Biology

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Ashly Housberg

History 106

10//00

The Impact of ImmigrationDo my essay on biology CHEAP !

The United States has set itself apart from any other country with the incredible amount of nationalities that make up our country. There has never been another country to receive the same amount of immigrants or nationalities that now make up United States. The impact the immigrants had on America is frequently overlooked or unrevealed. America was a new country with freedom and liberty as the ultimate purpose. These immigrants saw America as a promising new world, full of never-ending possibilities.

Many immigrants fled to America in hope of finding a new life for themselves and their families. They gave up their homes and everything they knew to pursue a better life in America. Most of the immigrants came to America between 180 and 10. There were two categories of immigrants classified by when they came over and where they came from. The first group was the Old Immigrants they generally came to America from 184 to the year 188. They came from England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany and Scandinavian countries. The New Immigrants generally arrived from 1885 to the year 114. They basically came from Italy, Austro-Hungary, Greece, Poland and Russia. All of these immigrants came over for a reason. They came from overcrowded cities with tight living quarters. The Industrial Revolution caused many to lose their jobs and their homes. They came to America looking for jobs to support their families and to build a new life. Many people were also living on unproductive land and farms. They were not able to maintain their crops or gain any other profit from them. There was a sweeping success of social uprising in several countries such as France, Germany, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and England. Many countries were fighting with economic depressions, an example is the Irish potato famine that plagued the Irish for five long years. Many people, like the Jews in Russia, were facing religious persecution from their governments. They heard that America was a place where you had the freedom to practice any religion or beliefs you pleased. Yet without the vast improvements in ocean transportation the immigrants would not have made their way to America. Ocean traveling although not very safe for the immigrants was the primary mode of transportation. The captains of the ships crammed as many people as they could fit in the ship compartments losing many immigrants on the trip. Despite the several risks and obstacles immigrants insisted on coming to America.

The enormous increase in immigrants created a sense of fear in the American public, so the government stepped in to create some restrictions on immigration. The first obstacle was a literacy test anyone over 16 years of age had to pass. They had to read 0 to 80 words in either English or any another language. Many disagreeing presidents vetoed the bills. Congress still determined to cut immigration created quota laws to restrict the number of immigrants permitted into America each year. These included the Immigration Act of 11, the National Origins Act of 14, and the Immigration and Nationality (McCarran-Walter Act) of 165. The Immigration Act of 11 allowed percent of each nationality according to the 110 census with a cap on 57,000 immigrants. The National Origins Act of 14 allowed percent of each nationality according to 180 census with a maximum of 164,000 immigrants. They cut the amount of immigrants allowed in to America by more than half within only years because they were still feeling threatened by their rapid settlement. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 165 permitted 170,000 immigrants outside western hemisphere with a 0,000 maximum for each country and 10,000 immigrant maximum for countries in western hemisphere with no limits on any country. There was also a sequence of acts exclusively banning Chinese from 188 to 14. This restriction was essentially the same for Japanese. Today we are at a 700,000 limit on immigrants. So even today we are still concerned with the number of immigrants who come to the United States.

As the immigrants arrived in the United States some choose to stay where they arrived and some decided to venture off and settle in the rest of the country. Most of the Irish, Italians, and Jews remained in the northeast where they came in. The Poles, Germans, and Scandinavians moved to the Midwest and far west. In California the Italians started the wine industry. Their quality of life was far from what they expected. Most of the immigrants were unskilled factory workers making extremely low wages and suffered in horrible living conditions in crowded housing. Not only were their living standards terrible they were also treated poorly. The immigrants were hastily looked down on and the natives did not welcome them. Most of the immigrants stuck together and formed their own small communities and neighborhoods. They shed most of their old habits to try and fit in as best as possible and to be accepted. They usually changed their dress and appearance, language, and names depending on the location of the city or towns they lived in. The immigrants however, rarely changed their religion or beliefs.

The immigrants brought with them many changes to the way we ran the country. Most of the immigrants were unskilled laborers who worked extremely long hours for very little pay, benefiting primarily the big businesses. The immigrants took all of the tedious jobs the natives didn't want. They were helping the economy and businesses but not reaping any of the benefits. There were also skilled laborers amongst the immigrants like, tailors, machinists, mechanics, woodworkers, piano makers, and glassblowers. There were also incredibly important inventions by immigrants. The immigrants played a huge role in the advancement of industrialization.

