Hamlet

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Hamlet is greatClaudius, the king has murdered his brother, Hamlets father, and married Queen Gertrude. Claudius is considered to be a man of action. Claudius really does not commit evil carelessly, but will certainly waive morality in the light of to manipulate those around him. Claudius is calculating, ambitious and ruthless in his pursuit for

Hallelujah. This book elevates Murray to the front ranks of visionary cultural and digital thinkers....a landmark book... Jon Katz, Hotwired, and Wired Culture News Part 1 of Katz , Part of Katz Review

.[more praise of Hamlet on the Holodeck]

Expanded Table of Contents with (ever expanding) Links to Sources and Illustrations

If you find any errors on this page, or if you want to suggest additional sources, including syllabi in interactive narrative, please send email to jhmurray@mit.edu.

INTRODUCTION A Book-Lover Longs for Cyberdrama

All media as extensions of ourselves serve to provide new transforming vision and awareness. -- Marshall McLuhan

Our various improvements not only mark a diminution of the function improved upon...but they also work to dissolve some of the fundamental authority of the human itself. We are experiencing the gradual but steady erosion ... of the species itself. -- Sven Birkerts

Janet Murrays Interactive Fiction course at MIT

Debate between Janet Murray & Sven Birkerts in HotWired July 7

MITs Shakespeare Electronic Archive

PART I. A NEW MEDIUM FOR STORYTELLING

1. Lord Burleighs Kiss [Utopian vs. Dystopian Visions of Interactive Narrative the Star Trek holodeck vs. Huxleys feely]

Alien Kisses

Captain Janeway on the Holodeck Still Image

Mini-FAQ The Holodeck and Computer

The Thinking Womans Feely

interview/review in Mania

Correction to Endnote Chapter 1 note 7 David Denby Buried Alive Our Children and the Avalanche of Crud The New Yorker, 15 July 16, 48-58. (This citation is incomplete in the printed text. Thanks to Susan Belasco for this correction.)

. Harbingers of the Holodeck

The Multiform Story

The Active Audience

What are MUDs?

A Graphical MUD

Other MUDs

Howard Rheingold on MUDS from The Virtual Community (1)

Movies in Three Dimensions

IMAX D Wings of Courage

IMAX D Across The Sea Of Time

Riding the Movies

Back to the Future® - The Ride

Dramatic Storytelling in Electronic Games

Masterpiecesof Infocom

and the recent Hotel New Zork

Story Webs

The Spot

Crimescene (formerly Crime Story)

Hyperizons Michael Schumates guide to hypertexts

Hypertext Survey Page from Germany

O Moscovita by Ricardo Anderdos, story web from Brazil

Post-Modern Hypertext Theorists and Practitioners

Michael Joyces Afternoon

Eastgate Systems

Mark Amerikas Grammatron

HypertextAn Overview, by George Landow (1)

Stuart Moultrops On-line Essays

Chip Morningstars How to Deconstruct Almost Anything, or what happens when an engineer looks at postmodernism

Computer Scientists as Storytellers

ALIVE Project

CMU SCS OZ Project Home Page

Diamond Park Virtual Reality Environment

University of Illinois CAVE Virtual Reality System and CAVE Demonstration Projects

. From Additive to Expressive Form [the distinctive properties of the digital environment as a storytelling medium]

Beyond Multimedia

Excerpt from Chapter

ELIZA Comes to Life

Eliza

Norman Holland, Eliza Meets the Post-Modern, EJournal, April 14.

Digital Environments Are Participatory

John Updikes collaborative murder mystery

LifetimeTVs collaborative horror story

Bubbes Back Porch, anthology site including reader-submitted stories

Digital Environments Are Procedural

Zork A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game

Digital Environments Are Spatial

Stuart Moulthrops Victory Garden

Digital Environments Are Encyclopedic

For example print and broadcast news in the form of newspapers , radio broadcasts, and TV shows have all moved online, including their archives e.g. Chicago Tribune, The New York Times on the Web. ,MSNBC , CNN, National Public Radio

Digital Structures of Complexity

As We May Think by Vannevar Bush (The Atlantic Monthly Magazine 145)

Douglas Engelbart on Augmenting Human Intellect picking up on Bushs ideas (October 16)

Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext and the Xanadu hypertext system

