The principles of biological classification and the diversity of organisms.

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Put things into groups makes it easier for us to understand them. It also helps us to identify a new object by deciding in which group it fits into. If you find an animal that you have never met before, you can decide, whether it is an insect or a mammal, even if you do not know precisely what is it.

The first person who classificate living organisms was Carl Linnaeus.

Living things evolved over thousand of millions of years. First, single- celled organism appeared. Some of them evolved into more complex organisms.

The things are classified according to how closely are related. E.g. mammals and birds evolved from reptiles so this three, are put into the same group.

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Mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects all have a backbone and five-fingered or pentadactyl limbs. Therefore, it looks as they all evolved from the same group of ancestors, and are quite closely related.

Features like backbone and pentadactyl limbs are called HOMOLOGOUS STRUCUTURES. These are the ones which are built to the same design, but with variations because of differences in the way they are used.

These groups are called KINGDOM. There are five kingdoms bacteria, protoctista, fungi, plants and animals. These groups contains thousands and thousands of different organisms.

Each kingdom is divided into PHYLA that are divided into CLASSES, then ORDERS, then FAMILIES, then GENERA, and then SPECIES.

Species

This is the smallest natural group of organisms. Apart from small variations, members of a specie are almost identical in their anatomy, physiology and behavior. Members of a species also are very closed in appearance to another specie.

One of the main features that determinates whether organisms belong to the same species is whether they can successfully breed together. Closely related species are grouped into a GENUS. Like, for example, stoats, weasels and polecats are grouped into the genus mustela.

Binominal nomenclature

Species must be named in a way that, that name is recognized around the world. For this we use the binominal, that means 'two names', the first name give the genus and the second the specie. For example, the stoat and weasel are both in the genus mustela but they are different species; the stoat is Mustela erminea and the weasel is Mustela nivalis. The name of the genus is always in capital letter and the names of the species always start with a small letter. This last is frequently descriptive.

Arthropods;

This class includes crustacean, insects, centipedes and spiders. It means joined limbs, and this is a feature common to them all. They have a hard external skeleton, called a cuticle. Their bodies are segmented and flexible. In most arthropods the segments are grouped together to form different regions.

-Crustacean they have an exoskeleton and jointed legs. Also two pairs of antennae which are sensitive to touch and to chemicals, and they have compound eyes; this eyes are made up of ten or hundreds of separated lenses with light-sensitive cells beneath. They typically have a pair of jointed limbs on each segment of the body. Example crabs, prawns, lobsters, shrimps and barnacles.

-Insects they form a very large class of arthropods. They have segments bodies with a firm exoskeleton, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and, sometimes, two pairs of wings. The segments are grouped into head, thorax and abdomen regions. Insects difference about all the crustaceans because they have a pair of wings, one pair of antennae and only three pairs of legs. They have very successfully colonized the land. One of the reasons of this is that they have very permeable cuticles, which prevents desiccation even in very hot, dry climates. Example butterfly, bees.

-Arachnids Their bodies are divided into two regions, the cephalothoraxes and abdomen. They have four pairs of limbs on the cephalothoraxes but no antennae. In place of that, there are chelicerae, which are used to hold prey. There usually several pairs of simple eyes. Example spiders, scorpions.

Vertebrates they have a vertebral column. It is sometimes called spinal column or spine, and consists of a chain of cylindrical bones joined end to end. The five classes of vertebrates are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

-Fish they are poikilothermic vertebrates. Many of them have a smooth, which offers minimal resistance to the water through which they move. Their bodies are covered with overlapping scales and they have fins, which play a part in movement. They breathe by means of filamentous gills, which are protected by a bony plate, called operculum. Fish reproduce sexually but fertilization usually takes place externally, the females lays eggs and the male sheds sperms on them after they are laid. Example sharks, rays.

-Amphibian they are poikilothermic with four limbs and no scales. This name means double life and refers to the fact that the organisms spend part of its life in water and part on the land. They have moist skins with a goods supply of capillaries, which can exachange oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the air or water. They do not have a diaphragma. When females lay eggs, the male simultaneously releases sperms over them. Fertilization, is external even through the frogs are in close contact for the event. Examples frogs, tads and newts.

-Reptiles they are land-living vertebrates. Their skins are dry and the outer layer of epidermis forms a pattern of scales. This skin resists water loss. Also, the eggs of many species have a tough, parchment-like shell. Reptiles, not live in damp habitats, they do not need water to breath. There are poikilothermics but they can regulate their temperature to some extern. Male and female reptiles mate, and sperms are passed into the female's body. The eggs are, fertilized internally before being laid. In some species, the female retain the eggs in the body until they are ready to hatch.

-Birds they are homoeothermic vertebrates. The vertebral column in the neck is flexible but the rest is a rigid structure. The epidermis over most of the body, produces a covering of feathers but, on the legs and toes the epidermis form scales. They have four limbs, but they are modified to form wings. The feet have four toes that help the bird to perch, scratch for seeds or capture prey. The upper and lower jaws are extended to form a beak which is used for feeding in various ways. the fertilization is internal an the female laid hard eggs in a nest were she incubates. The contour feathers cover the body and give the birds its shape and coloration; the large quill feathers on the wing are essential for flight.

-Mammals there are homoeothermic, with four limbs. They have a diaphragm which plays part in breathing. They have mammary glands that produce milk. Humans are mammals. Mammals give birth to fully formed young instead of laying eggs. The eggs are fertilized internally. The youngest's foos is the milk, and when they get older they eat what their parents, like meat or another animals, or plants.

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