There was a fierce reaction to immigration amongst the American community. The American public feared and distrusted the new immigrants. They thought they were inferior and ignorant. Various Americans viewed the Irish as being more disgusting and revolting than the black slaves. Samuel Morse led nativist to fear a conspiracy to overthrow the United States government by the Jesuits in his publication, Foreign Conspiracies Against the Liberties of the United States. Morse was also a member of the nativist American Party, a group of bigots who believed in anti-Catholicism and anti-immigration. Maria Monk also wrote a renowned fraudulent book also on anti-Catholicism and anti-immigrant, Awful Disclosures Of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery, about a convent in Montreal. Businesses liked the immigrant's benefit of cheap labor but feared organization of the workers and retaliation for higher wages. Eugenics, Social Darwinist, and select intellectuals were anti-immigrant. They believed in selective breeding and survival of the fittest. The American public was also afraid of the immigrants becoming criminals like Al Capone. They felt immigrants were sneaky and distrustful. The American public had to be primarily afraid of immigration or Congress would not have passed numerous laws restricting it. Americans at the time feared being taken over by foreigners.

Immigration has transformed America in countless ways. Our country is so special because our adversity and flexibility. By the immigrants slaving away in the factories they were helping industries flourish. They also contributed by helping our cities to grow and develop. There were also immigrants who made important inventions and discoveries. Most of all, they enlightened and enriched American culture.

Immigration has shaped America in to what it is today. America is diversified but yet unified. There are differences in religion, traditions, beliefs, ideals, political parties, just about anything you can think of but we are all American. There has always been a longing for freedom and justice. We enjoy our liberties and rights that let us live our lives as we please. Immigration helped to advance America to the stage we are in today. Everyone has differences yet we find a way to work through them and come together. Immigration formed our nation by helping in the industrialization and urbanization growth. Immigration is one of the greatest keys to America's success.

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Ecosystem Vulnerability

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A ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical elements of the environment. The vulnerability of an ecosystem can be determined through the examination of its location, biodiversity, extent and linkages. The vulnerability of the ecosystem is closely linked with the effectiveness of the functioning and the diversity of the ecosystem. The resilience of an ecosystem is also important when looking at the survival of ecosystems. Resilience is a measure of the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to a changing function and structure following an episode of natural or human induced stress.

The biophysical interactions between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere lead to diverse ecosystems. Through the interaction of the three nonliving spheres, the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere a variety of different conditions are created for the biosphere. Location of a ecosystem determines the characteristics of the nonliving spheres it is through their interaction that the foundations of an ecosystem are made. For example deserts are usually located between 0 and 0 degrees north and south of the equator. In these locations we find that the interaction between the hydrosphere and atmosphere lead to dry and extreme temperatures. The sandy soils in the desert mean water drains quickly leaving no water. The lack of water in these areas means there is no precipitation. Therefore there are no clouds that hold warmth from the day through the night slightly. Water also acts as a moderator of temperature as it warms and cools slowly, as there is very little water the desert has high daytime temperatures and cold nights. Due to the hardy climate there is little biodiversity in the desert. Plants and organisms must adapt to suit the conditions. Widely scattered shrubs and water conserving plants are found in these areas. Tundra ecosystems are found most extensively in the Northern hemisphere. The ecosystem is covered with ice and snow for much of the year and the subsoil is permanently frozen. Due to the conditions there is a 1 to month growing season in which a treeless, shrubby or mat like vegetation grows. The conditions produced through the interactions of the spheres are linked to specific ecosystems. The biophysical interaction of the spheres directly affect the ecosystem and make them vulnerable to change as the functioning of the ecosystem is disrupted.

Ecosystem functioning is the ability of an ecosystem to capture, store and transfer energy, nutrients and water. Energy enters an ecosystem through the photosynthesis of the primary producers (autotrophs). Photosynthesis is a process in which the plant uses sunlight to produce starch that is stored and used in the plants leaves. As these plants are eaten by the primary consumers (herbivores) the energy is transferred. The animal uses the majority of the energy but energy continues to up the food chain to secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. Decomposers then recycle the material from the dead animals while consuming and using the left over energy in the system. However 0% of plant material is not consumed decomposers recycle this material in a process called detritus. The proces is vital in the functioning of the nutrient cycle. Nutrients such as O, N, C and Phosphorous are constantly cycled through the systems by means of biogeochemical cycles. For example the carbon cycle which is essential to the functioning of all ecosystems as all plants and animals require carbon. Carbon is absorbed by plants as carbon dioxide in the process photosynthesis and changed to glucose. The carbon is used and passed up the chain as is energy. However the carbon is not lost as matter can not be destroyed. Carbon dioxide is breathed out by animals ready for plant use. These complex systems make ecosystems vulnerable and make them easily unbalanced eg burning of fossil fuels.