Hypertexted excerpt from Ted Nelsons Literary Machines in Feed Magazine

Artificial Life Games Homepage

Mitchell Resnick and Brian Silverman, on-line active essay, Exploring Emergence

PART II. THE AESTHETICS OF THE MEDIUM

4. Immersion

In short, he so buried himself in his books that he spent nights reading from twilight till daybreak and the days from dawn till dark; and so from little sleep and much reading, his brain dried up and he lost his wits. He filled his mind with all that he read in them, with enchantments, quarrels, battles, challenges, wounds, wooings, loves, torments, and other impossible nonsense; and so deeply did he steep his imagination in the belief that all the fanciful stuff he read was true, that ...{h}e decided....to turn knight errant and travel through the world with horse and armour in search of adventures. -- Don Quixote de la Mancha

Entering the Enchanted Place

The Society for Creative Anachronism

The KidsRoom, a project of the MIT Media Lab

Finding the Border

Structuring Participation as a Visit

The Active Creation of Belief

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Poetry in Nature vs. Urban Poetry

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Imagine two totally different images staring out at you, one in each hand. In your left hand, a country infected with the disease of modernity and self-image, crammed with towering blocks, or rather, steel studded coffins, as Tan Bee Kee writes in Cranes. This grave, like a grim, sinister cloud, spans nearly the entire expanse of land, having engulfed everything beneath it with its rules of conformity. Everywhere you look; nothing but the same dreary, gray, looming concrete giants stares out at you.

In the other hand, the exact opposite miles and miles picturesque green fields, leading into dense forests as far as the eye can see. Clumps of striking wildflowers hide within the tall grasses amidst the melody of bluebirds resonating among the trees. The occasional farmhouse, surrounded by flocks of sheep, being herded into their pens by the bounding sheepdogs. Endless white beaches, with the tranquil sound of the Atlantic waves crashing onto the shore…

Between the two, such vast contrast is seen. What other than this same amount of contrast is expected in the works of poets from these two extremes of their surroundings? However, what is it that brings about such differing pictures and the literary differences between a Singaporean poet's work and that of a British poet?

Firstly, Singapore is a well off country. Just as the image in your left hand shows, Singapore's already minute amount of land has been used up for such urban development. And since everywhere is more or less the same, it would be natural for the surroundings to be reflected in Singaporean poets works, through them writing about what they see everyday; the buildings and such. Proof of this is in the book No Other City the Ethos Anthology of Urban Poetry. Almost all of the poems there are related either directly or indirectly to the poets' everyday life. They write about the kiasu and showoff nature of most Singaporeans in Bigger, Newer, Better, and of the ever-ongoing construction works, in Nation-Building. In addition, there is a pitiful amount of views that can be used to inspire 'nature poetry'. The beaches are small, debris-strewn and made of low quality sand, witness to the equally polluted and dirty sea. What's left of any natural greenery are scattered sparsely over the island, and most of our greenery are neatly lined along roads or streets, oddly formal. Help with essay on Poetry in Nature vs. Urban PoetryBritain, on the other hand, is quite the opposite. It is not fully urbanized, and has a profusion of natural environments for the poets to draw infinite inspiration from. For example, the wife of Poet Laureate Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, a celebrated poet herself, had loved the sea and spent much of her time gazing at the pristine waters while sitting by the coast. Eventually, this seascape provided the source for much of her later poetic imagery.

Another example would be that of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, poets and siblings. They had a special relationship with nature and with one another. Both of them utilized the beauty of their surroundings in their poems. William, aided by his sister, wrote poems on his travels on foot by place to place, reflecting the sights and sounds he encountered during his travels. This was especially true when he resided with his sister, and later his wife, at Grasmere in the lake country which provided much inspiration for his poem, Daffodils.

Secondly, Singapore is a young country and does not have a rich history. Therefore, poets tend to reflect about their surroundings and the future, as both they and Singapore has not experienced much in its limited history. Poems like Naming Parts of the CBD, Shenton Way 1 by Heng Siok Tian and A Prophecy Disclaimed, by Gui Wei Hsin, talk about how Singapore is an urban center and such. This is very much unlike Britain, which has a long winding history. Furthermore, most nature poets in Britain refer to the past to provide the contrast between past and present. William Wordsworth, had gone on a walking tour through revolutionary France, which was near Britain. He had seen how nature was 'distorted' through the acts of men destroying trees and constructing factories and buildings. Wordsworth was sad for Nature and lamented about the damage that was being done to it and how it was wrong and he longed for Nature in his poem The World is Too Much with Us.

It is true that Britain has an urban part to it. However, much unlike Singapore, it has a beautiful countryside to compare with. Also, the four seasons experienced by Britain affects the poets' work as well. In winter, where everything is covered in a pure blanket of snow, it is an experience to remember. This is yet another source for British poets to draw inspiration and motivation from.

