridew. Through the book he appears to be a very selfish and power hungry person. At first he goes along with Ralph being the chief as long as Jack himself can be the leader of the hunters. However because Jack is also easily jealous he soon tries to take control over the society among the boys.

He is especially jealous at the bond between Piggy and Ralph. At several occasions he mocks or makes sarcastic notions to Ralph.

Thats right. Keep Piggy out of danger.

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The way Jack behaves is like the dictators through history, and especially modem history, such as Hitler and Stalin. People who have gone against the old system, taken over it and in the end turned it to their own favour. I would like to mostly compare Hitler and Jack. Many times does Jack try and make Ralph a scapegoat to take over. Sometimes he directly attacks Ralph by accusing him and sometimes Jack simply refuse to follow his rules.

Youre breaking the rules! (Ralph)

Who cares? (Jack)

This is very common to Hitler going against the German democratic system before he became the supreme leader. Hitler accused and refused the rules and position that Germany had.

Jack later on also appears to be a hypocrite. While Ralph is in control, Jack uses the authority of democracy, that is the conch, to tell all the boys that rules is something bad and they should not care. However when he becomes chief himself he quickly makes his own rules and starts to act like some sort of god. He is described as painted and garlanded.. .like and idol. That is just like Stalin who promised a better society but in the end it became much like the old system.

After Jack becomes chief he makes others within his own group scapegoats to keep in power.

Hes going to beat Wilfred

Jack also attacks the weak such as Piggy to gain more control.

Who cares what you believe-Fatty!

That is more like bullying but can also be compare Hitler, e.g. his attack on Jews.

The next character is Simon. Simon is a very quiet person who never stands up or talks very much.

He understands the good and evil in man but rarely tries and expresses it to others. When he does, in one of the assemblies, he is merely disturbed all the time. The others are too immature to understand what Simon is trying to tell them.

Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express mankinds essential illness.

Simon is representing the different religious figures through time. People have always thought them strange (batty) and not always taking them serious. However a lot of these figures have understood the good and evil everybody is capable of and have stood up to it and accepted it. Simon does this too, where the evil in man is the beast and the pig head.

However Simon thought of the beast, there rose before his inward sight the picture ofa human once heroic and sick.

Simon confronts it and thereby understands it.

What are you doing out here all alone? Arent you afraid of me? Simon shook.

After Simon has confronted the beast he goes to the mountain, just like Moses, and learns the full truth about the beast; that it is only a dead pilot which all the other boys has made into something fearsome and evil. The irony of the book, and what also has happened a lot through history, is that Simon is killed when he returns to tell everybody about what he has learned. Like Jesus he is killed by those that do not understand him.

Simon is also the prophet in the book. He foresee that Ralph will get back.

Youll get back to where you came from.

Another thing is that Simon is the only who sees the real beauty in the nature on the island. There is a place he likes to go where he meditates. In fact Simon is the only one in the book who does nothing wrong. He does not see the bad sides of neither Jack nor Ralph and he likes them all.

Simon represents those in history whom understood or at least tried to learn to truth about man and who died in the end.

The character Piggy is one of the difficult to deal with. He is one of the mature on the island and he is very intelligent. He is supposed to represent wisdom and uses the conch and what it represents to support him. However he is many times denied the conch and always has to remind the other boys why the conch is important.

I had the conch, said Piggy simply. I had a right to speak.

It therefor seems reasonable that Piggy and the conch are destroyed together. When Piggy dies, and by that the maturity and intelligence leaves the island, so does all the order and humanity leaves, with the conch.

Like Simon not many is prepared to listen to Piggy and Jack bullies him a lot. However Piggy and Simon is very different. This is an important point since Piggy too has his dark sides.

When Simon tries and explain the evil and good in man Piggy, among all the others, refuses to even think about it.

What I mean is.. .maybe its only us.

Nuts!

This shows that perhaps Piggy is not all that mature after all. He also helps the others to kill Simon.

Piggy represents the thinkers in history. People who have tried and support society but was simply rejected. Like the philosopher Socrates who, because of his ideas, where sentenced to drink hemlock. People could not accept his ideas just as the boys who are controlled by Jack cannot understand Piggy.

Roger is the dark character in Lord of the Flies and he is mostly the direct opposite to Simons character. Simon is suppose to represent the good in man and Roger is suppose to represent the evil. However they do have something in common. Roger is described when we first meet him, as a quite boy who keeps to himself just as Simon.

There was a slight, furtive boy whom no one knew, who kept to himself with an inner intensity of avoidance and secrecy. He muttered that his name was Roger and was silent again.

However it seems that Roger is quite in own free will while Simon sometimes feel the need to express his opinion.

Roger represents the killer and violent in man. He is the one who destroys Piggy and the conch, and by that destroys order and wisdom. This could be compared to the many weapons dictatorial powers has used through time to execute any opponents, such as the Spanish inquisition. Roger is actually described as the hangman.

The hangmans horror clung round him.

