Engels

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Engels was born in Barmen, Germany. He came from a wealthy Protestant family. Engels from a young age developed a quest for knowledge and an inquisitive mind. He was influenced by the works of the radical German poet Heinrich Heine and the German philosopher Hegel. But as he grew older Engels felt that he had to make clear his own thoughts and beliefs. Therefore, in 18 he began writing on literary and philosophical topics for a number of publications. In 184 Engels was converted to Communist beliefs by the German Socialist Moses Hess. This change of beliefs sparked and interest that changed his life and the life's of many others to come.

Engels, as a young man was sent to England to help manage his father's cotton-factory in Manchester. On his arrival and in deed for the years to come Engels was shocked by the condition of the city. He found that the location of the working-peoples quarter and the treatment of the working class by their employers was unsatisfactory. These substandard conditions lead him to write and account of the conditions in a book entitled 'Condition of the Working Classes in England' which he wrote in 1844.

Engels believed that the manner in which the city (Manchester) was built was peculiar and even insulting. The city was built "so that a person may live in it for years, and go in and out daily without coming into contact with a working-peoples quarter or even with workers, that is, so long as he confines himself to his business or to pleasure walks" 1. He believed that the design of the city encouraged a feeling of segregation between the classes. The city shut out the working class from the main roads, in order to conceal anything that might offend the eyes of the bourgeoisie. The concealment of suffering and poor conditions only assists the deterioration of the working class's situation. The fact that a person can live for years in a city without encountering the neglected working class only encourages ignorance. When the men with power (the bourgeoisie) don't know the truth about their own city, when they don't know the suffering and the substandard living conditions of the working class, they have no way of improving the city and improving living conditions. But what is astonishing is that the separate living quarters "arise chiefly from the fact, that by unconscious tacit agreement, as well as the out-spoken conscious determination" 1. What sort of a society creates a city with the conscious determination to isolate the working class from the other classes?

The treatment of the working class by the government and by their employer is repulsive. During Engels stay in Manchester all social welfare for the working class whether in money or in previsions was halted. Immediately after this workhouses were built for the unemployed members of the working class. The working conditions inside the workhouses were dreadful and the policy for these workhouses was such as to "frighten away everyone who has the slightest prospect in life without this form of public charity"1. The government took away social welfare for the unemployed and replaced it with redundant workhouses with substandard conditions. The food in the workhouses was inedible. In fact the food was so bad that many workers would commit a small crime to get them into jail, as the food and living conditions were better in jail. The workhouse is in fact a jail of sort. If a worker did not finish his designated task he would get nothing to eat, if he wanted to go outside for air he would have to ask permission also to diminish individualism the workers wore a uniform. To prevent the workers labor from competing with the companies outside, the workers were asked to perform useless tasks. The men broke stones, the women, children and aged men picked oakum, for an unknown reason. The sadistic English government decided that rather than give social welfare to the unemployed they would lock them up in workhouses with bad living conditions. What sort of a country takes away social welfare and replaces it with redundant dangerous work?

After Engels published 'Condition of the Working Classes in England' he began contributing to a radical journal called 'Franco-German Annals' that was being edited by Karl Marx in Paris. Later in 1844 Engels met Marx they shared each others views on capitalism. Marx and Engels decided to work together. Together they wrote the 'The Communist Manifesto' which was published in 1848. Engels and Marx thought of Communism as the necessary reform for the social problems in England.

'The Communist Manifesto' summarized the nature of the communist society that would be established by the proletariat, a society where the problems of 1th century England were solved. They believed that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" and that if classes were eradicated then all struggle and conflict would cease. Engels and Marx proclaimed that in England property is already non-existent for nine tenths of the population. Therefore, to do away with private property would make all equal and assist the proletariats who make up nine tenths of the population. They said that the only men achieving anything out of the work that the lower class accomplishes are the bourgeois. The working class are given small amounts of money and are treated as inferiors. Communism, by placing all people as equals allows social integration with all people. Communism gives people material objects but allows no one to indulge in excess.

They believed that people should remain agricultural to reverse the effects of the industrial revolution. Problems like crime, pollution, overcrowding and poor living conditions would be fixed. Engels and Marx saw that the bourgeois took advantage of the proletariats. They thought that the problem of England and the civilized world and came to the conclusion that communism would solve all of these problems. They concluded by saying "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!".

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