The location of an ecosystem is the key factor determining the type and diversity of the ecosystem that exists as explained above. If a ecosystem becomes highly adapted to those conditions they become increasingly vulnerable to a change in conditions. For example coral reefs exist in shallow levels of warm water that are low in nutrients usually in the tropics. If the interactions between the biophysical spheres in the ecosystems change it can be destroyed. For example if nutrient levels at the location were to increase then Algae would grow. This would decrease the amount of sunlight which the coral would receive thus destroying the aquatic ecosystem that existed. Increased temperatures can also be highly lethal to the coral ecosystem as it causes coral bleaching. Consequences of global warming may be the loss of coral reefs. Humans can easily change the interactions between the spheres in different locations. It is important those highly adapted ecosystems are protected, as they are vulnerable and are not very resilient to change.

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The extent of area an ecosystem expands over is also indicative of its vulnerability. Extent refers to the size and configuration of an ecosystem. Ecosystems with a small, isolated and limited extent are highly vulnerable. If a small are of a small ecosystems with small populations yet large number of species (eg rainforest) is cleared some plants and animals may face extinction. However if a small area that was highly populated and had a low number of species (eg grasslands) was cleared little effect would be experienced. A isolated ecosystem can not benefit from migration of plants and animals to save the ecosystem when it has become vulnerable. With the continued sprawl of human development over the globe the extent of our ecosystems continue to shrink increasing their vulnerability and making the less resilient to change.

Biodiversity refers to the variety among living organisms and the ecosystems they inhabit. A ecosystem that is not biodiverse is highly vulnerable as change could result in major disruption in the functioning of the ecosystem. One type of biodiversity is gene diversity. If a species in a ecosystem has diverse genes it will be better able to deal with change in the ecosystem thus less vulnerable. For example aphids that are resistant to common pesticides are less able to survive cold winters than are the aphids not resistant to pesticides. Species diversity is another type of biodiversity it is a measure of species at each trophic level of an ecosystem. The greater the species diversity the less vulnerable the ecosystem will be. For example if a ecosystem is not species diverse and the population of a species was wiped out due to hunting then the functioning of the ecosystem would be destroyed unless there was species in the ecosystem that could bridge the gap. This is more likely in a species diverse ecosystem. Ecosystem diversity is another type of biodiversity that refers to the variety of habitats and ecosystems. The loss of biodiversity in the globes ecosystems through pollution has resulted in an increase in vulnerability.

He linkages between species in a ecosystem also determines the vulnerability. Linkages refer to the interdependence between species in a ecosystem and is related to species diversity. If a keystone species (a species vital to the existence of the ecosystem) is removed then the ecosystem will collapse as energy flows and biogeochemical cycles will be interrupted. For example When the Sea Otter was removed from the coast of North America the ecosystem collapsed. The Sea Otter ate the Sea Urchins which took over the ecosystem when the Sea Otter was removed killing the kelp and Seaweed that grew. When the Sea Otter was reintroduced the ecosystem recovered. A ecosystem that relies on a keystone species is highly vulnerable.

Ecosystems are complex environments in which complex interrelationships exist between plants, animals and the biophysical environment. The functioning and diversity of a ecosystem are the key factors in determining its vulnerability. Human development and its impact on the environment must be monitored to ensure the survival of the globes ecosystems.

By Nigel Holdsworth

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Accounting Treatments for Identifiable Intangible Assets

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Executive Summary

Through extensive analysis of your firm and the costing system you currently use, we believe that your current costing system, that being a traditional costing system isn't satisfactory for your company anymore. We believe that a change from this system to an activity based costing system would be of significant advantage to your company.

Your company is currently using a system that uses a plantwide overhead rate based on output volume to allocate factory overhead costs to the products, that is only useful when direct labor and materials are the only predetermined factors of production. While your company has many predetermined factors, so we are of the belief that an activity based costing system, which assigns resources to activities, from which these activities are assigned to cost objects based upon the activities used by the company, would benefit your company significantly.

As for the acceptance of the McDonalds Order, there are many factors that have to be evaluated before your company decides if they will or won't go ahead with the deal. If your company accepts the current offer under the traditional costing system you would have a contribution margin of $55,000, while if its accepted under the activity based costing system your company would have a contribution margin of $7,14.