Roger was also going to execute Ralph, the ex-leader, as he sharpened a stick at both ends. Just as he did when the pig head was put on a stick.

The last significant character is Ralph. Ralph is the one representing the different great rulers through time. Ralph he very just and want all the boys to have an equal amount of rights. We can see this when Ralph, as the only, accepts Piggy and Simons right of speech.

Hear him! Hes got the conch!

However, as many great leaders, Ralph does wrong too. At first he is very much every other boy. He doesnt share a lot of sympathy for Piggy and is rather cruel when he tells everybody Piggys name.

When Ralph does become leader he shows to be very mature and can handle the responsibility. This is a part of what Ralph represents.

Ralph is very naive towards Jack though and doesnt suspect what he is capable of before its too late. This is very much like the British Prime Minister Chamberlins trust in Hitler. When Hitler signed a contract that he would not start a war.

After Jack starts his own tribe he lay more and more press on Ralph, like Hitler did on President Hindenburg. Finally Ralph resigns and, as Hindenburg, turns to the enemys side.

Many aspects of Lord of the Flies can be, and was very possibly meant to, compare to the many power struggles through time. E.g. the Russian Revolution, The Third Reich and so on. The story shows, just as the many wars and conflicts in history, how typical humans are and how humankind will always behave. The struggles through history have always been the same over and over again and it is from that, and from books that teach us about them, such as Lord of the Flies, that we must learn to accept human nature and prevent equally destructive struggles in the future.

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Rules for a Reason

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We all hate rules. Admit it. While rules are the very thread this world hangs by today, you still never hear many people say, "Gee, rules are cool." Even some of the very politicians who plan and support our nation's law books seem to wander from what they should enforce. Sure, many feel being the brown-noser, do-good, teacher's pet kinda citizen is not relevant. This is true. But the fact remains Rules exist for a reason!

Among my list of rules I'm using to support this argument is (sorry, kids) Honor Your Mother and Father. For one thing, their rules are for your own welfare. I remember a time long ago when my mom told me not to go to the fish hatchery down the street because it was guarded by a dog. Being the mischievous child I was, I ignored her advice. Not even 0 minutes later I had a rabid dog gnawing at my butt. Anyway…whatever your parents order is usually ordered out of love. Their rules are guidelines to keep you safe and out of danger's way!

I'll admit that even I, a rookie driver, am guilty of the most abused law in our society today No Speeding! When you speed, you run the risk of getting caught (can you say duh?!). Sure, the studies say that only 1% of all speeders are actually caught and ticketed, but goodness knows you'd end up paying some bogus fines! Also, even simple offenses like speeding do affect your records. Not only that, it affects the people around you. Imagine, if you will, yourself at the wheel. The speed limit is 70 on the interstate, but you keep pushing to 0. If someone in front of you were to spontaneously put the [brake] pedal to the metal, think of what could happen when you couldn't stop soon enough car damage (to say the least), cargo damage, damage to the people inside that vehicle... 'nuff said. Of course, there are many different scenarios for speeding accidents.

My last example is one we constantly hear of and will till the end of time Don't Murder. Something that seems obvious to most people (except the sick, twisted people who actually do murder in cold blood) is that you will suffer the consequences. These include guilt (once again to say the least), jail time, and sometimes even an execution. Even if you get off because of a technicality or some stroke of luck, anyone with their head screwed on straight (or close to straight) will have to live with the guilt. Also, keep in mind that all living things are God's! Nature is such a beauty, but now you can see how entire biomes are being obliterated by mans' effects on earth. Earth is in a downward spiral down the toilet for cryin out loud! And if I really cared to, I could make an entire essay on mankind's negative effects on Mother Nature.Do my essay on Rules for a Reason CHEAP !

In conclusion, I cannot stress this enough There is a good reason to support all rules and laws (most, anyway; another essay idea, eh?). They are made to keep everyone safe and sound, and to keep the peace. One can use the famous "Free Country" alibi, but that's not a good reason to violate someone else's freedom. So go ahead. Be a brown-noser. Do good. Be the teacher's pet. Rules are cool.

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Ragged Dick

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This Ragged Dick is myth that people is rewarded if he does his best sincerely. Hero Dick is the poor boy who makes his living by shoeshine. To money, he is very sincere, and his sincerity is trusted by rich man and he achieves to go into rich circle. However, such a myth is an empty dream that is not possible rarely very much. In Japan, the American society is considered to be society with the dream that a chance is given to everybody. However, it is a lie. Isnt it extremely difficult for the person belonging to a social of lower rank ba like this myth to achieve a success? For succeeding, the mans circumstance is important first.