With this, I quote Work In Progress by Felix Cheong, which truly instigates some thinking, about what we as a country have actually achieved.

why this upheaval

constant as our coastlines

eaten by tides,

the way streets and lands

are chewed and spat

between the pages of directories

till the crumbling past

is no more than a concrete heap

ready for another retro-fit

we are a country of dust

where nothing is saved

but face.

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Barbados

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Section One.

The country of Barbados is a Constitutional Monarchy, but it has a Parliamentary Democracy as a form of government. Barbados is divided into eleven parishes. The eleven parishes are Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, and Saint Thomas. That is not including the city of Bridgetown.

There are two major political parties. They are the Barbados Labor Party and the Democratic Labor Party. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Assembly, and he also manages the finance of the country. The House of Assembly houses twenty-seven seats. The Senate houses twenty-one appointed members.

Section Two.

Cheap Custom Essays on Barbados

Barbados was owned by the British during the 1600's. It was a British colony until internal autonomy was granted in 161. The country is still tied to the British monarch. The independence of Barbados was gained from British. on November 0th, 166. That date is also the independence celebration day for Barbados. Even though there are no accurate records to confirm the exact date of discovery of this small island. We know that it was named after a bearded fig tree.

Section Three.

The current leader of Barbados is Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn Husbands. He was born on August 5th, 16 in the parish of Saint Andrew. He is married to Ruby C.D. Parris. In London, he entered the Middle Temple and studied law and order. When he returned to Barbados around 160, he became assistant to the Attorney General and Legal Draftsman. In 167, he became the director of Public Prosecutions. In 168, He was admitted to be added to the Queen's Counsel. In 11, He honorably became the Justice of Appeal. Finally, June 1st, 16, he was sworn in as Governor General.

Section Four.

Barbados has respect for basic human rights. There are not many unusual rights. They pretty much have the same rights that we have here in the United States. They have the freedom of religion. Which is really rare in most small countries. The government does not have a law dealing with refugee as of this time. Citizens in Barbados have the right to change their government, like we do.

Children are provided education until the age of sixteen. The national health insurance program provides free medical and dental care for almost every situation. There are still problems with children being abused, but those problems are being resolved.

There is freedom of speech and press. Authorities do or are suppose to respect these rights to be practiced publicly. There are two daily newspapers that have government opinions. Barbados government does not restrict academic freedom.

Section Five.

I would have to heavily consider the decision of either living under this government or not. It's hard to just leave the state, but when you are under a whole new government and in a completely different atmosphere. It does get pretty intimidating. I love being at "home," and I love the way our government works. I can't even begin to imagine what it would be like, if things in the United States were different.

I don't like the idea of having a queen be the head of state. I am also confused with their political parties. It seems to me that the Governor General and the President basically do the same thing. In both countries, you would have to be at least eighteen years old to cast a vote. It is a very small island, but they have a very demanding constitution. Their constitution is much like the one we have in the United States. Their government is just another form of democracy. www.yahoo.com

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"The Road to College"

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"The Road to College"

When you start your senior year of high school, you think it's going to be the greatest time of your life. You've waited thirteen years to get to this point and you're going to enjoy it to it's fullest. That's what I did. I took a bunch of the so-called "slacker classes" and then whatever else was required of me to take. I never really gave the idea of going to college much thought. I sometimes wondered what it would be like and who I would know, but I was really slow in the application process. I finally applied for Anoka-Ramsey Community College in the winter of 00, right before Christmas break (only because the Career Center teacher, Mrs. Erzberger, told me that would be the prime time for me to get my name on the list). I turned in my application to the counseling office secretary, Mrs. Roth, and off I went to my other classes for the day. This was just the beginning of my long road to college.

A month after I got back from Christmas break, I got my letter from ARCC saying, "Congratulations! You've been accepted to Anoka-Ramsey Community College. Please fill out the attached forms and send them to this address…". So, I gave the forms to my parents to look over and to fill out all the tax information. After they had sent in the forms, I got a letter back from Anoka-Ramsey saying that I had not filled out the correct information and needed to fill out another batch of forms. My parents were, nonetheless, opposed to filling out more forms. There were so many of them to fill out. This happened three consecutive times before the college O.K.'d me.