Even though these figures don't sound to bad, you will have to way up many qualitative factors, which may affect your company if the deal with McDonalds is accepted, such factors as the lowering of the current cost price per gallon of mix. This could impact very poorly on your company as current and possibly future customers may also ask for these prices, which could severely affect you companies future income levels. On the other hand, if you don't accept this deal, it could work significantly against your company, due to McDonalds being such a massive fast food chain. Through word of mouth they could tarnish you good name with your current and future customers possibly making them move your competitors. So the decision to go either was with the McDonalds Order could prove vital in the future success for your company.

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Childhood obesity

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Obesity in children and adolescents is a serious issue with many health and social consequences that often continue into adulthood. Implementing prevention programs and getting a better understanding of treatment for youngsters is important to controlling the obesity epidemic.

There are many factors that contribute to causing child and adolescent obesity - some are modifiable and others are not.

Modifiable causes include

·Physical Activity - Lack of regular exercise. Write my Essay on Childhood obesity for me

·Sedentary behavior - High frequency of television viewing, computer usage, and similar behavior that takes up time that can be used for physical activity.

·Socioeconomic Status - Low family incomes and non-working parents.

·Eating Habits - Over-consumption of high-calorie foods. Some eating patterns that have been associated with this behavior are eating when not hungry, eating while watching TV or doing homework.

·Environment - Some factors are over-exposure to advertising of foods that promote high-calorie foods and lack of recreational facilities.

Non-changeable causes include

Genetics - Greater risk of obesity has been found in children of obese and overweight parents.

Health Effects

Many adverse health effects associated with overweight are observed in children and adolescents. Overweight during childhood and particularly adolescence is related to increased morbidity and mortality in later life.

Asthma

oPrevalence of overweight is reported to be significantly higher in children and adolescents with moderate to severe asthma compared to a peer group.

Diabetes (Type )

oType diabetes in children and adolescents has increased dramatically in a short period. The parallel increase of obesity in children and adolescents is reported to be the most significant factor for the rise in diabetes.

oType diabetes accounted for to 4 percent of all childhood diabetes before 1, but skyrocketed to 16 percent by 14.

oObese children and adolescents are reported to be 1.6 times more likely than non-obese to have high fasting blood insulin levels, a risk factor for type diabetes.

oType diabetes is predominant among African American and Hispanic youngsters, with a particularly high rate among those of Mexican descent.

Hypertension

oPersistently elevated blood pressure levels have been found to occur about times more frequently among obese children and adolescents (ages 5 to 18) than in non-obese.

oObese children and adolescents are reported to be .4 times more likely to have high diastolic blood pressure and 4.5 times more likely to have high systolic blood pressure than their non-obese peers.

Orthopedic Complications

oAmong growing youth, bone and cartilage in the process of development are not strong enough to bear excess weight. As a result, a variety of orthopedic complications occur in children and adolescents with obesity. In young children, excess weight can lead to bowing and overgrowth of leg bones.

oIncreased weight on the growth plate of the hip can cause pain and limit range of motion. Between 0 to 50 percent of children with this condition are overweight.

Psychosocial Effects & Stigma

oOverweight children are often taller than the non-overweight.

oWhite girls, who develop a negative body image, are at a greater risk for the subsequent development of eating disorders.

oAdolescent females who are overweight have reported experiences with stigmatization such as direct and intentional weight-related teasing, jokes and derogatory name calling, as well as less intentional, potentially hurtful comments by peers, family members, employers and strangers.

oOverweight children and adolescents report negative assumptions made about them by others, including being inactive or lazy, being strong and tougher than others, not having feelings, and being unclean.

Sleep Apnea

oSleep apnea, the absence of breathing during sleep, occurs in about 7 percent of children with obesity. Deficits in logical thinking are common in children with obesity and sleep apnea.

Establish policies that promote enjoyable, lifelong physical activity.

·Schools should require daily physical education and comprehensive health education (including lessons on physical activity) in grades K-1.

·Schools and community organizations should provide adequate funding, equipment, and supervision for programs that meet the needs and interests of all students.

. Environment

Provide physical and social environments that encourage and enable young people to engage in safe and enjoyable physical activity.

·Provide access to safe spaces and facilities and implement measures to prevent activity-related injuries and illnesses.

·Provide school time, such as recess, for unstructured physical activity, such as jumping rope.

·Discourage the use or withholding of physical activity as punishment.

·Provide health promotion programs for school faculty and staff.

. Physical Education Curricula and Instruction

Implement sequential physical education curricula and instruction in grades K-1 that

·Emphasize enjoyable participation in lifetime physical activities such as walking and dancing, not just competitive sports.