Does the American dream exist in everybody or not? An answer is NO. The United States is connection society in a academic career-oriented society more than Japan. In the society in that mobs has gathered out of the world like the United Stase, personal character and the hidden ability should not be understood by any means in the interview for several minutes. An immaterial thing is made to the object of evaluation in the case everybody is sharing difinite culture. In the society that everybody is not sharing the common cultural base like the United State, the degree depending on a material thing, for example what degree in what grades in what university, and influential persons recommendation, will become large. People who is not a good university graduate and there is also no good connection, even if he has ability, a chance does not turn. Such conversation exists between Dick and the man in a book Dont you ever steal, then? No, I wouldnt. Lots of boys does it, but I wouldnt.(6). I agree he is an honest. But, the present time does the boy of a shoeshine win a great success cause living honestly.

There are many honest persons generaly.

The children of the home beyond a middle class build the home beyond the middle class which receives sufficient education and is again blessed with income. The children of the home below a middle class will re-form the low income earner layer below a middle class again, without the ability receiving sufficient education. And whenever the income gap of both layers runs after a generation, it becomes large. Whether it succeeds or not is effected by the circumstance where the man is born. If he is born in a family with money, it will become advantageous for succeeding. In a reverse case, in order for people who has not maney to be successful, it is necessary to try hard more than ordinary and a possibility of suffering a setback is also high.

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Naomi and Rose: A Journey of Self Discovery

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Most people at some point in their lives undergo a journey of self discovery. Naomi in Obasan and Rose in Simon's Luck both journey through the circle of self discovery by revealing, remembering and reconciling their past experiences, and thus become their true selves. Without completing this journey, they would both remain fragmented personalities and not achieve a peace with themselves concerning all aspects of their lives.

One of the first steps in this journey is to use the knowledge one already has of the past. By remembering experiences and events of the past both Naomi and Rose were able to progress through the circle of their journey. Throughout both stories, these women have helpers that either suggest or force them to realize and deal with their personal histories. One's history is oneself and we cannot be complete without remembering. (Kogawa, 54) Throughout Obasan, Aunt Emily helps Naomi by providing her with pictures, letters and pamphlets which spark memories that Naomi had long since pushed away. The time between the events which Naomi must remember, and the year 17 when her process of self discovery begins, is the solace which allows Naomi to handle the painful process of dealing with memories. On the other hand, Rose is able to begin accepting her past only by separating herself physically from the events. Naomi wished to remain close to her childhood home in Granton, Alberta whereas Rose began to recall her past once she traveled from Kingston to the West Coast and started a new life away from the people and places of her memories.

Remembrance of the past, however, is seldom easy or undertaken willingly. One of the striking similarities between Naomi and Rose is that both struggle to not remember. Naomi's belief is that "Crimes of history… can stay in history" (Kogawa, 44). She states that if she allows herself to remember everything she will be drawn into a downward spiral; thus she must only skirt the edges of her memories. (Kogawa, 57) Contrarily, Rose denies her memories by using her acting abilities to play the roles of different people. She refuses to be her true self, for fear of being unable to keep her memories at bay. (Munro, 154) To their benefit, both characters do recall the memories they wish to avoid. Naomi is able to use the photographs of her family, as well as letters, dreams and mementos of the war. Rose is reunited with a lady from her past whom she initially doesn't remember. Subsequent to their conversation, she recalled not only the people and events of Kingston, but of the many places and people she knew previously. (Munro, 16) Without these helpers neither Naomi nor Rose would have allowed themselves to remember the past. Forgotten memories would linger because "'However much the effort to forget' says one 'there is no forgetfulness.'"(Milton, ) With unresolved memories, both Naomi and Rose would have remained as fragmented persons since neither would have found peace with themselves or a unity with the past.

Although it was impossible for Naomi and Rose to truly forget their memories, neither could have completed the journey of self discovery without additional information that was necessary to push them towards the point of reconciliation with their past. Throughout Obasan, Naomi was struggling with the death of her uncle and her acceptance of the treatment of Japanese Canadians during WWII. In addition, a reoccurring theme concerned that of her missing mother. Naomi's mother had returned to Japan at the beginning of the war and was caught in the bombing of Nagasaki. She wasn't killed but suffered the horrible effects of radiation and remained there until her eventual death. Naomi's mother did not wish for her children to discover her whereabouts since in Japanese culture painful and emotional events were rarely discussed (Kogawa, 64). Without this information however, Naomi's questions regarding her mother remained unanswered and the full effects of the war on her life would not be realized. Given the intense bond children have with their mothers, and especially since her mother became the focal point of Naomi's world, she could not complete the cycle of self knowledge without this information. (Woodward, ) As Naomi said "Beneath the hiding I am there with you" (Kogawa, 65) and despite her lack of knowledge, in her heart she was still connected to her mother. She often spoke to her absent mother and asked her for help. (Kogawa, 64) This was her way of looking inside herself and finding the will to advance her journey toward accepting the effects of the past on her life. Through the unforgiving facts of the documents, letters and family journals kept by Aunt Emily, Naomi was able to discover the life of her mother, reconstruct her own past and become her true self. (Milton, 1)

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The knowledge Rose needed however, was not something she was searching for or wanted to uncover. She discovered in passing from a previous acquaintance that Simon had died. Simon, whom she had once been romantically involved with, prompted her decision to leave Kingston. At this stage, Rose was still unwilling to come to terms with her past. She used her skill as an actress to hide behind different personalities, and Simon's death struck Rose as a disruption. She thought it unfair that she had not been told of his death earlier and she still thought of herself as the only person that could lack control over life. (Munro, 170) Rose was not seeking information, nor was she consciously undertaking this journey to self-knowledge. Instead, this newly acquired information forced Rose to look at her past and begin to sort through and reconcile her previous decisions and actions.