Then came the financial aid packets. I applied for a loan, since I didn't receive any grants or scholarships from my high school. This was also a long and drawn-out experience. It took four months for them to process my paperwork, which affirmed the approval of my subsidized federal loan. This type of loan doesn't actually pay for my college education, but allows me to defer my payments until six months after I graduate from college. In the end I figure I can pay off the loan myself, instead of my parents carrying the burden of another bill each month.

All right, now it's time for orientation! I didn't know anyone at orientation. I made friends though, or at least people I could talk to so I didn't feel so alone while touring the campus. I registered for classes, got my ID card, toured the school grounds, got the information I needed, and then went home feeling pretty okay about starting college. I was even feeling a little excited.

To my dismay, the first day of college was stressful. There were so many people around and I still didn't know quite where I was going yet. My classes were Speech, Math, and Business. I was so relieved when I found out that I knew people in my Speech and Business classes! A couple of people from my old high school were in my classes with me. I made a few friends in my some of my other classes that day to make sure I had someone to call in case I missed a day of class or needed information on what we did that day. I used to do this all the time when I first started high school. If I didn't know someone, I'd make myself get to know them! I'd introduce myself as, "hi, my name's Katie, what's yours". They'd first look at me funny, but then they would end up saying that they had felt the same way and were glad they now had someone to talk to in class. We exchanged phone numbers and e-mail addresses so we could keep in touch outside of school as well. Can't hurt, right? The more outside homework-help, the better!

The second day of class I had English and Math. My classes are spread out through the week, so I have Math every day, English twice a week, and Business and Speech three times a week. I set up my classes so I'm never in school later than one-o'clock. I arranged my class hours like this as to accommodate a more desirable work schedule. This way I can start work at two-o'clock and get out at six-o'clock. I then have the rest of the night to work on schoolwork, hang out with friends, or just relax and read a good book. I would recommend setting a comfortable work schedule for yourself your first year of college. It makes college homework a little more tolerable.

All in all, I'd say college is a great experience to go through (even when the process is somewhat prolonged). If you don't try it, you'll never know if you would've liked it or not. I know I only just started school two or three weeks ago, but from my observations it's a pretty cool place to be. The teachers are nice and very understanding (to an extent) and at least at my college, the campus is beautiful. We have a huge courtyard, a picnic area by the Mississippi River, a cafeteria with huge by windows, and very nice people that will help you whenever you have a question (any question). College is the place to be if you want to further your education and make great friends. High school has too many stereotypes and too many people to go along with them. At college, people see you for the real you and not that girl who threw-up all over the floor in the first grade. Whether you're planning on going to college or not, check some of them out and look into what they offer, you might just find something you're interested in. Who knows, you might even become a doctor someday.

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A Rose for Isolation

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The notion that modern art developed in multiple cultures and nations is one that needs to be further explored. The foundation of modern art contrasts the prevailing art history within it. The primary reason for this position was not racism or cultural ignorance, but rather total absorption with the prevailing art philosophy of the time- that art should ultimately serve a higher or absolute ideal. But to understand modern art it is not necessary to know its history, in fact, history gives no more meaning to its impression or beauty through the eyes of the observer. Therefore, there is no reason to look into the history of modern art nor any other pointless meanings.

On the other hand, we have modern literature. The idealistic nature and realism are not present to the oblivious mind. The symbolism and subtext of each unit or sentence is translated in many ways, the possibilities of its theme, topic, or desire are not directly stated within the realm of modern literature. Modern literature is in may ways much like the modern art. It works with experimentation, fragmentation, alienation, individualism, and distortion of society and humanity and deals face to face with reality and imagination of the daily human life. It often depicts all industrial societies and simultaneous views in the question of life and death.

"A Rose for Emily," encounters the moral dilemma of aging and prosperity to love. The idea of religion is lost, for "god is dead." If god is dead, there is no life, there is nothing to live for or dream of. The image of heaven after death, and eternal happiness was lost. Emily was a hometown city girl. Her father was a very important figure to the community and she was his prized possession. After his death, the city fell apart, and she continued to live where she had grown up. She later married a Yankee man, who she new she would be with all her life. The man was the opposite of her father, crude, insulting, and imperative to society and humanity around him. After her death, she was found out to have been sleeping every night with her dead husband.