·Help students develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle.

·Follow the National Standards for Physical Education.

·Keep students active for most of class time.

4. Health Education Curricula and Instruction

Implement health education curricula and instruction that

·Feature active learning strategies and follow the National Health Education Standards.

·Help students develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

5. Extracurricular Activities

Provide extracurricular physical activity programs that offer diverse, developmentally appropriate activities both noncompetitive and competitive for all students.

6. Family Involvement

Encourage parents and guardians to support their childrens participation in physical activity, to be physically active role models, and to include physical activity in family events.

7. Training

Provide training to enable teachers, coaches, recreation and health care staff, and other school and community personnel to promote enjoyable, lifelong physical activity among young people.

8. Health Services

Assess the physical activity patterns of young people, refer them to appropriate physical activity programs, and advocate for physical activity instruction and programs for young people.

. Community Programs

Provide a range of developmentally appropriate community sports and recreation programs that are attractive to all young people.

10. Evaluation

Regularly evaluate physical activity instruction, programs, and facilities.

Easy access to junk food. Gargantuan portion sizes. Little if any exercise.

These are among the reasons why twice as many American children are fat these days compared with 0 years ago, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence of childhood obesity has doubled since the 170s, with 1 percent of children and adolescents obese and an additional 15 percent considered overweight.

Portion sizes are a huge problem. Restaurant meal portions have grown over the past few decades because food has become so cheap and abundant. Its inexpensive and easy for restaurants to provide large meals, which attracts consumers, who equate a bigger portion with a better deal.

Twenty years ago, the average fast food cheeseburger had calories, according to the CDC. Today, that cheeseburger contains nearly 600 calories. A portion of french fries used to weigh .4 ounces and contain 10 calories. Today, the average portion weighs nearly 7 ounces and has 610 calories. The typical spaghetti and meatball meal used to contain 500 calories. Now, restaurant patrons get approximately 1,05 calories from the dish.

Larger portion sizes plus a lack of daily exercise compounds the problem of childhood obesity, pediatric specialists say. Children dont run around outside as much as they used to because of safety concerns, nor do many of them get adequate exercise during the school day.

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Describe 60s pop culture in the 1960s

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Describe popular culture in the 160s

The 160s saw many changes in Britain, it was a prolonged period when people felt that their troubles were behind them, after 0 years of gloom. Because many couples had put off having children during the war, there was a big boom in birthrate between the years of 145 and 147. These baby boomers were in their middle teens at the beginning of the 160s, and it is they who remember the decade with the most affection.

The 160s were a decade of change, and changes in the media industry included the introduction of colour supplements and tabloid newspapers. Teen magazines appeared for the first time in 161, and the most successful ones were Honey and 1, which provided information about the latest trends regarding clothes, style and music. Underground magazines also began appearing in the early 60s, appearing first in 161, and featured its first gag cover in 16. Their pictures were anarchic in style, frequently being printed out of focus or super-imposed and the type was laid unconventionally, appearing diagonally or even upside-down.

Music itself didnt change much in the early 60s, the music still included sentimental lyrics and catchy tunes that the older generation didnt disapprove of. The real change was in technology, the invention of the 7 single in the middle of the decade meant music was now cheaper to buy and lighter and easier to carry around. Teenagers could carry music around with them and that singles could be played it jukeboxes, making it easier for teens to catch up with the latest songs. Popular artists of the early 60s were influenced very heavily by America, and Cliff Richard, Tommy Steele and Billy Fury all tended to copy American trends and produce cover versions of American hits.

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Despite the success of the aforementioned artists, the real success story of the 160s music scene were the Beatles, to many people they were the sixties, and became the heroes of many teenagers. Although a talented band who had been playing together for a number of years, they were not successful till they went under the guidance of Brian Epstein. It was Epstein who made them wear suits with no lapels and cut their hair in a pudding basin style, inventing the Beatle hair style and Beatle jacket. The Beatles wrote their own music, creating a unique blend of rhythm and blues, rock and roll and Tamala Motown, it was this unique style that set them apart from so many of their counterparts. Their realistic lyrics captured the imaginations of teenagers around the world who adopted them as an icon of the victory of youth over old age, of new over old. The success of the Beatles meant that it became respectable to have an accent that didnt come from the Home Counties. They also inspired the Mersey Sound, Fredddie and the Dreamers, The Merseybeats and Jerry and the Pacemakers.