The discoveries made by both characters, although not sought after and painful to acquire, were necessary in order to forgive not only the people who caused the pain, but also to strive for the forgiveness of self. As a result, they could move forward into the final phase of their self-discovery cycle.

After the painful process of remembering and discovering has taken place, the act of emotionally and mentally reconstructing ones true person may begin. This aspect of the journey must be consciously undertaken, as the spark of hope begins to burn and true forward motion to self discovery is initiated. In both Obasan and Simon's Luck the reader wasn't taken through this process with the characters, but was left with the knowledge that self-actualization does occur and reconciliation with the past is reached. Naomi is unwilling to live with disorder and internal chaos especially when it concerns herself and is not content with who she is currently. (Kogawa, 5) After remembering and gaining prior information, she is able and willing, to put to rights her past and become the person she is meant to be.

Rose, in contrast has not been eager to follow this path throughout the entire journey. She is upset when she realizes she is not incapable as once believed, but rather she is the one in charge. She doesn't suddenly become empowered with self-realization however as she believes this knowledge has come too late. (Smith, 1) Simon's Luck leaves Rose with the potential to still complete this journey and it is through other stories of Rose that the reader realizes she does undergo the resolution of her past actions.

The act of reconciliation is the most important step of this journey to self-discovery. Although new information and the re-discovery of forgotten memories is necessary to begin the acceptance of the past, to become one's true self an understanding of how and why these events have effected you is necessary.

A journey of self discovery is not restricted to those with circumstances similar to Naomi and Rose such as strange and difficult pasts, or unbalanced personalities. Far from being uncommon, many people will undergo such a journey at some point in their lives. Only during this journey will a person be able to become whom she is truly meant to be, and develop a peace with oneself regarding the events, actions and decisions of ones past.-

Works Cited

Feng, Pin-Chia and Lui, Kate. "Joy Kogawa; Obasan". World Literatures in English. 000. http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/canada/kogawa-past.html

Kogawa, Joy. Obasan. Toronto Penguin Books. 181.

Milton, Edith. "Unnecessary Precautions". The New York Times. September 5, 18.

http//www.princeton.edu/~howarth/557/obasan.html

Munro, Alice. "Simon's Luck". Selected Stories. Toronto McClelland & Stewart. 16.

Smith, Wendy. "Alice Munro Selected Stories". Wendy Smith Book Reviews. 16.

http//mrlloyd.shuckandjive.com/wen/munro.htm

Woodward, Mariann T. "Obasan by Joy Kogawa". Under the Covers. April 4, 1.

http//silcom.com/~manatee/kogawa_obasan.html

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Two Tales of Oppression

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TWO TALES OF OPPRESSION

To be oppressed is to be kept down by severe and unjust use of force or authority, and the arbitrary and cruel exercise of power is what we call oppression. Anyway one words it, to be weighted down in mind and in body is cruel and unjust. As Florynce R. Kennedy puts it, "There can be no really pervasive system of oppression… without the consent of the oppressed". The book The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood, and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's short story "I Only Came to Use the Phone" are two places where this quote is prominent in the lives of two women denoted in each of the stories. Both of these stories encompass the motif of oppression first through stripping the women of their identities, then through limiting their interaction with the outside world, and finally by forcing them to conform to new, and different norms.

The Handmaid's Tale is a set between the 180's, and 10's in the futuristic Republic of Gilead. After conservative Christians shoot the president and all of congress, they take over the United States and establish a dictatorship. Most women have become infertile due to prolonged exposure to nuclear waste and leakages from chemical weapons that were used in the overthrow of the government, and are deemed "Un-Women". These such woman are sent off to camps to help with clean up.

The remaining fertile women are taken to separate camps and trained to be "Handmaids", or birth-mothers for the upper-class "Wives" who are infertile. Households are created that include a "Commander", a Wife, a Handmaid, and a "Martha", who serves the Commander and his Wife as a house servant. In this newly created dystopia, being openly sexual is not permitted, as sex in Gilead is only allowed between the Commander and his Handmaid strictly for reproduction. Do my essay on Two Tales of Oppression CHEAP !

Women are no longer allowed to read or write, and are for the most part confined to their Commander's houses. Handmaids are allowed out only with another Handmaid to do chores, and they are required to wear large, concealing red dresses and white head pieces. Martha's are only to wear green dresses equally as un-flattering as those of the Handmaids.

This story is narrated by a Handmaid called Offred, named because she is "of Fred", the name of her Commander. The Handmaids Tale gives a detailed account of Offreds struggle within her head against a totalitarianistic society, and entails her recollections of happiness in "The Old Time", including memory's of her husband, daughter, and best friend.

