Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis or TB, is an infectious disease caused by a microorganism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can affect many different parts of the body, although it usually infects the lungs. Tuberculosis in the lungs is called pulmonary tuberculosis. The first stage lasts for several months. The immune system resists TB during this stage. Most of the bacteria are walled in by a fibrous capsule that forms around it. A few will make it to the bloodstream where they will be eventually walled in. Most cases never develop beyond this stage. This is known as TB infection.

If the immune system is not able to stop the infection and the bacteria not treated, the bacteria begin the second stage. During this stage, the bacteria reproduce quickly and destroy the lung tissues. TB usually results in a much smaller respiratory capacity, which in turn makes physical exercise difficult. This stage usually begins if a person's immune system is low.

During the first stage, the person may have no symptoms at all. They may have a flu-like illness though. The first stage is usually found in the middle or lower lung. There it reproduces and spreads into the lymph nodes. From here it has access to the bloodstream.

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During the second stage, though, it becomes much worse. Symptoms may be a fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Pulmonary TB, however, gives a dry, non-mucous cough and is followed by bloodstained sputum when you cough. You also have chest pain and shortness of breath. During this stage, the bacteria are very contagious.

TB is carried in the air and enters the body through the nose or mouth. A person with second stage pulmonary TB spreads the disease when coughing or sneezing. So, in order to become infected, a person would come in close contact with another person that had second stage TB. You can also get TB from unpasteurized milk and other dairy products from infected cows. The rarest way of getting TB is transmitted by infected urine. This way is most commonly found in young children who use the same bathrooms.

Anyone can get TB. TB is found in people of all ages also. People with HIV infection, close contact to people with TB, immune deficiencies, people from countries with TB rates, people that work in certain care facilities.

TB is not hard to treat in either stage, but is much simpler in the first stage when the bacteria is still walled in. A drug called INH is taken for six to nine months and can completely wipe out the entire disease. But, in order for this to work you have to eat good foods, get good rest, and follow the orders that your physician gives you. Rarely, a doctor may need to remove a badly damaged part of your lung. After treatment though, you still need to have regular check-ups to make sure you stay healthy. It is the only way to tell if you have got the disease again because if the skin test is positive once, it is always positive.

The normal diagnostic test for TB is a skin test. A certain amount of liquid containing a protein taken from the microorganism causing TB is injected under the skin of the forearm. The spot where the protein was injected is examined anywhere from 48-7 hours to tell if you are positive or negative. If you are positive, it doesn't mean that you actually have the disease. You may still be in stage one. If it is positive though, the doctor will take a chest x-ray to tell if you are in first or second stage TB.

References

1. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Available WWW http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

. Yahoo! Health Encyclopedia. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Available WWW http//health.yahoo.com/health/encyclopedia/000077/0.html

. Worldbook 17ed. Tuberculosis. Pgs. 477+478.

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