The Rolling Stones started out similiar to the Beatles, but by 164 they had ditched their stage uniforms, their stage acts became wilder, their lyrics and behaviour grew more outrageous,their hair had grown their hair longer and they sparked horror in the older generation like no group ever had before. Their songs carried obvious sexual undertones, and explicitly discussed drug use, which endeared them to girls who found the Beatles a bit too cute.

Radio and television paid little attention to pop music. Six Five Special and Juke Box Jury tended to cater for older tastes. Television was, however, quicker to react to the changing style of music than radio. ITV began to broadcast Ready, Steady, Go and the BBC broadcasted Top of the Pops, both shows became hugely successful. Ready, Steady, Go was described as magic, compulsory viewing. It gave teenagers feeling of freedom, excitement and youth. Cathy McGowan became a heroine for thousands of young girls, who copied her hair and style of dress. These shows were so successful because they were the only chances teenagers had to hear pop music, and if they missed these shows, that was it for the whole week. Teenagers couldnt afford to miss these shows because there was no opportunity to hear pop music on the radio, there were only three BBC radio channels in the early 160s , and no commercial stations. The only way teenagers could listen to hit music was to tune into Radio Luxembourg, or the pirate Radio Caroline, both of which played non stop pop music and catered especially for teens, using different formats and presenters completely diffirent to those of any other station.

Television broadcasting had undergone a dramatic change during the previous decade, which continued into the 160s. At the beginning of the 150s, the BBC was dominated by the ideas of John Reith who wanted broadcasting to be educational, and in the early 50s most programmes educated viewers, and the timetable included cookery and gardening programmes as well as plays. Programmes stopped from 6p.m to 7p.m as part of a toddlers truce to allow parents to put children to bed properly with a story. The introduction of commercial television in 155 was a dramatic change. There were adverts on TV, as well as programmes brought over from the USA such as I love Lucy and westeners such as Wagon Train. The first gameshows also appeared at this time, Take your Pick was amongst the most popular. Commercial television became very popular because it meant people didnt have to think, they were just entertained.

By the early 60s, television was still dominated by the older generation, and regional accents were unheard of on TV. This was all about to change with the birth of soap operas. The first was ITVs Coronation Street which began in 160. At first it was highly critisized for its content and the effect it had on its viewers, because it showed life as it was, rather than as it could be. This began a trend in 160s televison, and was followed by Steptoe and Son and The Likely Lads broadcast in 16 and 164 respectively, which showed the successes and failures of working class people trying to break out of their routines.

There was a similiar problem with films of the time, they didnt portray life realistically, and tended to centre on middle class people living affluent lifestyles. Most of the films in the late 50s and early 60s were epics with big budgets or classical or biblical stories. Films of the time were intended to appeal to a mass audience. Like music, film was also dominated by the USA.

Fashion was also revolutionised in the 160s. Mary Quant was one of the most important designers of the decade, she wanted to create clothes that allowed people to run, tojump, to leap, to retain their precious freedom. This was an incredibly refreshing view on fashion, when the fashion of the 150s required women to force themselves into corsets and girdles to achieve a particular shape, and skirts were calf length and puffed out with layers of petticoats. The fasion became to look as young as possible, and naively unsophisticated, these clothes allowed teenagers to be teenagers, and not miniature clones of their parents. However, the look that began as a statement of the individuality of youth, soon became a uniform and the fashion moved on. The most important aspect of fashion in the 160s was that nothing lasted long and trends moved quickly.

Pop-art was a movement that emerged in the late Fifties as a reaction to the seriousness given to abstract impressionism. It attempted to fuse elements of popular and high culture. The main artists involved in the movement were Roy Lichtenstein, Allen Jones, Tom Wesselman, John McHale and, of course, Andy Warhol and David Hockney. Their style was simplistic, reducing a subject to its lowest common denominator and then converting it with exaggerated colour to express abstract formal relationships. Possibly the best known examples of this were Warhols silk-screen paintings that made use of monotony and repetition such as the images of Marilyn Monroe and Elvis, but many other of the more famous pictures involved everyday objects such as soup tins, cans of baked beans, Coca Cola bottles and the dollar bill. Both types of image appealed to the rebellious nature of Sixties youth, being the antithesis of the older generations concept of art and hardly a teenagers bedroom wall didnt sport pop or op art posters in some form or other.