There are several ways of taking away one's identity; one of them being the alteration of clothing. Offred, of The Handmaid's Tale must strip herself of the liberal garb that she is used to wearing, and step into drastically different and modest attire. At the beginning of the book, she comments about her clothing. "I get up out of the chair, advance my feet into the sunlight, in their red shoes, flat-heeled to save the spine and not for dancing. The red gloves are lying on the bed. I pick them up, pull them onto my hands, finger by finger. Everything except the wings around my face is red the color of blood, which defines us. The skirt is ankle-length, full, gathered to a flat yoke that extends over the breasts, the sleeves are full. The white wings too are prescribed issue; they are to keep us from seeing, but also from being seen." The draconian leaders of Gilead use restrictive clothing as a way of making one undistinguishable from the next. Individual identity is lost, and the label of "mass" is gained.

In Gilead, human interaction is not protocol. It is seen as punishable for a Handmaid to be caught talking to, or looking at someone unnecessarily. While routinely walking to purchase groceries, Offred sneaks a look at a Guardian checking a pass that allows her to leave the confines of her home. "It's an event, a small defiance of rule, so small as to be undetectable, but such moments are the rewards I hold out for myself, like the candy I horded, as a child, at the back of a drawer. Such moments are possibilities, tiny peepholes." Offred's natural instincts beg her to disobey strict rules, but it is usually only a quick, risky turn of the head to glance at another Handmaid, or passerby. This is a dangerous ploy to pull, as it is culpable by torture, or death.

Sexual intercourse every three weeks in Gilead is the new "norm" of reproduction. Commanders partake in vapid, insipid intercourse with his Handmaid, and the event is witnessed by his Wife. Sex is no longer used as an expression of love, or a means to feel good, but as a way to benefit a new society. Offred's comments show her feelings toward this new ritual. "I used to think of my body as an instrument of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will…Now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping." Offred is contrasting the way she used to look at her body, and the way she looks at under rule of Gilead. She feels that she is only good for producing children, and has completely lost her sense of self. Her comment connotes her internalized Gileadian attitude of women as objects.

"I Only Came to Use the Phone" is about a woman's despondency in a mental health center. Maria is mistakenly placed there after her rental car breaks down on a desolate highway, and she is picked up by a bus going to a mental hospital. Unknowingly, she boards the bus and explains to the dignitary that she just needs to use the phone to call her husband who is expecting her.

When the bus arrives at the hospital, she is guided in among the others, and somehow assumed to be a patient. After being admitted, Maria has a breakdown when she realizes that she has been deemed crazy and must stay in the hospital.

After two months of being treated for her "illness" Maria finally gains access to a phone and calls her husband, who has reputed his wife as a cheater after not hearing from her for months. Unexpected to Maria, her husband yells "Whore!" into the phone and hangs up.

Later, her husband is contacted by an attendant at the hospital, and he finally visits Maria. Upon his arrival the doctor tells Maria's husband that she is in poor mental health and must continue treatment at the hospital. When she learns that her husband, Saturno has not come to bring her home, Maria shuts him out despite his efforts to convince her that he will return when she is well. Maria continues her stay at the hospital, never to be heard of again by her husband, who later moves away.

"That same afternoon Maria was admitted to the asylum with a serial number and a few superficial comments concerning the enigma of where she had come from and the doubts surrounding her identity. In the margin the director had written an assessment in his own hand; "agitated."", an adjective that is read as "crazy" and subsequently condemns her to life of imprisonment in the asylum. This example from the text describes how quickly Maria's identity was taken away from her. Her name is replaced with a number, and she is forced to wear a "serge gown" that blends her in with the rest of the woman at the hospital. Her identity as Maria de la Luz Cervantes has vanished and been replaced with a label of "mental patient" that supersedes that of what she really is.

The first night that Maria spent in the hospital, she was given a sedative that put her to sleep. When she woke, "she was tied to the metal bars of the bed by her wrists and ankles. She shouted, but no one came." She is confused by this, and later upon speaking to a doctor, she is refused use of the phone. Maria also is forced to sleep in the guardroom with the night matron who sexually abuses her. These examples show the ways in which life in the hospital restricts her interaction with the rest of the world. She is forced to comply with what the hospital's authority tells her.

After two months of living in the hospital, Maria finally figures how to fulfill her desire for cigarettes by making artificial flowers for money. With the money that she earns, she is able to buy cigarettes from another patient for "the price of gold". In this new sub-culture of a sanatorium, Maria is forced to conform to it's norms by learning how to function within new monetary and trade systems.

The Handmaid's tale, and "I Only Came to Use the Phone" use several examples of oppression to show how pervasive, restricting, and hierarchical it can be. By divesting someone of their identity, controlling their contact with the outside world, and forcing them to comply with new norms, a dominant group has the power to define and name reality, and determine what is normal, real, or correct. The writing in both of these stories make the reader empathetic to the main character by exhibiting many qualities that abide with the overall theme of oppression.