Her alienation, isolation, individualism, and fragmentation of the South. She was alone most of her life, even when she did not realize it. The reality of death was not ever understood. She fell incompetent to society and her views were old fashioned and out of context to modern beliefs. Her isolation held her from the true reality of humanity and opportunities she could have been offered. Emily didn't have an individualistic nature. She was dependent on her father, and then when she had no one to ask for help, she lost her sanity. The south at this point was under defeat of the north. The ironic marriage between her and a Yankee was her weakness. According to The Best Short Stories of the Modern Age, "The little boys would follow in groups to hear him cuss the niggers, and the niggers singing in time to the rise and fill of picks" (6). Again irony is of question here. The North (Yankees) during this time of Civil War were fighting against racial discrimination of African-Americans in a sense, yet he is "cussing the niggers." The setting of the town that Emily lives in, is falling apart. The fragmentation of the South is common throughout modern literature because of (but not limited to) these reasons.Write my Essay on A Rose for Isolation for me

The use of symbolism and irony help convey these literary devises. For example the town in which Emily lives in, is actually a representation of the South. Her father represents the united Americas and one nation or one could argue that he represents god. Irony is used through Emily's and the Yankee's marriage. The author, William Faulkner, conveys descriptive language and original ideas of symbolism to allow the reader a better understanding of the fragmentation of the South during time.

The painting that reflects the mental picture in my mind is much like that in Van Gogh's "The Night Caf ." It resembles isolation and negative recognition, much like that of Emily. The colors are very much like that of Emily's house and life. Although not directly shown, it is dark outside. In particular, there is one older lady that is standing, as though she is lost, she just stands there with a blank look on her. The harsh, un natural light gleams throughout the room. Although there are other people in the room, there is no one there that recognizes her, or shows any emotion to her starry look.

This painting shows alienation through its single most noticeable subject the elderly lady. Although she is not placed in the center, she is not wearing an outstanding garment, or the largest object in the picture, there is something that catches your eye. Her lonely look and lost emotion give an isolated sense about her. Her image of loneliness also contrives a look of individualism to her ways of living.

The elderly woman in the art is very much like that of Emily when she has lost her father and her husband. She is lost and unable to find a way. She attempts to make things the same as before their death, but is failed by her death. The ironic nature of this unknown female is the center of attention, much like that of Emily. Emily is the talk of the town, the outcast, and the odd ling..

The Best Short Stories of the Modern Age

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A Rose for Emily

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A Rose for Emily

The Author's Sympathy

In William Faulkner's short story A Rose for Emily," the author uses sympathetic writing so a character can be viewed with deeper knowledge. The main character, Miss Emily, commits a horrible crime which isn't spotted until the end. Faulkner's storytelling prior to this creates a very sympathetic atmosphere for Miss Emily, and one can't help but feel sorry for her, despite the terrible offense that occurs. Miss Emily is described to be a helpless, broken-down woman whose life has been very hard.

To begin with, Faulkner explains that Miss Emily had been quite damaged by her father's strictness. He was very discriminative, and chased away every man that she ever had interest in. Faulkner includes this to show how lonely and sad Miss Emily had become when her father dies, because he was the only man in her life. She was obviously weakened from this, and being alone for the first time she decided to live in solitude. The reader gains understanding of Miss Emily through learning about where she lived as well. Living in Jefferson, Mississippi included many traditions for women to follow. Society expected her to make getting married a priority, something her father made hard to accomplish. Faulkner goes into depth about her isolation from the town, and how people think of her. They spread rumors, gossip, and whisper about Miss Emily which just makes her seem more of an outcast. The author does point out that they feel a great sense of sympathy for Miss Emily though, which adds to the reader's.

As the story progresses, the further we realize that Miss Emily has truly gone insane. She is just not thinking clearly anymore, and this is due much to her growing up. She doesn't understand the value of things, refuses to pay taxes, denies her father's death, and continues to let the house decay. Certain events in the story are told to make the reader feel more compassion for Miss Emily's behavior, even though they turn out to have much different truths. Firstly, when she buys rat poison for the druggist it at first seems to be for her own suicide. Following that we feel very sorry about the death of Homer Barron, who was Emily's last true love. It turns out in the end that the rat poison was actually used to kill Homer, so that he could be hers forever. This isn't apparent until the end, and up until then those devices were used to build up one's sympathy towards Miss Emily.

William Faulkner uses many different events and descriptions in the story to offer the reader a surplus of sorry feelings for Miss Emily. His main purpose in doing so was to provide a great shock value in the conclusion, and so one can realize just how mad she had become…

Please note that this sample paper on A Rose for Emily is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Rose for Emily, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on A Rose for Emily will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Afghanistan

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Afghanistans Pushtun a Culture of Hardship

INTRODUCTION

Afghanistan, Land of the Pushtun, is a mountainous land-locked country in Central Asia with a history and culture that goes back over 5000 years. Throughout its long, splendid, and sometimes chaotic history, this area of the world has been known by various names. In the ancient times, its inhabitants called the land Aryana. And in the medieval era, it was called Khorasan. Modern life in Afghanistan is much different than life in the west. This report will illustrate some of the key differences and similarities to other parts of the world. This information was made possible by several sources listed in the endnotes.