Please note that this sample paper on Describe 60s pop culture in the 1960s is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Describe 60s pop culture in the 1960s, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Describe 60s pop culture in the 1960s will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Chicago nightclub under court closure when 21 trampled to death

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CBS NEWS Tue, 18 Feb 00 1046

A Chicago nightclub where twenty-one people were killed and 55 others injured in the rush to get to the only open door when a panic swept through a second-storey dance club at the Epitome restaurant. Witnesses say the panic broke out when security guards used pepper spray to break up a fight between two patrons on the dance floor of the Epitome nightclub.

There was only a narrow stairway leading down from the crowded club. Fire officials say they found locked and blocked doors at the club, as well, which were a factor in the deadly stampede. One eyewitness in the club said that when the pepper sprays where used, somebody shouted terrorist and that was what led to the stampede. Again one of the bouncers in the club said that this was not the first time the pepper spray was used.

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What led to the stampede was when somebody shouted terrorist after the pepper spray was sprayed. Remember that the terrorist alert was at the high peak, and people were scared. Any unusual movement will be said to be of terrorism. That was why people got scared immediately they heard terrorist. Again, the club should be held accountable for the deaths of the people for using a lock on the emergency exits. They should make sure that there is no lock in any of the doors.

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Chicago nightclub under court closure when 1 trampled to death

CBS NEWS Tue, 18 Feb 00 1046

A Chicago nightclub where twenty-one people were killed and 55 others injured in the rush to get to the only open door when a panic swept through a second-storey dance club at the Epitome restaurant. Witnesses say the panic broke out when security guards used pepper spray to break up a fight between two patrons on the dance floor of the Epitome nightclub.

There was only a narrow stairway leading down from the crowded club. Fire officials say they found locked and blocked doors at the club, as well, which were a factor in the deadly stampede. One eyewitness in the club said that when the pepper sprays where used, somebody shouted terrorist and that was what led to the stampede. Again one of the bouncers in the club said that this was not the first time the pepper spray was used.

What led to the stampede was when somebody shouted terrorist after the pepper spray was sprayed. Remember that the terrorist alert was at the high peak, and people were scared. Any unusual movement will be said to be of terrorism. That was why people got scared immediately they heard terrorist. Again, the club should be held accountable for the deaths of the people for using a lock on the emergency exits. They should make sure that there is no lock in any of the doors.

Please note that this sample paper on Chicago nightclub under court closure when 21 trampled to death is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Chicago nightclub under court closure when 21 trampled to death, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Chicago nightclub under court closure when 21 trampled to death will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Foreign Debt

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Foreign debt is a subset of the financial obligations that comprise a country's international investment position. It includes all the non-equity components of the net international investment position, that is, all recorded assets and liabilities other that equity securities and direct investment equity capital, including reinvested earnings. The level of foreign debt in Australia continues to, and always will be of major concern to leading economists and politicians in our country; this level of foreign debt will be used to make political and economic decisions in the future to benefit our economy.

Net Foreign Debt

Net foreign debt, the net sum of debt liabilities and debt assets, consists of sectors, the public sector, such as government, public financial and non financial corporations, and the private sector, such as private financial and non financial corporations.

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At the end of the 000 financial year, the net foreign debt totalled $77804bn, the Public sector, contributed 6% ($1856bn) to the net foreign debt. The private sector, contributed 4% ($55bn) to the net foreign debt. As you can see in the graph below, this figure has been rapidly growing throughout Australia's history, whereas the public sector remains stable in its contribution to net foreign debt.

Figure 1

Image courtesy of Reserve Bank of Australia (August 000)

Note- figures below are in current AUD

Figure 1 represents the private sector as separate sectors, financial and non-financial, responsible for $15.b (75.6%) and $6b (4.4%) respectively. In the last half a decade net foreign debt has been steadily increasing as shown in the table below.

PeriodAssets($m)Liabilities($m)Net Debt($m)

16-17-4,180,84608,68

17-18-11,1846,717,78

18-1-1,1505,80,68

1-000-14,6741,77177,804

000-001-185,6748,7751,47

001-00-1,815,654,76

00-006,000

a negative figure implies a surplus.

Why we have Foreign Debt

Australia's economy will continue to include some level of foreign debt. There are several reasons for this, the size of our capital market will always be a problem, in Australia there is more domestic investment is greater that domestic savings, Australians tend to spend more that they save. Australia has an extremely low savings level, only .7% per household. Another reason is that the government borrows funds to finance a budget deficit and capital expenditure, when borrowing money, the exchange rate alters the level of our debt. The main reason we have foreign debt is because we have a Current Account Deficit (CAD), every month we have a CAD out debt increases by approximately 1.5 billion dollars, our imports are greater than our exports. We are living beyond our means and spending money we don't have. Foreign ownership is also a cause of foreign debt, money made in Australia is sent overseas instead of being invested back into the Australian market.