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Kohlber's levels of moral development

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1. The first of Kohlbergs three levels of moral development is the preconventional level. During this level a person is concerned with the consequences of their actions and it contains two stages. Stage one is avoiding punishment, a child will behave in a way that will not result in punishment. Stage two is satisfying a need. A child will do what it takes to meet a need or want they have.

The second level is the conventional level. It is when a persons descisions are based on societys standards of right and wrong, It contained the next two stages of moral development. The third stage is winning approval, a person will try to gain the approval of others using the standards of right and wrong. A person will do the right thing not for the sake of doing sometihng good but to get the approval of others. The fourth stage judgementsare based on law and order. A person will have respect for authority and try to follow laws as best they can.

The third and final level of moral development is the postconventional level. Stage five judgements are based on personal values. While law and order are still considered important, but if a need is great enough, they will break the law and follow their own values. Sixth stage reasoning is based on universal values like justice, dignity, and life. A person will make descisions heavily based on their values and will not follow laws that they dont agree with.

. As people get older they start to get wrinkles because the skin loses elasticity. The senses can sometimes dull, bones get weaker, reactions get slower. What a person can do to deal with these problems is eating well and exercising regular it helps keeps the body fit and flexible.

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While most people dont experience any significant cognitive problems as they age, some can develop a dementia, a serious loss of cognitive ability. People wih a demential can ahve serious memory loss, speech problems, difficulty concentrating on things, or even performing simple tasks. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. It usually causes severe memory loss and confusion. Researchers do not yet know the exact cause of Alzheimers but there are many theories.

When a person reaches about 65 - 70 they may be forced to retire. Many people looks forward to the freedom of retirment, while others worry about what they will do wth all their free time. When most people first retire, they begin to do the things that they wanted to do, but didnt have time for. However, when they have done all they wanted, or realize what they wanted wasnt as good as they thought, they often join volunteer groups, or get a part time job to occupy their time. Older people often have grandchildren, which they seem to have a better relationship with than their own children as they dont have to bear the responsibility of raising the child, but can still enjoy its company. Many people believe that when a person has retired they either go to a nursing home, live with their children, or move into a condo in a warmer climate, this assumption is false. Most older people stay in their home town because of the familiar surroundings, and they normally own their own home as well.

. When preparing for a test it is important to gether information about it, find out when and where it will be, what type of questions there will be, and what areas should be studied. A student should practice by studying on a regular basis and making up their own test questions to practice with. Group studying can be beneficial. Studying on a regular basis will make sure that a person isnt caught off guard by a pop quiz. It is also important to know how to take a test well. Carefully read all instructions and follow them exactly. Make sure you come prepared with right equiptment for the test be it pens, pencils, scrap paper, a calculator, etc. Getting stressed over a test doesnt help anything; and there are steps that can be taken to avoid this anxiety. Be prepared for the test, study the material on a regular basis instead of cramming the night before. Overlearn the material; when you think you know something, keep reviewing it and you will know it ven better. Think posetive thoughts. Negative thoughts will only make the experience harder, before you even take the test, tell yourself you will pass, higher confidence results in higher performance. When answering an essay question a person should first make sure they completely understand the question so while writing their essay they will not stray off topic. Read the directions, looking for keywords that will guide you in what to do. Before you write the essay make a quick outline to keep your ideas organized. It is important to express your strongest idea first, and the rest of the essay can be support.

4. Health psychology is concerned with the relationship between psychological and physical conditions, and the treatment and prevention of related physical illnesses. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. When a body is stressed, it is stimulated to release steroids, which inhibits the functioning of the immune system, and interferes with the production of antibodies. The most common type of headache is the muscle-tension headache. When a person is stressed, the muscles in the scalp, forehead, shoulders, and neck tend to tighten up. The longer the stress, the longer the muscles stay tense and a feeling of pain sometime accompanied by a feeling of pressure, will set in. Headaches can become a cycle as the headache itself is a source of stress, causing the headache to get worse. There are many causes of heart disease but there are three main stress related causes. Having a Type A personality makes a person more likely to get a heart disease because of all the stress they put themselves into. A constant need to control and repress intense emotions like anger and hostility can be very stressful, and lead to a heart disease. Job strain is also a significant cause. Overtime work, a repetative job, and conflicts in the work place are all stressful, and con contribute to the development of a heart disease. Cancer is yet another disease that stress can worsen. A persons body is subject to cancer cells rather frequently, but the immune system normally destroys them. However, if a person is stressed to the point where their immune system isnt functioning properly than a tumor can start and the cancer can spread. It has also been shown that stress can effect how the cancer will develop.