THE PUSHTUN

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The Pushtun are a nomadic people that primarily congregate in Afghanistan, although they are gradually being incorporated into Afghanistans larger cities. The exact population of the Pushtun is unknown because of mountain villages and such, however, it is estimated to be around seven to nine million.

THE HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN

BEFORE ISLAM EVENTS

One of the first significant pre-Islam events was named Alexander the Great invasion in 8 BC. This was one of the many conquests of Alexander the Great. The first Muslim-Arab Conquests began in 65-664 AD. These people were likely the ancestors of most ethnic afghans currently living in Afghanistan and the surrounding area.

AFTER ISLAM EVENTS

In 1504 - 155 AD, Babur invaded Afghanistan and established the capital in Kabul.

The Russians Occupied Panjdeh in1885. Following that, the Russians occupied Zulfiqar and Aqobat and took Panjdeh. This was the first, and not the last act of aggression by the Russians.

RECENT HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN

In11, Amir Amanullah Khan declared a holy war against British Imperialism for Independence of Afghanistan. The treaty of Rawalpondi on August 8, 11, Recognized

Afghanistans political independence. The Afghan-Russian treaty was signed on February 8, 11 A treaty of friendship signed by Afghanistan and Soviet Union and completed the establishment of diplomatic relations. The first president of Afghanistan was Mohammed Daoud Khan who was in office between July 17, 17 and April 7, 178. On August 0, 18 The United States of America assaulted Afghan territory Khost to target the terrorist centres with cruise missiles. Approximately, 80 missiles were launched into the Afghan territory. The main target of the attack was to destroy Osama Bin Ladens headquarters.

NEW MILLENIUM HISTORY

On September , 001 Two Arab journalists in Panjshir injured the legendary Ahmad Shah Massoud, the leader of the Northern Alliance political party, after a plot organized by the Taliban.

On September 11, 001 America was attacked. Hijackers crashed planes into the two World Trade Center towers and The Pentagon. More than 6,000 people died as a result of the terrorist acts. The USA declared Osama Bin Laden the prime suspect of the terrorism.

On September 15, 001, Ahmad Shah Massoud died as the result of an explosion and injured General Fahim who was named the replacement for Ahmad Shah Massoud. On September 0, 001, President Bush demanded that the Taliban regime hand over the suspected terrorist Osama Bin Laden without any conditions.

THE CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF AFGHANISTAN

MUSIC AND DANCE

Music and dance, although banned under Taliban rule, was, and is an essential part of Afghani tradition. Music would only be played at joyous occasions such as weddings, but not at funerals. Most women play a drum-like instrument named the daireh. While men play the armonia an instrument resembling the lute. The national dance of Afghanistan is called the Atan, and is usually performed at receptions.

RELIGION AND HOLIDAYS

One major Muslim event is Ramadan. It is a fast lasting one month, followed by a feast to commemorate Abrahams willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael to God. Another holiday is Noruz celebrating the New Year on March 1. Other holidays include Loss of the Muslim Nation on April 8, Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled on May 4, Independence Day on August 1 and Pashtoonistan Day on August 0 or 1. On the Muslim calendar there are five feasts. All of the dates of the feasts have something in common with the prophet Muhammad.4

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SPORTS

1. Traditional

The national sport of Afghan, Buzkashi, involves a headless carcass of a goat being put into a ring and is being sought after by men on horseback. The object of the game is to bring the carcass back to the players own side. The winner of the match gets to keep the goat as food. This is a very difficult game and is much too challenging for the younger men. Other sports include tent pegging, Topay danda, a game that is similar to stickball, and kitefighting, a youths game. The object of kitefighting is to break the opponents string by gluing shards of broken glass to the players kite string and flying it into the opponents kite string.

. Universal

Afghanistan participates in many universal sports such as wrestling (palwani), boxing, martial arts, basketball, soccer, bicycle racing, archery, shooting competitions, running etc.5

CONCLUSION

Afghanistans Pushtun culture is a culture of vigor and mystery. Not much is known about it. But what is known is that the people that live there may pray differently, cook differently, or even live in different kinds of houses, but we are really arent that different.

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