COSTS AND BENEFITS

As with everything, there are costs and benefits associated with foreign debt. These positive and negative effects of foreign debt are the basis for all decisions made concerning foreign debt, economists look at all possible outcomes and measure the value of risk associated with our debt at any one time, depending on overseas markets and the global economy, Australia's debt has changing effects on our economy. This is also important for political choices, if our foreign debt is costing the economy then the government will not increase and will try to decrease it, they will also try to use this as a political tool to win the votes of voters, pleasing then by promising a positive outlook on the economy by reducing debt or increasing their standard of living.

The costs affect Australia's economy in a negative fashion and increase the size of our debt, these costs include

•A decrease in Australia's credit rating

᠎This will make it harder in the future to borrow money when we need it; because of bad credit then the interest on the loan is likely to be higher, costing Australia more in the long run.

•A decrease in the standard of living

᠎Due to this more income will need to be used on the higher interest payments, income must be diverted from consumption.

•Deteriorated terms of trade

᠎This will decrease export income, because of this the burden of our debt increases

•Depreciation of the Australian dollar

᠎If the dollar depreciates then we will have to pay more back i.e. if $100,000,000 was borrowed when the dollar was at 56c and the dollar depreciates to 40c then we will have to pay an extra 16c per dollar to repay our debt. This will also increase the interest payments.

•A decrease in trading partners Growth rates

᠎If the this occurs this will decrease our export income and increase the burden of the debt

On the other hand the benefits associated with foreign debt are very beneficial to the Australian economy. When the borrowing is used for investment, capital equipment and expansion it is seen as a benefit. These include

•Improved terms of trade

᠎Any improvement in Terms of trade will increase our export sales, lessening the burden of our debt

•Appreciation of the Australian dollar

᠎As the dollar appreciates the net dollar total of the debt decrease as we have to pay less back per dollar i.e. if $100,000,000 was borrowed when the dollar was at 56c and the dollar appreciates to 68c then we have to pay back 1c less per dollar borrowed. Interest payments on the debt will lessen aswell

•Decline in interest rates

᠎If this occurs it will decrease the interest payments on our debt, thus we have more income to repay the debt. This may also increase the standard of living as less money is diverted from consumption.

•Decrease in Foreign debt

᠎The above benefits will all led to a decrease in foreign debt. As more income is brought into Australia we are able to repay our debts faster, taking advantage of low interest rates and the appreciation of the dollar.

COMPARISON TO OTHER COUNTRIES

When analysing Australia's foreign debt you must take into account several things, the size of the economy, the population and the location (whether it is landlocked or not) In comparison to other nations, Australia has a rather healthy manageable foreign debt, Australia; a second world country has a net foreign debt of $6 billion, a figure which is increasing as the years pass. In comparison to the US, a first world super power, the increase in total US debt was staggering. Between 180 and 00 levels of foreign debt trebled, from $10,000bn to $0,000bn. An average increase of $1000bn a year, Australia however has an annual increase of approximately $17bn. This could be attributed to the sizes of the two economies, Australia, a rather small developing economy, and America, a huge well established economy.

To give a broader idea of the condition of Australia's foreign debt you can also look at a small developing country, in this case, Slovakia. Slovakia, a small landlocked country, has only been an independent country for 10 years and is still a developing country. In 15, only two years after the country was established, the net foreign debt had accumulated to $4.6bn and looked to increase in the years to come, compared to Australia who had accumulated $10bn in 15. Yet another country to compare Australia to is our trade partner China. China, a huge land mass with an even huger population has a foreign debt in 1 or approximately $151bn RMB or $bn.

After comparing Australia's foreign debt to other countries of different economic positions we can see that Australia is somewhere in the middle in the world scale of foreign debt. After doing so, I believe that we are in a healthy economic position that our foreign debt is indeed manageable and of no real concern. The majority of our debt belongs to the private sector which is seen as desirable in terms of foreign debt

CONCLUSION

The foreign or external debt is the amount of money that Australian residents, both public and private, owe to the rest of the world. At present we have $6bn in foreign debt with the public sector owning only .7% and the other 6.% belonging to the private sector. We will always have foreign debt because we will always have a CAD, we will always want more and we will never be able to meet the demand domestically. Foreign debt can be costly and beneficial and it is this that the Economists and politicians use to make decisions in the interest of our country.

Please note that this sample paper on Foreign Debt is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Foreign Debt, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Foreign Debt will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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