5. The main biological treatment of psychological disorders is drug treatment. It generally works quite well for many disorders. Antianxiety drugs help people deal with anxiety disorders and serious distress in their lives. The drug works by reducing the nervous systems activity, lowering the heart and breathing rates, and decreasing the stressed feelings. While the drugs can temporarily dela with the symptoms they will not cure the disorder, so the drugs are usually used for just a short period of time. The most common side effect of these drugs is fatigue, people may also develop a dependence for the drug. Antidepressant drugs are used to treat people with major depression, and sometimes they are used for eating disorders and panic disorders. Anti depressants increase the amounts of noradrenaline and/or serotonin. They increase activity and reduce the symptoms of depression, the drugs need time to build up in the system to be properly effective, it can take days or weeks. Some studies have shown that antidepressants are no more effective than cognitive therapy, and since cognitive therapy has no side effects, and helps a person deal with the problem on their own, many experts believe that antidepressants should be reserved only for people who dont respond to cognitive therapy. Antidepressants also have the side effects of increased heart rate and weight gain. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder, it isnt understood exactly how it works but it flattens out a persons mania and depression cycles. The main side effects of lithium are impaired memory, shakiness, and excessive thirst. Antipsychotic drugs treat people with schizophrenia. They reduce levels of agitation, delusions and hallucinations. With the use of this drug, people who would normally have to live in a mental hospital, can now live relatively normal lives. The side effects are balance and coordination problems, tremors, and twitching, but these only appear after prolonged use.

Electroconvulsive Therapy, also known as ECT, is a method now used rarely, and only for people who dont respond to less extreme measures. A patient is knocked unconcious with an anisthetic, and an electrical current is passed through the brain, it causes violent involuntary convulsions. It is known to help severely depressed people who didnt respond to drug therapy. The ECT treatment is very controversial because it is not understood how it works, and it has severe side effects like memory loss.

A method even more controversial than ECT is psychosurgery. It is brain surgery to treat psychological disorders. The most common technique is prefrontal lobotomy, it is used to reduce violence and agitation in a person. The procedure involves cutting the nerve connections in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus. This treatment has severe side effects such as overeating, reduced learning ability, seizures, apathy, social withdrawl, distractability, reduced creativity, and sometimes death.

Please note that this sample paper on Kohlber's levels of moral development is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Kohlber's levels of moral development, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Kohlber's levels of moral development will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Marie Curie

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I chose Marie Curie because she was a great asset to science. She discovered Radium and polonium. Without her we could not be able to cure people with cancer or even take a simple x-ray. Everyday she lives on through the items she made. It was great to learn about her since she did so much for everyone. She made it possible for them to do heart surgery on me and not hurt me because of the x-ray they took. I wanted to do my project on her since she helped keep me alive. Plus she sacrificed herself to do it. She was a major contribution to the medical world. It was very cool to learn all about her and her life. The rest of this paper is all about what she did in life and her contributions to the world we know.

Marie Curie was born on November 7th 1867 in Warsaw Poland. Her name before she was married and was changed to English was Marya Sklodowsha. Marie was the youngest of five children. Marie was born right in their apartment on Freta Street. She was the child of Bronislawa and Wladysaw. Marie's mother Bronislawa was a schoolteacher and the head mistress of one of Warsaw's better girl's schools plus she ran the big household of five kids and a husband. Marie's father Wladysaw ran several schools including a reformatory school. Marie's Father also studied Biology at the university of Warsaw. He never missed out on an opportunity to teach his kids something.

When Marie was four Wladysaw's brother came to live with them for a little while. Little did anyone know he was infected with Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a deadly flu that is carried in the air. There was no cure for it back then. Bronislawa because of this got infected with Tuberculosis. Bronislawa would often go with Marie's oldest sister Zosia to a warmer climate for a cure. When Bronislawa was home she isolated from the kids in another room. When Marie was nine Bronislawa died. This was the first tragedy in Marie's life. Marie got depressed and wouldn't stop crying for a long time. This got Marie on her first track to being a scientist. Marie and her sisters would often play doctor that would find out the magical cure.

In the 170's the polish resistance began. This is when Russia, Prussia and Austria invaded and took over Poland. The section where Marie and her family lived Russia controlled. They split Poland up between the countries. Wladysaw did not participate in armed revolt against the countries but he did participate in the passive resistance. Passive resistance is when teachers continued to teach polish curriculum when Russian authorities weren't around. When Russian authorities were around they read Russian passages. Since Marie was the best student in the class often she would have to read Russian passages out loud in Russian. At 10 Marie was transferred to a Russian controlled school where they only spoke Russian in class and were only taught Russian curriculum. This didn't bother Marie to much just made her work harder. Marie and her family had to move to student borders since Marie's father lost his job because the way he ran his school the passive resistance way. His job was given to a Russian. At fifteen Marie graduated and was valevictorian. After all the hard work Marie went through she suffered from depression because of it. Marie's Father then sent Marie and Helena off to their rich uncles house so they could relax.

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After relaxing for a bit Bronia and Marie came up with a plan for both of them to get money to go to college in Paris. They could not go to college at the University of Warsaw because Russian rule said women could not go to college. Marie would go and work as a governess and support Bronia while she went to college in Paris at Sorbonne for medical school.. Marie while she was a governess she attended the "Flying University". The Flying University was a secret academy that taught college coerces to women who couldn't move. These were taught by college professors at houses museums. Marie attended science classes during the week and then performed labs at her cousins lab on weekends on her own.

While she was a governess she fell in love with her employers son Kazimierz. They often talked about marriage but their parents rejected her. They rejected her because of her family's financial situation. This made her work even harder. This is When she chose to study mathematics and physics. All hope for Kazimierz and her was gone when she left for college.

In 181 Marie finally got to go to Sorbonne in Paris. When she started college she moved in with her sister Bronia and her husband also named Kazimierz. Marie liked it for a while having people stop by that were friends of Kazimierz that were polish socialists that loved to talk about politics. When she got serious about school though it got a little to crowded. Kazimierz had clients during the day and the ran a free clinic in the evening. This is when Marie moved to the sixth floor of the Latin Quarter on the left bank of Paris.

In 18 Marie graduated first in her class in Physics. Even after this she kept on studying at Sorbonne. She finished her masters in mathematics one year later this time second in her class. During the spring she was at a friends house and met a guy named Pierre Curie. A few months after this Pierre and Marie were engaged. They were both very different Marie would always go after go after what she wanted. Pierre was a drop out and had a learning disability. At age 18 Pierre got his masters degree. After this he worked with his brother studying crystals. There research resulted in the discovery of piezo-electricity when he was 1. Pierre never wrote up a thesis to finish his decorate. When Pierre decided to win Marie over. This is when Pierre wrote up his thesis for his decorate. Marie and Pierre were married on July 6th 185.

For the next fourteen years her and Pierre would collaborate together in radioactivity. Marie played chemist and Pierre was to work on the physics of it. Marie's thesis was to find more radioactive elements like Uranium. Becquerel discovered uranium one year before. Pierre got her a lab to work for courtesy of EPCI where Pierre worked. The labatory wasn't all that great to work in. Marie also relied on a instrument that Pierre built called piezo-electrical that measures radioactive particles. Marie came up with the idea that radioactivity was caused by atoms. In 10 Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity.

To produce radium from uranium takes a long time and was very time consuming. One mole of radium had a mass of 6 grams. It is guessed that she was exposed to 1 rem (unit of radiation) a week. Now .0 rem is considered dangerous. After all the press got there word in Radium was considered the miracle drug. Marie kept a glass vial of radium salts by her bed at home. In the dark it would produce a blue glow. Marie and Pierre both had scars on there fingers and constantly hurt because of holding radioactive samples. The Curie's and Becquerel had all accidental burns on them from radium salts. Marie was always tired without being ill and she also lost 15 pounds. After her first child Irene who was born on September 1th 187 she had a miscarriage to her second child due to radiation exposure. What the Curies did not know is radium gives off what they call gamma rays. Gamma rays are very dangerous and destroy tissue and will destroy anything but lead. In December 10 the Curies were to sick to receive there nd Nobel Prizes. Their doctors could find nothing wrong with them.

In December 104 they had their second child Eve. Three years later Pierre was getting really sick and was having back problems. Marie was also getting sick. Marie was now spending less time at the lab. Eve was now getting sick. On April 1th 106 Pierre died by opening his umbrella on the way into a street. A car then hit him. After Pierre's death Sorbonne University appointed Marie as professor of Physics. In 10 they started construction on a lab that was promised to Pierre called the Radium Institute. In 110 Marie started to see Paul Langevin a fellow scientist. This affair almost lost Marie her Job. Paul was married with four children. Marie wrote letters to Paul trying to get him to leave his wife for her. Jeanne (Pauls wife) intercepted the letters and blackmailed Marie by saying shed publish them. Marie gave her 5,00 francs. Parts of her letters were still published and protestors surrounded her house and lab. Marie won another Nobel prize for discovering polonium another radioactive element earlier that year. She was asked not to come because of the scandal but did anyway.

Marie now went under kidney surgery. Her kidneys had been scared from TB and got infected years later. Her recovery took about a year and she barely got to see her kids. During ww1 Marie And Irene developed the x-ray machine and trained doctors to use it. Teaching them how to find and remove bullets. Irene followed in her mom's footsteps studying radioactive elements. When Irene was 8 she married Frederick Joliot and became a research team just like Marie and Pierre. The Curie-Joliot team one a Nobel Prize for artificial Radiation.

When Marie was sick she would still go to work and do her daily rounds trying to give help to her researchers anyway she could. She would check their research and give any help necessary. Marie then came down with cataracts in her eyes and needed surgery. She came down with tittinitus and also the pains that Pierre and many scientists came down with from radiation poisoning. On July 4th 14 Marie died of leukemia. It is now known that she died of radiation exposure. She had more exposure then anyone ever. Marie's ashes were buried in a crypt in the Pantheon witch is dedicated to heroes.

Please note that this sample paper on Marie Curie is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Marie Curie, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Marie Curie will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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